Five-factor model of personality disorder: A proposal for DSM-V

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue , 2009, Pages 197-220

  Widiger, Thomas A ^a   Mullins Sweatt, Stephanie N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Classification; Diagnosis; Dimensional; DSM IV; Personality

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; METHYLPHENIDATE; MOOD STABILIZER; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ADAPTATION; AGREEABLENESS; ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; ANXIETY DISORDER; AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER; BORDERLINE STATE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSCIENTIOUSNESS; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE MODEL; EXPERIENCE; EXTRAVERSION; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER; HUMAN; INTROVERSION; MALADJUSTMENT; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MOOD DISORDER; NARCISSISM; NEUROSIS; NOMENCLATURE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PARANOIA; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SCHIZOIDISM; ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOTHERAPY;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HUMANS; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHOTHERAPY;

EID: 67650153194     PISSN: 15485943     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153542     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Alarcon RD, Bell CC, Kirmayer LJ, Lin K-H, Ustun B, et al. 2002. Beyond the funhouse mirrors: research agenda on culture and psychiatric diagnosis. See Kupfer et al. 2002, pp. 219-281
2. Allik J. 2005. Personality dimensions across cultures. J. Personal. Disord. 19:212-232
3. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 3rd ed., rev. ed.
4. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Text Revision. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 4th ed.
5. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 2001. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Washington, DC: Am Psychiatr. Assoc.
6. Ashton MC, Lee K. 2001. A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. Eur. J. Personal. 15:327-353 (Pubitemid 33401119)
7. Bell CC. 2006. Reservations and hopes. In Dimensional Models of Personality Disorders. Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V, ed. TA Widiger, E Simonsen, PJ Sirovatka, DA Regier, pp. 195-198 Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
8. Bernstein DP, Iscan C, Maser J. 2007. Opinions of personality disorder experts regarding the DSM-IV personality disorders classification system. J. Personal. Disord. 21:536-551 (Pubitemid 350006881)
9. Blashfield RK, Intoccia V. 2000. Growth of the literature on the topic of personality disorders. Am. J. Psychiatr. 157:472-473 (Pubitemid 30145941)
10. Camisa KM, Bockbrader MA, Lysaker P, Rae LL, Brenner CA, et al. 2005. Personality traits in schizophrenia and related personality disorders. Psychiatry Res. 133:23-33 (Pubitemid 40215468)
11. Caspi A, Roberts BW, Shiner RL. 2005. Personality development: stability and change. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 56:453-484
12. Church AT. 2001. Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective. J. Personal. 69:979-1006
13. Clark LA. 1993. Manual for the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
14. Clark LA. 2007. Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58:227-257
15. Cleckley H. 1941. The Mask of Sanity. St. Louis, MO: Mosby
16. Cloninger CR. 2006. Differentiating personality deviance, normality, and well-being by the seven-factor psychobiological model. See Strack 2006, pp. 65-81
17. Costa PT, McCrae RR. 1992. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychol. Assess. Resourc.
18. Costa PT, Widiger TA, eds. 2002. Personality Disorders and the Five Factor Model of Personality. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2nd ed.
