Selenium, Vanadium, and Chromium as Micronutrients to Improve Metabolic Syndrome

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2017, Pages

  Panchal, Sunil K ^a   Wanyonyi, Stephen ^a   Brown, Lindsay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chromium; Metabolic syndrome; Micronutrients; Selenium; Vanadium

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTHOCYANIN; BIS(1 OXY 2 PYRIDINETHIOLATO)OXOVANADIUM; BIS(ETHYLMALTOLATO)OXOVANADIUM; BIS(MALTOLATO)OXOVANADIUM; CHROMIUM; CHROMIUM HISTIDINATE; CHROMIUM PICOLINATE; GLUCOSE; METHYLSELENOCYSTEINE; ORTHOVANADIC ACID; PERVANADATE; SELENATE; SELENIC ACID; SELENIOUS ACID; SELENIUM; SELENIUM OXIDE; SELENOCYSTEINE; SELENOMETHIONINE; SODIUM SELENITE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANADATE SODIUM; VANADIC ACID; VANADIUM; VANADYL SULFATE; INSULIN; TRACE ELEMENT;

APPETITE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEHYDRATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENERGY METABOLISM; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART FAILURE; HEART INJURY; HEART PROTECTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MINERAL INTAKE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATION; REVIEW; SELENIUM DEFICIENCY; SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; METABOLISM;

CHROMIUM; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; INSULIN; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICRONUTRIENTS; SELENIUM; TRACE ELEMENTS; VANADIUM;

EID: 85013471378     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0701-x     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Friend A, Craig L, Turner S. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children: a systematic review of the literature. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11:71–80.
2. Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: does it differ between women and men? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015;29:329–38.
3. Can U, Buyukinan M, Guzelant A, Ugur A, Karaibrahimoglu A, Yabanciun S. Investigation of the inflammatory biomarkers of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;29:1277–83.
4. O’Neill S, O’Driscoll L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev. 2015;16:1–12.
5. Ilich JZ, Kelly OJ, Kim Y, Spicer MT. Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2014;65:139–48.
6. Barnes AS. Obesity and sedentary lifestyles: risk for cardiovascular disease in women. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012;39:224–7.
7. Strasser B. Physical activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:141–59.
8. Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos D, Weinem M, Stefanadis C. Diet, exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Rev Diabet Stud. 2006;3:118–26.
9. Brown L, Poudyal H, Panchal SK. Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2015;16:914–41.
10. Shenkin A. Micronutrients in health and disease. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:559–67.
11. Wiernsperger N, Rapin J. Trace elements in glucometabolic disorders: an update. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010;2:70.
12. Houston M. Nutrition and nutraceutical supplements for the treatment of hypertension: part II. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15:845–51.
13. Houston MC. The role of nutrition, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Altern Ther Health Med. 2013;19(Suppl 1):32–49.
14. Duntas LH. Selenium and inflammation: underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Horm Metab Res. 2009;41:443–7.
15. Omrani H, Golmohamadi S, Pasdar Y, Jasemi K, Almasi A. Effect of selenium supplementation on lipid profile in hemodialysis patients. J Renal Inj Prev. 2016;5:179–82.
16. Sun M, Liu G, Wu Q. Speciation of organic and inorganic selenium in selenium-enriched rice by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction. Food Chem. 2013;141:66–71.
17. Trumbo P, Yates AA, Schlicker S, Poos M. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin a, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:294–301.
18. Wang X, Wu L, Cao J, Hong X, Ye R, Chen W, et al. Magnetic effervescent tablet-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of selenium for speciation in foods and beverages. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2016;33:1190–9.
19. Rayman MP, Infante HG, Sargent M. Food-chain selenium and human health: spotlight on speciation. Br J Nutr. 2008;100:238–53.
20. Tinggi U. Essentiality and toxicity of selenium and its status in Australia: a review. Toxicol Lett. 2003;137:103–10.
21. Barceloux DG, Barceloux D. Selenium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:145–72.
22. Fairweather-Tait SJ, Bao Y, Broadley MR, Collings R, Ford D, Hesketh JE, et al. Selenium in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;14:1337–83.
23. Thomson CD. Selenium and iodine intakes and status in New Zealand and Australia. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:661–72.
