The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals

American Psychologist

Volumn 61, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 622-631

  Nettle, Daniel ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Evolutionary psychology; Five factor model; Personality

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIRD; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; FISH; GENETICS; HUMAN; INSECT; MALE; PERSONALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BIRDS; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; FISHES; HUMANS; INSECTS; MALE; PERSONALITY;

EID: 33748794778     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.622     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Alford, J. R., Funk, C. L., & Hibbing, J. R. (2005). Are political orientations genetically transmitted? American Political Science Review, 99, 153-167.
2. Austin, E. J., & Deary, I. J. (2000). The four 'A's: A common framework for normal and abnormal personality? Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 977-995.
3. Avila, M., Thaker, G., & Adami, H. (2001). Genetic epidemiology and schizophrenia: A study of reproductive fitness. Schizophrenia Research, 47, 233-241.
4. Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396.
5. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175.
7. Bassett, A. S., Bury, A., Hodgkinson, K. A., & Honer, W. G. (1996). Reproductive fitness in familial schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 21, 151-160.
8. Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273.
9. Bouchard, T. J., & McGue, M. (1981). Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science, 212, 1055-1059.
10. Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 53-58.
11. Brown, S., Inskip, H., & Barracough, B. (2000). Causes of the excess mortality in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 212-217.
12. Buchanan, T., Johnson, J. A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). Implementing a five-factor personality inventory for use on the internet. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 115-127.
13. Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypothesis testing in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49.
14. Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459-491.
15. Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 1-49.
16. Buss, D. M., & Greiling, H. (1999). Adaptive individual differences. Journal of Personality, 67, 209-243.
17. Buss, D. M., Larsen, R., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology and psychology. Psychological Science, 3, 251-255.
18. Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (Eds.). (1988). Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intelligence in monkeys and apes. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Cade, W. H. (1981). Alternative male strategies: Genetic differences in crickets. Science, 212, 563-564.
20. Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., & Zimbardo, P. (1996). Understanding the complexity of human aggression: Affective, cognitive and social dimensions of individual differences. European Journal of Personality, 10, 133-155.
21. Cardno, A. G., Marshall, E. J., Coid, B., Macdonald, A. M., Ribchester, T. R., Davies, N. J., et al. (1999). Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: The Maudsley twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 162-168.
22. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., Kwapil, T. R., Eckblad, M., & Zinser, M. C. (1994). Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 171-183.
23. Charlton, L. (2005). Schizotypy, personality and paranormal belief. Unpublished project, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, England.
24. Chen, C., Burton, M., Greenberger, E., & Dmitrieva, J. (1999). Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 309-324.
25. Claridge, G., & Davis, C. (2001). What's the use of neuroticism? Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 383-400.
26. Claridge, G., & Davis, C. (2003). Personality and psychological disorders. London: Arnold.
27. Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31, 187-276.
28. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. (1985). Manual of the NEO-PI. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
29. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665.
30. Cravchik, A., & Goldman, D. (2000). Neurochemical individuality - Genetic diversity among human dopamine and serotonin receptors and transporters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1105-1114.
31. Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491-533.
32. Digman, J. (1990). Five factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
33. Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J., & Tinbergen, J. M. (2004). Fitness consequences of avian personalities in a fluctuating environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 271, 847-852.
34. Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J., Van Oers, K., & Van Noordwijk, A. J. (2002). Repeatability and heritability of exploratory behaviour in great tits from the wild. Animal Behaviour, 64, 929-938.
35. Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., van Noordwijk, A. J., Rutten, A. L., & Drent, P. J. (2003). Natal dispersal and personalities in great tits (Parus major). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 741-747.