19. First MB. 2005. Clinical utility: a prerequisite for the adoption of a dimensional approach in DSM. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 114:560-564
20. First MB, Bell CB, Cuthbert B, Krystal JH, Malison R, et al. 2002. Personality disorders and relational disorders: a research agenda for addressing crucial gaps in DSM. See Kupfer et al. 2002, pp. 123-199
21. Flynn FJ. 2005. Having an open mind: the impact of openness to experience on interracial attitudes and impression formation. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 88:816-826
22. Frances AJ. 1993. Dimensional diagnosis of personality-not whether, but when and which. Psychol. Inq. 4:110-111
23. Gunderson JG. 1998. DSM-IV personality disorders: final overview. In DSM-IV Sourcebook, ed. TAWidiger, AJ Frances, HA Pincus, R Ross, MB First, WW Davis, M Kline, vol.4, pp. 1123-1140 Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
24. Hare RD, Neumann CS. 2008. Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 4:217-246
25. Haslam N, Williams B. 2006. Taxometrics. See Strack 2006, pp. 283-308
26. Hilsenroth MJ, Ackerman SJ, Blagys MD, Baumann BD, Baity MR, et al. 2000. Reliability and validity of DSM-IV Axis V. Am. J. Psychiatry 157:1858-1863
27. Hinshaw SP, Stier A. 2008. Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 4:367-393
28. Knutson B, Wolkowitz OM, Cole SW, Chan T, Moore EA, et al. 1998. Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention. Am. J. Psychiatry 155:373-379 (Pubitemid 28114895)
29. Krueger RF. 2005. Continuity of Axis I and II: toward a unified model of personality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. J. Personal. Disord. 19:233-261 (Pubitemid 40934707)
30. Krueger RF, Skodol AE, Livesley WJ, Shrout PE, Huang Y. 2008. Synthesizing dimensional and categorical approaches to personality disorders. In Dimensional Approaches in Diagnostic Classification. Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V, ed. J Hezler, HC Kraemer, RF Krueger, H-U Wittchen, PJ Sirovatka, DA Regier, pp. 85-99. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
31. Kupfer DJ, First MB, Regier DE, eds. 2004. A Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
32. Lee K, Ashton MC. 2004. Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivar. Behav. Res. 39:329-358 (Pubitemid 39245170)
33. Leichsenring F, Leibing E. 2003. The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry 160:1223-1232 (Pubitemid 41070937)
34. Linehan M. 2000. The empirical basis of dialectical behavior therapy: development of new treatments versus evaluation of existing treatments. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 7:113-119
35. Livesley WJ. 2001. Conceptual and taxonomic issues. In Handbook of Personality Disorders. Theory, Research, and Treatment, ed. WJ Livesley, pp. 3-38. New York: Guilford
36. Livesley WJ. 2007. A framework for integrating dimensional and categorical classification of personality disorder. J. Personal. Disord. 21:199-224 (Pubitemid 46743454)
37. Luminet O, Bagby RM, Wagner H, Taylor GJ, Parker J, et al. 1999. Relation between alexithymia and the five-factor model of personality: a facet-level analysis. J. Personal. Assess. 73:345-358 (Pubitemid 30033376)
38. Lynam DR. 2002. Psychopathy from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. In Personality Disorders from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model, ed. PT Costa, TA Widiger, pp. 325-348 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2nd ed.
39. Lynam DR, Widiger TA. 2001. Using the five factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 110:401-412
40. Lynam DR, Widiger TA. 2007. Using a general model of personality to identify the basic elements of psychopathy. J. Personal. Disord. 2:160-178 (Pubitemid 46743452)
41. Markon KE, Krueger RF, Watson D. 2005. Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: an integrative hierarchical approach. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 88:139-157 (Pubitemid 40131539)