24. Chen J. An original discovery: selenium deficiency and Keshan disease (an endemic heart disease). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21:320–6.
25. Yao Y, Pei F, Kang P. Selenium, iodine, and the relation with Kashin-Beck disease. Nutrition. 2011;27:1095–100.
26. Drutel A, Archambeaud F, Caron P. Selenium and the thyroid gland: more good news for clinicians. Clin Endocrinol. 2013;78:155–64.
27. Boldery R, Fielding G, Rafter T, Pascoe AL, Scalia GM. Nutritional deficiency of selenium secondary to weight loss (bariatric) surgery associated with life-threatening cardiomyopathy. Heart Lung Circ. 2007;16:123–6.
28. Weber KT, Weglicki WB, Simpson RU. Macro- and micronutrient dyshomeostasis in the adverse structural remodelling of myocardium. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;81:500–8.
29. Iglesias P, Selgas R, Romero S, Diez JJ. Selenium and kidney disease. J Nephrol. 2013;26:266–72.
30. Lymbury RS, Marino MJ, Perkins AV. Effect of dietary selenium on the progression of heart failure in the ageing spontaneously hypertensive rat. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54:1436–44.
31. Alexanian I, Parissis J, Farmakis D, Pantziou C, Ikonomidis I, Paraskevaidis I, et al. Selenium contributes to myocardial injury and cardiac remodeling in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176:272–3.
32. MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, Hutchinson R, Wolkin A, Martin C, et al. Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:256–61.
33. Nuttall KL. Evaluating selenium poisoning. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006;36:409–20.
34. See KA, Lavercombe PS, Dillon J, Ginsberg R. Accidental death from acute selenium poisoning. Med J Aust. 2006;185:388–9.
35. Vinceti M, Mandrioli J, Borella P, Michalke B, Tsatsakis A, Finkelstein Y. Selenium neurotoxicity in humans: bridging laboratory and epidemiologic studies. Toxicol Lett. 2014;230:295–303.
36. Li X, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Sun Y, Qin Y, Deng Z, et al. Protective effects of selenium, vitamin E, and purple carrot anthocyanins on D-galactose-induced oxidative damage in blood, liver, heart and kidney rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;173:433–42.
37. Ezaki O. The insulin-like effects of selenate in rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:1124–8.
38. Mueller AS, Pallauf J. Compendium of the antidiabetic effects of supranutritional selenate doses. In vivo and in vitro investigations with type II diabetic db/db mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17:548–60.
39. Zhou J, Huang K, Lei XG. Selenium and diabetes - evidence from animal studies. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013;65:1548–56.
40. • Bahmani F, Kia M, Soleimani A, Mohammadi AA, Asemi Z. The effects of selenium supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016;116:1222–8. Characterisation of an effective selenium dose in patients with diabetic nephropathy
41. Ogawa-Wong AN, Berry MJ, Seale LA. Selenium and metabolic disorders: an emphasis on type 2 diabetes risk. Nutrients. 2016;8:80.
42. Wei J, Zeng C. Gong Q-y, Yang H-b, Li X-x, Lei G-h, et al. The association between dietary selenium intake and diabetes: a cross-sectional study among middle-aged and older adults Nutr J. 2015;14:18.
43. Steinbrenner H, Speckmann B, Pinto A, Sies H. High selenium intake and increased diabetes risk: experimental evidence for interplay between selenium and carbohydrate metabolism. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2011;48:40–5.
44. Wang X, Zhang W, Chen H, Liao N, Wang Z, Zhang X, et al. High selenium impairs hepatic insulin sensitivity through opposite regulation of ROS. Toxicol Lett. 2014;224:16–23.
45. Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Stranges S, Menke A, Miller 3rd ER, Guallar E. Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:416–23.
46. Laclaustra M, Stranges S, Navas-Acien A, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2003–2004. Atherosclerosis. 2010;210:643–8.
47. Rayman MP, Stranges S, Griffin BA, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Effect of supplementation with high-selenium yeast on plasma lipids: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:656–65.