36. Dugatkin, L. A. (1992). Tendency to inspect predators predicts mortality risk in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Behavioral Ecology, 3, 124-127.
37. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language. London: Faber.
38. Egan, S., & Stelmack, R. M. (2003). A personality profile of Mount Everest climbers. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1491-1494.
39. Ellis, L. (1987). Relationships of criminality and psychopathy with eight other apparent mainfestations of sub-optimal arousal. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 905-925.
40. Field, C. A., & O'Keefe, G. (2004). Behavioral and psychological risk factors for traumatic injury. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 26, 27-35.
41. Figueredo, A. J., Sefcek, J. A., Vasquez, G., Brumbach, B. H., King, J. E., & Jacobs, W. J. (2005). Evolutionary personality psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 851-877). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
42. Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
43. Franken, R. E., Gibson, K. J., & Mohan, P. (1990). Sensation seeking and disclosure to close and casual friends. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 829-832.
44. Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Schwartz, J. E., Martin, L. R., Tomlinsonkeasey, C., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1995). Childhood conscientiousness and longevity: Health behaviors and cause of death. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 696-703.
45. Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (1990). Towards an evolutionary history of female sociosexual variation. Journal of Personality, 58, 69-96.
46. Goma-i-Freixanet, M. (1991). Personality profile of subjects engaged in high physical risk sports. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1087-1093.
47. Gosling, S. D. (2001). From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 45-86.
48. Grant, B. R., & Grant, P. R. (1989). Evolutionary dynamics of a natural population: The large cactus finch of the Galapagos. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Grant, P. R. (1986). Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50. Green, M. J., & Williams, L. M. (1999). Schizolypy and creativity as effects of reduced cognitive inhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 263-276.
51. Gross, M. R. (1985). Disruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon. Nature, 313, 47-48.
52. Gross, M. R. (1991). Evolution of alternative reproductive strategies: Frequency-dependent sexual selection in male bluegill sunfish. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 332, 59-66.
53. Haselton, M. G., & Miller, G. F. (2006). Women's fertility across the life cycle increases the short-term attractiveness of creative intelligence. Human Nature, 17, 50-73.
54. Heaven, P. L. (1996). Personality and self-reported delinquency: Analysis of the "Big Five" personality dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 47-54.
55. Heaven, P. L., Fitzpatrick, J., Craig, F. L., Kelly, P., & Sebar, G. (2000). Five personality factors and sex: Preliminary findings. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 1133-1141.
56. Houle, D. (1992). Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Generics, 130, 195-204.
57. Houle, D. (1998). How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits? Genetica, 102-103, 241-253.
58. Humphrey, N. K. (1976). The social function of intellect. In R. A. Hinde (Ed.), Growing points in ethology (pp. 303-317). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
59. Kelly, E., & Conley, J. (1987). Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 27-40.
60. King, L. A., Walker, L. M., & Broyles, S. J. (1996). Creativity and the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 189-203.
61. Kircaldy, B. D. (1982). Personality profiles at various levels of athletic participation. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 321-326.
62. Knutson, B., Wolkowitz, O. M., Cole, S. W., Chan, T., Moore, E. A., Johnson, R. C., et al. (1998). Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 373-379.
63. Lank, D. B., Smith, C. M., Hanotte, O., Burke, T., & Cooke, F. (1995). Genetic polymorphism for alternative mating behaviour in lekking male ruff Philomachus pugnax. Nature, 378, 59-60.
64. Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., et al. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274, 1527-1531.
65. Lynch, M., & Walsh, B. (1998). Genetics and analysis of quantitaive traits. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
66. MacDonald, K. (1995). Evolution, the 5-factor model, and levels of personality. Journal of Personality, 63, 525-567.
67. MacKay, T. (1981). Genetic variation in varying environments. Genetical Research, 37, 79-93.
68. Mason, O., Claridge, G., & Jackson, M. (1995). New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 7-13.
69. Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Fulcher, E. P. (1997). Cognitive biases in anxiety and attention to threat. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 340-345.
70. Maynard-Smith, J. (1982). Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
