Future directions in personality, occupational and medical selection: myths, misunderstandings, measurement, and suggestions

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 387-399

  Ferguson, Eamonn ^a   Lievens, Filip ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Behavioural reaction norms; Contextualization; Five Factor Model; Health; Implicit measures; Medical selection; Personality; Personality change; Situational judgement tests

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; EDUCATION; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; MEDICAL SCHOOL; PERSONALITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; STANDARDS;

BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; PERSONALITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; SCHOOL ADMISSION CRITERIA; SCHOOLS, MEDICAL;

EID: 85013188417     PISSN: 13824996     EISSN: 15731677     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10459-016-9751-0     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2007). Predicting actual behavior from explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533–548.
2. Berry, C. M., Sackett, P. R., & Tobares, V. (2010). A meta-analysis of conditional reasoning tests of aggression. Personnel Psychology, 63, 361–384.
3. Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., & Brown, G. D. A. (2010). The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment. Journal Research in Personality, 44, 535–539.
4. Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., Daly, M., & Sedikides, C. (2015). Personality change following unemployment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 991–1011.
5. Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., & Powdthavee, N. (2013). Is personality fixed? Personality changes as much as “variable” economic factors and more strongly predicts changes in life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 111, 287–305.
6. Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453–484.
7. Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2010). Another perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers’ accuracy and predictive validity. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1092–1122.
8. Denissen, J. J. A., & Penke, L. (2008). Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the Five-Factor Model of personality: First steps towards a theory-based conceptual framework. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1285–1302.
9. Dingemanse, N. J., Kazem, A. J. N., Reale, D., & Wright, J. (2010). Behavioral reaction norms: Animal personality meets individual plasticity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 81–89.
10. Ferguson, E. (2013). Personality is of central concern to understand health: Towards a theoretical model for health psychology. Health Psychology Review, 7, S32–S70.
11. Ferguson, E. (2016). Empathy: The good, the bad and the ugly. In A. Wood & J. Johnson (Eds.), Positive clinical psychology: An integrative approach to studying and improving well-being (pp. 103–125). London: Wiley.
12. Ferguson, E., Heckman, J. J., & Corr, P. J. (2011). Personality and economics: Overview and proposed framework. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 201–209.
13. Ferguson, E., James, D., & Madeley, L. (2002). Factors associated with success in medical school: Systematic review of the literature. British Medical Journal, 324, 952–957.
14. Ferguson, E., James, D., O’Hehir, F., & Sanders, A. (2003). A pilot study of the roles of personality, references and personal statements in relation to performance over the 5 years of a medical degree. British Medical Journal, 326, 429–431.
15. Ferguson, E., Semper, H., Yates, J., Fitzgerald, J. E., Skatova, A., & James, D. (2014). The ‘dark side’ and ‘bright side’ of personality: When too much conscientiousness and too little anxiety are detrimental to the acquisition of medical knowledge and skill. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e8860. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088606.
16. Fleeson, W. (2004). Moving personality beyond the person-situation debate: The challenge and the opportunity of within-person variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 83–87.
17. Fleeson, W., & Law, K. (2015). Trait enactments as density distributions: The role of actors, situations and observers in explaining stability and variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 1090–1104.
18. Ghosh, K., Motowidlo, S. J., & Nath, S. (2015). Technical knowledge, prosocial knowledge, and clinical performance of Indian medical students. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 23, 59–70.
19. Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26–42.
20. Gough, H. G. (1953). The construction of a personality scale to predict scholastic achievement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 37, 47–52.
21. Grimm, M., & von Collani, G. (2007). Measuring Big-Five personality dimensions with the implicit association test—implicit personality traits or self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2205–2217.
22. Hogan, R., & Shelton, D. (1998). A socioanalytic perspective on job performance. Human Performance, 11, 129–144.
23. Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, C. (2015). Volitional personality trait change: Can people choose to change their personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 490–507.
24. Human, L. J., Beisanz, J. C., Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Lachman, M. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2012). Is change bad? Personality change is associated with poor psychological health and greater metabolic syndrome in midlife. Journal of Personality, 81, 249–269.
25. Jackson, J. J., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Wood, D., Harms, P. D., Lodi-Smith, J., et al. (2009). Not all conscientiousness scales change alike: a multimethod, multi-sample study of age differences in the facets of conscientiousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 446–459.
26. Jackson, J. J., Thoemmes, F., Jonkmann, K., Ludtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Military training and personality trait development: Does the military make the man, or does the man make the military? Psychological Science, 23, 270–277.
27. Jackson, J. J., Wood, D., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Harms, P. D., & Roberts, B. W. (2010). What do conscientious people do? Development and validation of the behavioral indicators of conscientiousness (BIC). Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 501–511.
28. Jokela, M., Hakulinen, C., Singh-Manoux, A., & Kivimaki, M. (2014). Personality change associated with chronic disease: Pooled analysis of four prospective cohort studies. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2629–2640.