48. • Cold F, Winther KH, Pastor-Barriuso R, Rayman MP, Guallar E, Nybo M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of the effect of long-term selenium supplementation on plasma cholesterol in an elderly Danish population. Br J Nutr. 2015;114:1807–18. No differences in lipid concentrations with selenium supplementation
49. Stranges S, Laclaustra M, Ji C, Cappuccio FP, Navas-Acien A, Ordovas JM, et al. Higher selenium status is associated with adverse blood lipid profile in British adults. J Nutr. 2010;140:81–7.
50. de Lorgeril M, Salen P. Selenium and antioxidant defenses as major mediators in the development of chronic heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2006;11:13–7.
51. McKeag NA, McKinley MC, Woodside JV, Harbinson MT, McKeown PP. The role of micronutrients in heart failure. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:870–86.
52. Saliba W, El Fakih R, Shaheen W. Heart failure secondary to selenium deficiency, reversible after supplementation. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141:e26–7.
53. Gunes S, Sahinturk V, Karasati P, Sahin IK, Ayhanci A. Cardioprotective effect of selenium against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016; doi:10.1007/s12011-016-0858-1.
54. Chaabane M, Tir M, Hamdi S, Boudawara O, Jamoussi K, Boudawara T, et al. Improvement of heart redox states contributes to the beneficial effects of selenium against penconazole-induced cardiotoxicity in adult rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;169:261–70.
55. Laclaustra M, Navas-Acien A, Stranges S, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium concentrations and hypertension in the US population. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:369–76.
56. Berthold HK, Michalke B, Krone W, Guallar E, Gouni-Berthold I. Influence of serum selenium concentrations on hypertension: the lipid analytic cologne cross-sectional study. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1328–35.
57. Kuruppu D, Hendrie HC, Yang L, Gao S. Selenium levels and hypertension: a systematic review of the literature. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:1342–52.
58. Byrne AR, Kosta L. Vanadium in foods and in human body fluids and tissues. Sci Total Environ. 1978;10:17–30.
59. Gruzewska K, Michno A, Pawelczyk T, Bielarczyk H. Essentiality and toxicity of vanadium supplements in health and pathology. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;65:603–11.
60. French RJ, Jones PJ. Role of vanadium in nutrition: metabolism, essentiality and dietary considerations. Life Sci. 1993;52:339–46.
61. Barceloux DG, Barteloux D. Vanadium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:265–78.
62. Sanna D, Micera G, Garribba E. Interaction of insulin-enhancing vanadium compounds with human serum holo-transferrin. Inorg Chem. 2013;52:11975–85.
63. Pessoa JC, Tomaz I. Transport of therapeutic vanadium and ruthenium complexes by blood plasma components. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17:3701–38.
64. Sanna D, Serra M, Micera G, Garribba E. Interaction of antidiabetic vanadium compounds with hemoglobin and red blood cells and their distribution between plasma and erythrocytes. Inorg Chem. 2014;53:1449–64.
65. Rehder D. The role of vanadium in biology. Metallomics. 2015;7:730–42.
66. 2+ ion with human serum transferrin and albumin. J Inorg Biochem. 2009;103:648–55.
67. Crans DC, Bunch RL, Theisen LA. Interaction of trace levels of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) in biological systems. J Am Chem Soc. 1989;111:7597–607.
68. Zampella G, Fantucci P, Pecoraro VL, De Gioia L. Insight into the catalytic mechanism of vanadium haloperoxidases. DFT investigation of vanadium cofactor reactivity. Inorg Chem. 2006;45:7133–43.
69. Foltz IN, Hu S, King C, Wu X, Yang C, Wang W, et al. Treating diabetes and obesity with an FGF21-mimetic antibody activating the βKlotho/FGFR1c receptor complex. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:162ra153.
70. Shechter Y, Goldwaser I, Mironchik M, Fridkin M, Gefel D. Historic perspective and recent developments on the insulin-like actions of vanadium; toward developing vanadium-based drugs for diabetes. Coordin Chem Rev. 2003;237:3–11.
71. • Domingo JL, Gomez M. Vanadium compounds for the treatment of human diabetes mellitus: a scientific curiosity? A review of thirty years of research. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016;95:137–41. Good results in animal studies have not led to long-term improvement in human diabetics
72. Ulbricht C, Chao W, Costa D, Culwell S, Eichelsdoerfer P, Flanagan K, et al. An evidence-based systematic review of vanadium by the natural standard research collaboration. J Diet Suppl. 2012;9:223–51.