71. McCrae, R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258-1265.
72. McCreery, C., & Claridge, G. (2002). Healthy schizolypy: The case of out-of-the-body experiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 141-154.
73. McKenzie, J. (1989). Neuroticism and academic achievement: The Furneaux factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 509-515.
74. McKenzie, J., Taghavi-Knosary, M., & Tindell, G. (2000). Neuroticism and academic achievement: The Furneaux factor as a measure of academic rigour. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 3-11.
75. Mealey, L. (1995). The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 523-541.
76. Miller, G. F. (1999). Sexual selection for cultural displays. In C. Power (Ed.), The evolution of culture (pp. 71-91). Edinburgh. Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
77. Miller, G. F. (2000a). The mating mind: How mate choice shaped the evolution of human nature. New York: Doubleday.
78. Miller, G. F. (2000b). Mental traits as fitness indicators: Expanding evolutionary psychology's adaptationism. In D. LeCroy & P. Moller (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Vol. 907. Evolutionary approaches to human reproductive behavior (pp. 62-74). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
79. Neeleman, J., Sytema, S., & Wadsworth, M. (2002). Propensity to psychiatric and somatic ill-health: Evidence from a birth cohort. Psychological Medicine, 32, 793-803.
80. Nettle, D. (2005). An evolutionary approach to the extraversion continuum. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 363-373.
81. Nettle, D. (in press-a). Empathising and systemising: What are they, and what do they tell us about psychological sex differences? British Journal of Psychology.
82. Nettle, D. (in press-b). Schizotypy and mental health amongst poets, artists and mathematicians. Journal of Research in Personality.
83. Nettle, D., & Clegg, H. (2006). Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 273, 611-615.
84. Nowakowska, C., Strong, C. M., Santosa, C. M., Wang, P. W., & Ketter, T. A. (2005). Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 207-215.
85. O'Steen, S., Cullum, A. J., & Bennett, A. F. (2002). Rapid evolution of escape ability in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution, 56, 776-784.
86. Paunonen, S. V., & Jackson, D. N. (2000). What is beyond the Big Five? Plenty! Journal of Personality, 68, 821-835.
87. Prokosch, M. D., Yeo, R. A., & Miller, G. F. (2005). Intelligence tests with higher g-loadings show higher correlations with body symmetry: Evidence for a general fitness factor mediated by developmental stability. Intelligence, 33, 203-213.
88. Rawlings, D., & Freeman, J. L. (1997). Measuring paranoia/ suspiciousness. In G. Claridge (Ed.), Schizotypy: Implications for illness and health (pp. 38-60). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
89. Reif, A., & Lesch, K. P. (2003). Toward a molecular architecture of personality. Behavioural Brain Research, 139, 1-20.
90. Raff, D. A. (1992). The evolution of life histories: Theory and analysis. New York: Chapman & Hall.
91. Ross, S. R., Stewart, J., Mugge, M., & Fultz, B. (2001). The imposter phenomenon, achievement dispositions, and the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1347-1355.
92. Rowe, L., & Houle, D. (1996). The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 263, 1415-1421.
93. Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., Cullen, B., Costa, P. T., Eaton, W. W., & Nestadt, G. (2004). Personality dimensions and criminal arrest. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 275-280.
94. Schmidt, D. (2004). The Big Five related to risky sexual behaviour across 10 world regions: Differential personality associations of sexual promiscuity and relationship infidelity. European Journal of Personality, 18, 301-319.
95. Schuldberg, D. (2000). Six subclinical spectrum traits in normal creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 5-16.
96. Stearns, S. C. (1992). The evolution of life histories. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
97. Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552-1562.
98. Suis, J., Martin, R., & David, J. P. (1998). Person-environment fit and its limits: Agreeableness, neuroticism, and emotional reacitivy to interpersonal conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 88-98.
99. Thalbourne, M. A. (2000). Transliminality and creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 34, 193-202.
100. Thalbourne, M. A., & Delin, P. S. (1994). A common thread underlying belief in the paranormal, creative personality, mystical experience and psychopathology. Journal of Parapsychology, 58, 3-38.
101. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58, 17-67.
102. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. Tooby (Ed.). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 19-1.36). New York: Oxford University Press.
103. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
104. Woody, E., & Claridge, G. (1977). Psychoticism and thinking. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 241-248.
105. Zimmerer, E. J., & Kallman, K. D. (1989). Genetic basis for alternative reproductive tactics in the pygmy swordtail. Xiphophorus nigrensis. Evolution, 43, 1298-1307.