29. Laland, K. N., Sterelny, K., Odling-Smee, J., Hoppitt, W., & Uller, T. (2011). Cause and effect in biology revisited: Is Mayr’s proximate-ultimate dichotomy still useful. Science, 334, 1512–1516.
30. Lang, J. W. B., Zettler, I., Ewen, C., & Hulsheger, U. R. (2012). Implicit motives, explicit traits, and task and contextual performance at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1201–1217.
31. LeBreton, J. M., Barksdale, C. D., Robin, J., & James, L. R. (2007). Measurement issues associated with conditional reasoning tests: Indirect measurement and test faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1–16.
32. Libbrecht, N., Lievens, F., Carette, B., & Côté, S. C. (2014). Emotional intelligence predicts success in medical school. Emotion, 14, 64–73.
33. Lievens, F., De Corte, W., & Schollaert, E. (2008). A closer look at the frame-of-reference effect in personality scale scores and validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 268–279.
34. Lievens, F., & Motowidlo, S. J. (2015). Situational judgment tests: From measures of situational judgment to measures of general domain knowledge. Industrial and Organizational Psychology—Perspectives on Science and Practice, 9, 3–22.
35. Lievens, F., & Patterson, F. (2011). The validity and incremental validity of knowledge tests, low-fidelity simulations, and high-fidelity simulations for predicting job performance in advanced level high-stakes selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 927–940.
36. Ludtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, C. (2011). A random walk down university avenue: Life paths, life events, and personality trait change in the transition to university life. Journal of Personality and Socials Psychology, 101, 620–637.
37. Manczak, E. M., DeLongis, A., & Hen, E. (2016). Does empathy have a cost? Diverging psychological and physiological effects within families. Health Psychology, 35, 211–218.
38. Martin, C. C., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2015). Investigating the Goldilocks hypothesis: The non-linear impact of trait change on well-being. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0131316.
39. McDaniel, M. A., Hartman, N. S., Whetzel, D. L., & Grubb, W. L. (2007). Situational judgment tests, response instructions, and validity: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60, 63–91.
40. Motowidlo, S. J., Hooper, A. C., & Jackson, H. L. (2006). Implicit policies about relations between personality traits and behavioral effectiveness in situational judgment items. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 749–761.
41. Nettle, D. (2006). The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals. American Psychologist, 61, 622–631.
42. Odling-Smee, J., Erwin, D. H., Palkovacs, E. P., Feldman, M. W., & Laland, K. N. (2013). Niche construction theory: A practical guide for ecologists. Quarterly Review of Biology, 88, 3–28.
43. Oh, I. S., Wang, G., & Mount, M. K. (2011). Validity of observer ratings of the five-factor model of personality traits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 762–773.
44. Quirin, M., & Bode, R. C. (2014). An alternative to self-reports of trait and state Affect. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30, 231–237.
45. Quirin, M., Kazen, M., & Kuhl, J. (2009). When nonsense sounds happy or helpless: The implicit positive and negative affect tests (IPANAT). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 500–516.
46. Roberts, B. W. (2009). Back to the future Personality and assessment and personality development. Jo. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 137–145.
47. Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2013). Work experience and personality development in young adults. Journal of Personality and Socials Psychology, 84, 582–593.
48. Roberts, B. W., & Jackson, J. J. (2008). Sociogenomic personality psychology. Journal of Personality, 76, 1523–1544.
49. Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 31–35.
50. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1–25.
51. Robins, R. W., Noftle, E. E., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Roberts, B. W. (2005). Do people know how their personality has changed? Correlates of perceived and actual personality change in young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 73, 489–521.
52. Schmukle, S. C., Back, M. J., & Eglioff, B. (2008). Validity of the Five Factor Model for the implicit self-concept of personality. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 263–272.
53. Shaffer, J. A., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2012). A matter of context: A meta-analytic investigation of the relative validity of contextualized and noncontextualized personality measures. Personnel Psychology, 65, 445–494.
54. Steffens, M. C., & Konig, S. S. (2006). Predicting spontaneous Big Five behavior with implicit association tests. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 13–20.
55. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247.
56. Tang, T. Z., DeRuberis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J., Shelton, R., & Schalet, B. (2009). Personality change during depression treatment: A placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 132–1330.
57. Taylor, P. J., Pajo, K., Cheung, G. W., & Stringfield, P. (2004). Dimensionality and validity of a structured telephone reference check procedure. Personnel Psychology, 57, 745–772.
58. Toth, A. L., & Robinson, G. G. (2007). Evo-devo and the evolution of social behavior. Trends in Genetics, 23, 334–341.
59. Twenge, J. M. (2000). The age of anxiety? Birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1007–1021.
60. Twenge, J. M. (2009). Generational changes and their impact in the classroom: Teaching Generation Me. Medical Education, 43, 398–405.
61. Uhlmann, E. L., Leavitt, K., Menges, J. I., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. E. (2012). Getting explicit about the implicit: A taxonomy of implicit measures and guide for their use in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 553–601.
62. Vecchione, M., Dentale, F., Alessandri, G., & Barbaranelli, C. (2014). Fakability of implicit and explicit measures of the Big Five: Research from organizational settings. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 22, 211–218.
63. Vianello, V., Schnabel, K., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. (2013). Gender differences in implicit and explicit personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 994–999.
64. Widiger, T. A., & Mullins-Sweatt, S. N. (2008). Five-Factor Model of personality disorder: A proposal for DSM-V. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 197–220.
65. Wrzus, C., Wagner, G. G., & Riediger, M. (2016). Personality-situation transactions from adolescence to old age. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi:10.1037/pspp0000054. (in press).