73. 2 normalizes pre-diabetic parameters as assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem. 2012;115:44–9.
74. Iglesias-Gonzalez T, Sanchez-Gonzalez C, Montes-Bayon M, Llopis-Gonzalez J, Sanz-Medel A. Absorption, transport and insulin-mimetic properties of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats by integrated mass spectrometric techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;402:277–85.
75. Cam MC, Rodrigues B, McNeill JH. Distinct glucose lowering and beta cell protective effects of vanadium and food restriction in streptozotocin-diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141:546–54.
76. Tsiani E, Bogdanovic E, Sorisky A, Nagy L, Fantus IG. Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, vanadate and pervanadate, stimulate glucose transport and GLUT translocation in muscle cells by a mechanism independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C. Diabetes. 1998;47:1676–86.
77. Cohen N, Halberstam M, Shlimovich P, Chang CJ, Shamoon H, Rossetti L. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2501–9.
78. Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, van Rossum GD, Turco S. Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1996;45:1130–5.
79. Goldfine AB, Simonson DC, Folli F, Patti ME, Kahn CR. Metabolic effects of sodium metavanadate in humans with insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3311–20.
80. Shaver A, Ng JB, Hall DA, Posner BI. The chemistry of peroxovanadium compounds relevant to insulin mimesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995;153:5–15.
81. Thompson KH. Vanadium and diabetes. Biofactors. 1999;10:43–51.
82. Jacques-Camarena O, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Lopez-Madrueno JF, Medina-Santillan R. Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;53:195–8.
83. Jiang P, Dong Z, Ma B, Ni Z, Duan H, Li X, et al. Effect of vanadyl rosiglitazone, a new insulin-mimetic vanadium complexes, on glucose homeostasis of diabetic mice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2016;180:841-51.
84. Park SJ, Youn CK, Hyun JW, You HJ. The anti-obesity effect of natural vanadium-containing Jeju ground water. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;151:294–300.
85. Dean NS, Mokry LM, Bond MR, O’Connor CJ, Carrano CJ. [Tris(pyrazolyl)borato]vanadium(III) phosphates: structural motifs from the extended solid and models for the interaction with DNA. Inorg Chem. 1996;35:2818–25.
86. Crans DC, Tarlton ML, McLauchlan CC. Trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal coordination geometry? Investigating the most potent geometry for vanadium phosphatase inhibitors Eur J Inorg Chem. 2014;2014:4450–68.
87. Garcia-Vicente S, Yraola F, Marti L, Gonzalez-Munoz E, Garcia-Barrado MJ, Canto C, et al. Oral insulin-mimetic compounds that act independently of insulin. Diabetes. 2007;56:486–93.
88. Huyer G, Liu S, Kelly J, Moffat J, Payette P, Kennedy B, et al. Mechanism of inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases by vanadate and pervanadate. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:843–51.
89. Stankiewicz PJ, Gresser MJ, Tracey AS, Hass LF. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity of phosphoglycerate mutase: stimulation by vanadate and phosphate. Biochemistry. 1987;26:1264–9.
90. Brichard SM, Henquin JC. The role of vanadium in the management of diabetes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1995;16:265–70.
91. Ścibior A. Vanadium (V) and magnesium (Mg) - In vivo interactions: a review. Chem Biol Interact. 2016;258:214–33.
92. Ozaki H, Urakawa N. Effects of vanadate on mechanical responses and Na-K pump in vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;68:339–47.
93. Shimada T, Shimamura K, Sunano S. Effects of sodium vanadate on various types of vascular smooth muscles. Blood Vessels. 1986;23:113–24.
94. Di Salvo J, Semenchuk LA, Lauer J. Vanadate-induced contraction of smooth muscle and enhanced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993;304:386–91.
95. Srivastava AK, St-Louis J. Smooth muscle contractility and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997;176:47–51.
96. Bhuiyan MS, Fukunaga K. Cardioprotection by vanadium compounds targeting Akt-mediated signaling. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009;110:1–13.
97. Bhuiyan MS, Shioda N, Fukunaga K. Ovariectomy augments pressure overload-induced hypertrophy associated with changes in Akt and nitric oxide synthase signaling pathways in female rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E1606–14.
