Enhancing feedback and improving feedback: subjective perceptions, psychological consequences, behavioral outcomes

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 12, 2016, Pages 687-700

  Sedikides, Constantine ^a   Luke, Michelle A ^b   Hepper, Erica G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL FOOD; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; NONHUMAN; OPTIMISM; PERCEPTION; SATISFACTION; SELF ESTEEM;

EID: 85004093182     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: 15591816     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12407     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 1–48.
2. Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2011). Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
3. Ariely, D. (1998). Combining experiences over time: The effects of duration, intensity changes and on-line measurements on retrospective pain evaluations. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 11, 19–45.
4. Aronson, E., & Linder, D. (1965). Gain and loss of esteem as determinants of interpersonal attractiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 156–171.
5. Atwater, L. E., & Brett, J. F. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of reactions to developmental 360 feedback. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 360, 532–548.
6. Bauer, T. N., Maertz, C. P., Dolen, M. R., & Campion, M. A. (1998). Longitudinal assessment of applicant reactions to employment testing and test outcome feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 892–903.
7. Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003). Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. Behavioral Research Methods, Instrumentation, & Computers, 35, 634–639.
8. Breines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1133–1143.
9. Brett, J. F., & Atwater, L. E. (2001). 360° feedback: Accuracy, reactions, and perceptions of usefulness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 930–942.
10. Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). Truth and consequences: The costs and benefits of accurate self-knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1288–1296.
11. Brown, J. D., Farnham, S. D., & Cook, K. E. (2002). Emotional responses to changing feedback: Is it better to have won and lost than never to have won at all? Journal of Personality, 70, 127–141.
12. Brown, M., Hyatt, D., & Benson, J. (2010). Consequences of the performance appraisal experience. Personnel Review, 39, 375–396.
13. Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E., & Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of self-views: Two portraits of self-love. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 358–368.
14. Campbell, W. K., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3, 23–43.
15. Cawley, B. D., Keeping, L. M., & Levy, P. E. (1998). Participation in the performance appraisal process and employee reactions: A meta-analytic review of field investigations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 615–633.
16. Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1484–1496.
17. Clayton, D. E., & Smith, M. M. (1987). Motivational typology of reentry women. Adult Education Quarterly, 37, 90–104.
18. Collins, R. L. (1996). For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 51–69.
19. Crocker, J., Thompson, L. L., McGraw, K. M., & Ingerman, C. (1987). Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 907–916.
20. Dickinson, M. J. (1999). Do gooders or do betters? An analysis of the motivation of student tutors. Educational Research, 41, 221–227.
21. Dunning, D. (2005). Self-insight: Roadblocks and detours on the path to knowing thyself. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
22. Elicker, J. D., Lord, R. G., Ash, S. R., Kohari, N. E., Hruska, B. J., McConnell, N. L., et al. (2010). Velocity as a predictor of performance satisfaction, mental focus, and goal revision. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59, 495–514.
23. Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2T2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 501–519.
24. Finkelstein, S. R., & Fishbach, A. (2012). Tell me what I did wrong: Experts seek and respond to negative feedback. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 22–38.
25. Fishbach, A., Eyal, T., & Finkelstein, S. R. (2010). How positive and negative feedback motivate goal pursuit. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 517–530.
26. Fisher, C. D. (1979). Transmission of positive and negative feedback to subordinates: A laboratory investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 533–540.
27. Gabriel, A. S., Frantz, N. B., Levy, P. E., & Hilliard, A. W. (2014). The supervisor feedback environment is empowering, but not all the time: Feedback orientation as a critical moderator. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 487–506.
28. Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., & Cai, H. (2012). Wanting to be great and better but not average: On the pancultural desire for self-enhancing and self-improving feedback. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 521–526.
29. Gniewosz, B., Eccles, J. S., & Noack, P. (2014). Early adolescents' development of academic self-concept and intrinsic task value: The role of contextual feedback. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 459–473.
30. Gramzow, R. H., Elliot, A. J., Asher, E., & McGregor, H. (2003). Self-evaluation bias in the academic context: Some ways and some reasons why. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 41–61.
31. Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Pinter, B., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2009). Two sides to self-protection: Self-improvement strivings and feedback from close relationships eliminate mnemic neglect. Self and Identity, 8, 233–250.
32. Gregg, A. P., Sedikides, C., & Gebauer, J. E. (2011). Dynamics of identity: Between self-enhancement and self-assessment. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (Vol.1, pp. 305–327). New York, NY: Springer.
33. Gregory, J. B., & Levy, P. E. (2012). Employee feedback orientation: Implications for effective coaching relationships. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research & Practice, 5, 86–99.
34. Harackiewicz, J. M. (1979). The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1352–1363.
35. Harks, B., Rakoczy, K., Hattie, J., Besser, M., & Klieme, E. (2014). The effects of feedback on achievement, interest and self-evaluation: The role of feedback's perceived usefulness. Educational Psychology, 34, 269–290.
36. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Education Research, 77, 81–112.
37. Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., et al. (2001). Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America. An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 599–615.
38. Heine, S. J., & Raineri, A. (2009). Self-improving motivations and culture: The case of Chileans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 158–163.
39. Hepper, E. G., Gramzow, R. H., & Sedikides, C. (2010). Individual differences in self-enhancement and self-protection strategies: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality, 78, 781–814.
40. Hepper, E. G., & Sedikides, C. (2012). Self-enhancing feedback. In R. M. Sutton, M. J. Hornsey, & K. M. Douglas (Eds.), Feedback: The communication of praise, criticism, and advice (pp. 43–56). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