42. McCrae RR. 2006. Psychopathology from the perspective of the five factor model. See Strack 2006, pp. 51-63
43. McCrae RR, Costa PT. 2003. Personality in Adulthood. A Five-Factor Theory Perspective. New York: Guilford. 2nd ed.
44. McCrae RR, Loeckenhoff CE, Costa PT. 2005. A step toward DSM-V: cataloguing personality-related problems in living. Eur. J. Personal. 19:269-286
45. Mervielde I, De Clercq B, De Fruyt F, Van Leeuwen K. 2005. Temperament, personality, and developmental psychopathology as childhood antecedents of personality disorders. J. Personal. Disord. 19:171-201 (Pubitemid 40605178)
46. Miller JD, Lynam DR. 2003. Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality: a replication and extension. J. Personal. Assess. 81:168-178 (Pubitemid 37175382)
47. Millon T, Davis RD, Millon CM, Wenger AW, Van Zuilen MH, et al. 1996. Disorders of Personality. DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: Wiley
48. Mullins-Sweatt SN, Jamerson JE, Samuel DB, Olson DR, Widiger TA. 2006. Psychometric properties of an abbreviated instrument of the five-factor model. Assessment 13:119-137
49. Mullins-Sweatt SN, Widiger TA. 2006. The five-factor model of personality disorder: a translation across science and practice. In Personality and Psychopathology, ed. RF Krueger, JL Tackett, pp. 39-70. New York: Guilford
50. Munafo MR, Clark T, Flint J. 2005. Promise and pitfalls in the meta-analysis of genetic association studies: a response to Sen and Schinka. Mol. Psychiatry 10:895-897
51. Narrow WE, Rae DS, Robins LN, Regier DA. 2002. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States. Using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys' estimates. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59:115-123
52. O'Connor BP. 2002. A quantitative review of the comprehensiveness of the five-factor model in relation to popular personality inventories. Assessment 9:188-203
53. O'Connor BP. 2005. A search for consensus on the dimensional structure of personality disorders. J. Clin. Psychol. 61:323-345 (Pubitemid 40389041)
54. Oldham JM, Skodol AE. 2000. Charting the future of Axis II. J. Personal. Disord. 14:17-29
55. Paris J. 2006. Personality disorders: psychiatry's stepchildren come of age. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Psychiatr Assoc., 159th, Toronto, Canada
56. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Both L, Kumar S, Wilhelm K, et al. 2004. Measuring disordered personality functioning: to love and to work reprised. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 110:230-239 (Pubitemid 39120327)
57. Parnas J, Licht D, Bovet P. 2005. Cluster A personality disorders: a review. In Personality Disorders, ed. M Maj, HS Akiskal, JE Mezzich, A Okasha, pp. 1-74. New York: Wiley
58. Perry JC, Bond M. 2000. Empirical studies of psychotherapy for personality disorders. In Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders, ed. JG Gunderson, GO Gabbard, pp. 1-31. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press
59. Raine A. 2006. Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2:291-326 (Pubitemid 43799807)
60. Rawlings D, Williams B, Haslam N, Claridge G. 2008. Taxometric analysis supports a latent dimensional structure for schizotypy. Personal. Individ. Differ. 44:1640-1651
61. Roberts BW, DelVecchio WF. 2000. The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychol. Bull. 126:3-25
62. Ross SR, Lutz CJ, Bailley SE. 2002. Positive and negative symptoms of schizotypy and the five-factor model: a domain and facet level analysis. J. Personal. Assess. 79:53-72
63. Rounsaville BJ, Alarcon RD, Andrews G, Jackson JS, Kendell RE, et al. 2002. Basic nomenclature issues for DSM-V. See Kupfer et al. 2002, pp. 1-29
64. Samuel DB, Widiger TA. 2004. Clinicians' personality descriptions of prototypic personality disorders. J. Personal. Disord. 18:286-308
65. Samuel DB, Widiger TA. 2006. Clinicians' judgments of clinical utility: a comparison of the DSM-IV and five factor models. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 115:298-308
66. Samuel DB, Widiger TA. 2009. A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: a facet level analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 28:1326-1342
67. Sanderson CJ, Clarkin JF. 2002. Further use of the NEOPI-R personality dimensions in differential treatment planning. See Costa & Widiger 2002, pp. 351-375
68. Saulsman LM, Page AC. 2004. The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 23:1055-1085 (Pubitemid 38077220)
69. Scheel KR. 2000. The empirical basis of dialectical behavior therapy: summary, critique, and implications. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 7:68-86
70. Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Pfohl B, Widiger TA, Livesley WJ, et al. 2002. The borderline diagnosis I: psychopathology, comorbidity, and personality structure. Biol. Psychiatry 51:936-950 (Pubitemid 34607710)
71. Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, McGlashan TH, Morey LC, et al. 2005. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS): overview and implications. J. Personal. Disord. 19:487-504
72. Spitzer RL, First MB, Shedler J, Westen D, Skodol AE. 2008. Clinical utility of five dimensional systems for personality diagnosis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 196:356-374
73. Sprock J. 2003. Dimensional versus categorical classification of prototypic and nonprototypic cases of personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychol. 59:991-1014 (Pubitemid 37082019)