98. Bhuiyan MS, Shioda N, Shibuya M, Iwabuchi Y, Fukunaga K. Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a vanadium compound ameliorates pressure overload-induced cardiac injury in ovariectomized rats. Hypertension. 2009;53:57–63.
99. Shi SJ, Preuss HG, Abernethy DR, Li X, Jarrell ST, Andrawis NS. Elevated blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats consuming a high sucrose diet is associated with elevated angiotensin II and is reversed by vanadium. J Hypertens. 1997;15:857–62.
100. Cong XQ, Piao MH, Li Y, Xie L, Liu Y. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) attenuates apoptosis in high glucose-treated cardiac cells and diabetic rat hearts by regulating the unfolded protein responses (UPRs). Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;173:390–8.
101. Swarup G, Cohen S, Garbers DL. Inhibition of membrane phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity by vanadate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982;107:1104–9.
102. Shioda N, Ishigami T, Han F, Moriguchi S, Shibuya M, Iwabuchi Y, et al. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway by a vanadyl compound mediates its neuroprotective effect in mouse brain ischemia. Neuroscience. 2007;148:221–9.
103. Vijaya S, Crane FL, Ramasarma T. A vanadate-stimulated NADH oxidase in erythrocyte membrane generates hydrogen peroxide. Mol Cell Biochem. 1984;62:175–85.
104. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y, et al. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell. 1997;91:231–41.
105. Fukunaga K, Kawano T. Akt is a molecular target for signal transduction therapy in brain ischemic insult. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003;92:317–27.
106. Matsui T, Li L, del Monte F, Fukui Y, Franke TF, Hajjar RJ, et al. Adenoviral gene transfer of activated phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase and Akt inhibits apoptosis of hypoxic cardiomyocytes in vitro. Circulation. 1999;100:2373–9.
107. Al-Awwadi N, Bichon-Laurent F, Dimo T, Michel A, Portet K, Cros G, et al. Differential effects of sodium tungstate and vanadyl sulfate on vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents and insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;82:911–8.
108. Willsky GR, Chi LH, Godzala 3rd M, Kostyniak PJ, Smee JJ, Trujillo AM, et al. Anti-diabetic effects of a series of vanadium dipicolinate complexes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Coord Chem Rev. 2011;255:2258–69.
109. Willsky GR, Halvorsen K, Godzala 3rd ME, Chi LH, Most MJ, Kaszynski P, et al. Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients. Metallomics. 2013;5:1491–502.
110. 3. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1982;10:233–45.
111. Parker RD, Sharma RP. Accumulation and depletion of vanadium in selected tissues of rats treated with vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1978;2:235–45.
112. Ivancsits S, Pilger A, Diem E, Schaffer A, Rudiger HW. Vanadate induces DNA strand breaks in cultured human fibroblasts at doses relevant to occupational exposure. Mutat Res. 2002;519:25–35.
113. Srivastava AK. Anti-diabetic and toxic effects of vanadium compounds. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000;206:177–82.
114. Gil J, Miralpeix M, Carreras J, Bartrons R. Insulin-like effects of vanadate on glucokinase activity and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels in the liver of diabetic rats. J Biol Chem. 1988;263:1868–71.
115. Blondel O, Bailbe D, Portha B. In vivo insulin resistance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats-evidence for reversal following oral vanadate treatment. Diabetologia. 1989;32:185–90.
116. Sakurai H, Tsuchiya K, Nukatsuka M, Sofue M, Kawada J. Insulin-like effect of vanadyl ion on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Endocrinol. 1990;126:451–9.
117. Ganguli S, Reuland DJ, Franklin LA, Deakins DD, Johnston WJ, Pasha A. Effects of maternal vanadate treatment on fetal development. Life Sci. 1994;55:1267–76.
118. Ganguli S, Reuland DJ, Franklin LA, Tucker M. Effect of vanadate on reproductive efficiency in normal and streptozocin-treated diabetic rats. Metabolism. 1994;43:1384–8.
119. Thompson KH, Orvig C. Vanadium in diabetes: 100 years from phase 0 to phase I. J Inorg Biochem. 2006;100:1925–35.
120. Boulassel B, Sadeg N, Roussel O, Perrin M, Belhadj-Tahar H. Fatal poisoning by vanadium. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;206:e79–81.