41. Hsee, C. K., & Abelson, R. P. (1991). Velocity relation: Satisfaction as a function of first derivative of outcome over time. Journal of Personality and Social and Psychology, 60, 341–347.
42. Ilgen, D., & Davis, C. (2000). Bearing bad news: Reactions to negative performance feedback. Applied Psychology, 49, 550–565.
43. Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 269–277.
44. Jones, E. E., Rock, L., Shaver, K. G., Goethals, G., & Ward, L. M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primacy effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317–340.
45. Kamins, M. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self-worth and coping. Developmental Psychology, 35, 835–847.
46. Keeping, L. M., & Levy, P. E. (2000). Performance appraisal reactions: Measurement, modeling, and method bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 708–723.
47. Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 254–284.
48. Kulhavy, R. W. (1977). Feedback in written instruction. Review of Educational Research, 47, 211–232.
49. Kurman, J. (2006). Self-enhancement, self-regulation and self-improvement following failure. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 339–356.
50. Latham, G. P., Cheng, B. H., & Macpherson, K. (2012). Theoretical frameworks for and empirical evidence on providing feedback to employees. In R. M. Sutton, M. J. Hornsey, & K. M. Douglas (Eds.), Feedback: The communication of praise, criticism, and advice (pp. 187–199). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
51. Markman, K. D., Elizaga, R. A., Ratcliff, J. J., & McMullen, M. N. (2007). The interplay between counterfactual reasoning and feedback dynamics in producing inferences about the self. Thinking and Reasoning, 13, 188–206.
52. Martin, L., Abend, T., Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (1997). How would I feel if…? Mood as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 242–253.
53. McFarlin, D. B., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On the Remote Associates Test (RAT) as an alternative to illusory performance feedback: A methodological note. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 223–229.
54. Mednick, S. A., & Mednick, M. T. (1967). Examiner's manual: Remote associates test. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
55. MoEller, J., Pohlmann, B., Koeller, O., & Marsh, H. W. (2009). A meta-analytic path analysis of the internal/external frame of reference model of academic achievement and academic self-concept. Review of Educational Research, 79, 1129–1167.
56. Neiss, M. B., Sedikides, C., Shahinfar, A., & Kupersmidt, J. (2006). Self-evaluation in naturalistic context: The case of juvenile offenders. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 499–518.
57. Plaks, J. E., & Stecher, K. (2007). Unexpected improvement, decline, and stasis: A prediction confidence perspective on achievement success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 667–684.
58. Pliske, R. M., Elig, T. W., & Johnson, R. M. (1986). Towards an understanding of army enlistment motivation patterns. US: Army Research Institute/Publications.
59. Prelec, D., & Loewenstein, G. F. (1997). Beyond time discounting. Marketing Letters, 8, 97–108.
60. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Arndt, J. (2012). Freedom versus fear revisited: An integrative analysis of the dynamics of the defense and growth of the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 378–404). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
61. Ryan, A. M., Brutus, S., Greguras, G., & Hakel, M. D. (2000). Receptivity to assessment based feedback for management development. Journal of Management Development, 19, 252–276.
62. Ryan, A. M., Gheen, M. H., & Midgley, C. (1998). Why do some students avoid asking for help? An examination of the interplay among students' academic efficacy, teachers' social-emotional role, and the classroom goal structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 528–535.
63. Sedikides, C. (2009). On self-protection and self-enhancement regulation: The role of self-improvement and social norms. In J. P. Forgas, R. F. Baumeister, & D. Tice (Eds.), The psychology of self-regulation: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes. (pp. 73–92). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
64. Sedikides, C. (2012). Self-protection. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity. (2nd ed., pp. 327–353). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
65. Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G., & Elliot, A. J. (1998). The self-serving bias in relational context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 378–386.
66. Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Cai, H. (2015). On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: The case for the universality of self-esteem. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Advances in motivation science. (Vol.2, pp. 185–241). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
67. Sedikides, C., Green, J. D., Saunders, J., Skowronski, J. J., & Zengel, B. (2016). Mnemic neglect: Selective amnesia of one's faults. European Review of Social Psychology, 27, 1–62.
68. Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 102–116.
69. Sedikides, C., & Hepper, E. G. (2009). Self-improvement. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 899–917.
70. Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 209–269. New York, NY: Academic Press.
71. Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1646–1655.
72. Seifert, C. F., Yukl, G., & McDonald, R. A. (2003). Effects of multisource feedback and a feedback facilitator on the influence behavior of managers toward subordinates. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 561–569.
73. Silberman, M., & Hansburg, F. (2005). How to encourage constructive feedback from others. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
74. Sutton, R. M., Hornsey, M. J., & Douglas, K. M. (Eds.) (2012). Feedback: The communication of praise, criticism, and advice. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
75. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210.
76. Taylor, S. E., Neter, E., & Wayment, H. A. (1995). Self-evaluation processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1278–1287.
77. Tonidandel, S., Quiñones, M. A., & Adams, A. A. (2002). Computer-adaptive testing: The impact of test characteristics on perceived performance and test takers' reactions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 320–332.
78. Vallerand, R. J., & Reid, G. (1984). On the causal effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation: A test of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 94–102.
79. Van Dijk, D., & Kluger, A. N. (2010). Task type as a moderator of positive/negative feedback effects on motivation and performance: A regulatory focus perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 1084–1105.
80. Whitaker, B., & Levy, P. E. (2012). Linking feedback quality and goal orientation to feedback-seeking and job performance. Human Performance, 25, 159–178.
81. Wright, S. S. (2000). Looking at the self in a rose-colored mirror: Unrealistically positive self-views and academic performance. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 451–462.
82. Wyer, R. S., & Frey, D. (1983). The effects of feedback about self and others on the recall and judgments of feedback-relevant information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 540–559.