74. Strack S, ed. 2006. Differentiating Normal and Abnormal Personality. New York: Springer. 2nd ed.
75. Tackett JL, Silberschmidt AL, Krueger RF, Sponheim SR. 2008. A dimensional model of personality disorder: incorporating DSM cluster A characteristics. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 117:454-459
76. Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. 2004. New trends in alexithymia research. Psychother. Psychosom. 73:68-77
77. Trull TJ. 2005. Dimensional models of personality disorder: coverage and cutoffs. J. Personal. Disord. 19:262-282 (Pubitemid 40934708)
78. Trull TJ, Durrett CA. 2005. Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 1:355-380 (Pubitemid 43843955)
79. Trull TJ, Widiger TA. 1997. Structured Interview for the Five Factor Model of Personality. Odessa, FL: Psychol. Assess. Resourc.
80. Trull TJ, Widiger TA, Lynam DR, Costa PT. 2003. Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 112:193-202 (Pubitemid 36583173)
81. Verheul R. 2005. Clinical utility for dimensional models of personality pathology. J. Personal. Disord. 19:283-302 (Pubitemid 40934709)
82. Verheul R, Widiger TA. 2004. A meta-analysis of the prevalence and usage of the personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS) diagnosis. J. Personal. Disord. 18:309-319 (Pubitemid 39313804)
83. Watson D, Clark LA, Chmielewski M. 2008. Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. J. Personal. 76:1545-1586
84. Westen D, Shedler J, Bradley R. 2006. A prototype approach to personality disorder diagnosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 163:846-856 (Pubitemid 44464533)
85. Widiger TA. 1996. Personality disorder dimensional models. In DSM-IV Sourcebook, ed. TA Widiger, AJ Frances, HA Pincus, R Ross, MB First, WW Davis, vol.2, pp. 789-798 Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
86. Widiger TA. 2001. Social anxiety, social phobia, and avoidant personality disorder. In International Handbook of Social Anxiety, ed. WR Corzier, L Alden, pp. 335-356 New York: Wiley
87. Widiger TA, Costa PT. 2002. Five factor model personality disorder research. See Costa & Widiger 2002, pp. 59-87
88. Widiger TA, Costa PT, McCrae RR. 2002. A proposal for Axis II: diagnosing personality disorders using the five factor model. See Costa & Widiger, pp. 435-456
89. Widiger TA, Lowe J. 2007. Five factor model assessment of personality disorder. J. Personal. Assess. 89:16-29 (Pubitemid 47237427)
90. Widiger TA, Lowe J. 2008. A dimensional model of personality disorder: proposal for DSM-V. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 31:363-378 (Pubitemid 351970127)
91. Widiger TA, Samuel DB. 2005. Diagnostic categories or dimensions: a question for DSM-V. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 114:494-504
92. Widiger TA, Simonsen E. 2005a. The American Psychiatric Association's research agenda for the DSM-V. J. Personal. Disord. 19:103-109
93. Widiger TA, Simonsen E. 2005b. Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: finding a common ground. J. Personal. Disord. 19:110-130 (Pubitemid 40605175)
94. Widiger TA, Simonsen E, Krueger R, Livesley J, Verheul R. 2005. Personality disorder research agenda for the DSM-V. J. Personal. Disord. 19:317-340 (Pubitemid 40934712)
95. Widiger TA, Trull TJ. 2007. Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model. Am. Psychol. 62:71-83
96. World Health Org. 1992. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Org.
97. Yamagata S, Suzuki A, Ando J, One Y, Kijima N, et al. 2006. Is the genetic structure of human personality universal? A cross-cultural twin study from North America, Europe, and Asia. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 90:987-998 (Pubitemid 44100254)
98. RELATED RESOURCES Costa PT, Widiger TA, eds. 2002. Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2nd ed.
99. Helzer JE, Kraemer HC, Krueger RF, Wittchen H-U, Sirovatka PJ, Regier DA, eds. 2008. Dimensional Approaches to Diagnostic Classification. Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
100. Widiger TA, Simonsen E, Sirovatka PJ, Regier DA, eds. 2006. Dimensional Models of Personality Disorders. Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: Am Psychiatr. Assoc.