121. Lewicki S, Zdanowski R, Krzyzowska M, Lewicka A, Debski B, Niemcewicz M, et al. The role of chromium III in the organism and its possible use in diabetes and obesity treatment. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21:331–5.
122. Vincent JB. Chromium: is it essential, pharmacologically relevant, or toxic? Met Ions Life Sci. 2013;13:171–98.
123. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N. Allergies. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for chromium. EFSA J. 2014;12:3845.
124. Tinkov AA, Popova EV, Polyakova VS, Kwan OV, Skalny AV, Nikonorov AA. Adipose tissue chromium and vanadium disbalance in high-fat fed Wistar rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;29:176–81.
125. Barceloux DG, Barceloux D. Chromium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:173–94.
126. González-Villalva A, Colín-Barenque L, Bizarro-Nevares P, Rojas-Lemus M, Rodríguez-Lara V, García-Pelaez I, et al. Pollution by metals: is there a relationship in glycemic control? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;46:337–43.
127. Chen Y, Watson HM, Gao J, Sinha SH, Cassady CJ, Vincent JB. Characterization of the organic component of low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance and its binding of chromium. J Nutr. 2011;141:1225–32.
128. Zhang Q, Sun X, Xiao X, Zheng J, Li M, Yu M, et al. Maternal chromium restriction leads to glucose metabolism imbalance in mice offspring through insulin signaling and Wnt signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1767.
129. Wu XY, Li F, Xu WD, Zhao JL, Zhao T, Liang LH, et al. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of chromium(III) malate complex in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;143:1031–43.
130. Komorowski JR, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Juturu V, Orhan C, Ulas M, et al. Chromium picolinate modulates serotonergic properties and carbohydrate metabolism in a rat model of diabetes. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;149:50–6.
131. Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Russell JC, Hulver M, Cefalu WT. Chromium picolinate enhances skeletal muscle cellular insulin signaling in vivo in obese, insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. J Nutr. 2006;136:415–20.
132. Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrova V, Hunter D, Senft V. Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006;109:215–30.
133. Sharma S, Agrawal RP, Choudhary M, Jain S, Goyal S, Agarwal V. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA1C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetes. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2011;25:149–53.
134. Cefalu WT, Rood J, Pinsonat P, Qin J, Sereda O, Levitan L, et al. Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2010;59:755–62.
135. Jain SK, Kahlon G, Morehead L, Dhawan R, Lieblong B, Stapleton T, et al. Effect of chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation on circulating levels of insulin, TNF-α, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic subjects: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56:1333–41.
136. • Paiva AN, Lima JG, Medeiros AC, Figueiredo HA, Andrade RL, Ururahy MA, et al. Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical study. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;32:66–72. Four month trial in poorly controlled type 2 diabetics improved glycaemic control
137. Tinkov AA, Gatiatulina ER, Popova EV, Polyakova VS, Skalnaya AA, Agletdinov EF, et al. Early high-fat feeding induces alteration of trace element content in tissues of juvenile male Wistar rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017;175:367–74.
138. Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Orhan C, Agca CA, Akdemir F, Tuzcu Z, et al. Impact of chromium histidinate on high fat diet induced obesity in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8:28.
139. Iqbal N, Cardillo S, Volger S, Bloedon LT, Anderson RA, Boston R, et al. Chromium picolinate does not improve key features of metabolic syndrome in obese nondiabetic adults. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7:143–50.
140. • Tian H, Guo X, Wang X, He Z, Sun R, Ge S, et al. Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:Cd010063. no current, reliable evidence to prove efficacy and safety of chromium supplements in overweight or obese adults
141. Preuss HG, Echard B, Bagchi D, Perricone NV. Comparing effects of carbohydrate (CHO) blockers and trivalent chromium on CHO-induced insulin resistance and elevated blood pressure in rats. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32:58–65.
142. • Yanni AE, Stamataki NS, Konstantopoulos P, Stoupaki M, Abeliatis A, Nikolakea I, et al. Controlling type-2 diabetes by inclusion of Cr-enriched yeast bread in the daily dietary pattern: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2016; doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1315-9. Bread made with chromium-enriched yeast improved glycaemic control in type 2 diabetics