Can we prevent obesity-Related metabolic diseases by dietary modulation of the gut microbiota?

Advances in Nutrition

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 90-101

  Brahe, Lena K ^a   Astrup, Arne ^a   Larsen, Lesli H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Diet; Gut microbiota; Obesity related diseases; Prebiotics; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

PREBIOTIC AGENT;

ANIMAL; DIET; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; METABOLIC DISEASES; MICROBIOLOGY; OBESITY;

ANIMALS; DIET; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; METABOLIC DISEASES; OBESITY; PREBIOTICS;

EID: 85000642930     PISSN: 21618313     EISSN: 21565376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010587     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2012. France:World Health Organization; 2012.
2. Rokholm B, Baker JL, Sørensen TIA. The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999 - a review of evidence and perspectives.Obes Rev 2010;11:835-46.
3. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010;303:235-41.
4. Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H, Trogdon JG, Pan L,Sherry B, Dietz W. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med 2012;42:563-70.
5. Ul-Haq Z, Mackay DF, Fenwick E, Pell JP. Meta-analysis of the association between body mass index and health-related quality of life among adults, assessed by the SF-36. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21:E322-7.
6. Khaodhiar L, Cummings S, Apovian CM. Treating diabetes and prediabetes by focusing on obesity management. Curr Diab Rep 2009;9:348-54.
7. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, EckelRH. Obesity and cardio vascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation,and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2006;26:968-76.
8. Marchesini G, Moscatiello S, Di Domizio S, Forlani G. Obesity-associated liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:S74-80.
9. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008;371:569-78.
10. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Brussels (Belgium): IDF Communications;2006.
11. Pajunen P, Rissanen H, Harkanen T, Jula A, Reunanen A, Salomaa V.The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of incident diabetes and cardio vascular events in the Health 2000 Study. Diabetes Metab 2010;36:395-401.
12. Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Hirsch J. Obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337:396-407.
13. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, LeyRE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, et al. A core gut microbiomein obese and lean twins. Nature 2009;457:480-4.
14. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, Liang S, Zhang W, Guan Y,Shen D, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiotain type 2 diabetes. Nature 2012;490:55-60.
15. Karlsson FH, Fak F, Nookaew I, Tremaroli V, Fagerberg B, Petranovic D, Backhed F, Nielsen J. Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome. Nat Commun 2012;3:1245.
16. Raman M, Ahmed I, Gillevet PM, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM, Smith S,Greenwood R, Sikaroodi M, Lam V, Crotty P, et al. Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:868.e1-3-75.e1-3.
17. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G,Almeida M, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Kennedy S, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature2013;500:541-6.
18. Dewulf EM, Cani PD, Claus SP, Fuentes S, Puylaert PG, Neyrinck AM,Bindels LB, de Vos WM, Gibson GR, Thissen JP, et al. Insight into theprebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut 2013;62:1112-21.
19. Vulevic J, Juric A, Tzortzis G, Gibson GR. A mixture of trans galactooligosaccharides reduces markers of metabolic syndromeand modulates the fecal microbiota and immune function of over weight adults. J Nutr 2013;143:324-31.
20. Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, Prifti E, Pons N, Le Chatelier E,Almeida M, Quinquis B, Levenez F, Galleron N, et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature 2013;500:585-8.
21. Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, Salojarvi J, Kootte RS, BartelsmanJF, Dallinga-Thie GM, Ackermans MT, Serlie MJ, Oozeer R, et al.Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology2012;143:913.e7-6.e7.
22. Tehrani AB, Nezami BG, Gewirtz A, Srinivasan S. Obesity and its associated disease: a role for microbiota? Neurogastroenterol Motil2012;24:305-11.
23. Baquero F, Nombela C. The microbiome as a human organ. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:2-4.
24. Blaut M, Clavel T. Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for health and disease. J Nutr 2007;137:751S-5S.
25. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, et al. A human gut microbial genecatalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010;464:59-65.
26. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005;308:1635-8.
27. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012;486:207-14.
28. Tremaroli V, Backhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature 2012;489:242-9.
29. Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. Diversity,stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 2012;489:220-30.
30. Denamur E, Matic I. Evolution of mutation rates in bacteria. Mol Microbiol2006;60:820-7.
31. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in new borns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:11971-5.
32. Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, Guttman DS, Field CJ, Chari RS,Sears MR, Becker AB, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ 2013;185:385-94.
33. Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R,Angenent LT, Ley RE. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108 Suppl1:4578-85.
34. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG,Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP,et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature2012;486:222-7.
35. Faith JJ, Guruge JL, Charbonneau M, Subramanian S, Seedorf H,Goodman AL, Clemente JC, Knight R, Heath AC, Leibel RL, et al.The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. Science 2013;341:1237439.
36. Koren O, Goodrich J, Cullender T, Spor A, Laitinen K, Kling Bäckhed H, Gonzalez A, Werner J, Angenent L, Knight R, et al. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy.Cell 2012;150:470-80.
37. Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, Bergstrom G, Behre CJ, Fagerberg B, Nielsen J, Backhed F. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 2013;498:99-103.
38. Li J, Jia H, Cai X, Zhong H, Feng Q, Sunagawa S,Arumugam M, Kultima JR, Prifti E, Nielsen T, et al. An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome. Nat Biotechnol 2014;32:834-41.
39. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR,Fernandes GR, Tap J, Bruls T, Batto JM, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011;473:174-80.
40. Salonen A, Salojärvi J, Lahti L, de Vos WM. The adult intestinal coremicrobiota is determined by analysis depth and health status. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:16-20.
41. Koeppen BM, Stanton BA, editors. Berne & Levy Physiology. Canada:Elsevier; 2008.
42. Odenwald MA, Turner JR. Intestinal permeability defects: is it time totreat? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1075-83.
43. Ménard S, Cerf-Bensussan N, Heyman M. Multiple facets of intestinal permeability and epithelial handling of dietary antigens. Mucosal Immunol2010;3:247-59.
44. de Kort S, Keszthelyi D, Masclee AA. Leaky gut and diabetes mellitus:what is the link? Obes Rev 2011;12:449-58.
45. Amati L, Caradonna L, Leandro G, Magrone T, Minenna M, Faleo G,Pellegrino NM, Jirillo E, Caccavo D. Immune abnormalities and endotoxemia in patients with ulcerative colitis and in their first degree relatives: attempts at neutralizing endotoxin-mediated effects. Curr Pharm Des 2003;9:1937-45.
46. Forsythe P, Bienenstock J. Immunomodulation by commensal andprobiotic bacteria. Immunol Invest 2010;39:429-48.
47. Roy CC, Kien CL, Bouthillier L, Levy E. Short-chain fatty acids: ready for prime time? Nutr Clin Pract 2006;21:351-66.
48. Brahe LK, Astrup A, Larsen LH. Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases? Obes Rev2013;14:950-9.
49. Sonnenburg JL, Angenent LT, Gordon JI. Getting a grip on things:how do communities of bacterial symbionts become established in our intestine? Nat Immunol 2004;5:569-73.
50. Wang Y, Antonopoulos DA, Zhu X, Harrell L, Hanan I, Alverdy JC,Meyer F, Musch MW, Young VB, Chang EB. Laser capture micro dissection and metagenomic analysis of intact mucosa-associated microbial communities of human colon. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010;88:1333-42.
51. Van den Abbeele P, Van de Wiele T, Verstraete W, Possemiers S. Thehost selects mucosal and luminal associations of coevolved gut micro organisms:a novel concept. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011;35:681-704.
52. Tailford LE, Crost EH, Kavanaugh D, Juge N. Mucin glycan foraging in the human gut microbiome. Front Genet 2015;6:81.
53. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO technical meeting on prebiotics. 2007 Sep 15-16; Rome, Italy: FAO;2008.
54. Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Rastall R,Rowland I, Wolvers D, Watzl B, Szajewska H, Stahl B, et al. Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr 2010;104Suppl 2:S1-63.
55. Jackson KG, Taylor GRJ, Clohessy AM, Williams CM. The effect of the daily intake of inulin on fasting lipid, insulin and glucose concentrations in middle-aged men and women. Br J Nutr 1999;82:23-30.
56. Piche T, des Varannes SB, Sacher-Huvelin S, Holst JJ, Cuber JC, GalmicheJP. Colonic fermentation influences lower esophageal sphincter function in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2003;124:894-902.
57. Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM. Modulation of glucagon-likepeptide 1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligofructose: experimental data. J Nutr 2007;137:2547S-51S.
58. Cani PD, Delzenne NM. The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr Pharm Des 2009;15:1546-58.
59. Kaczmarczyk MM, Miller MJ, Freund GG. The health benefits of dietary fiber: beyond the usual suspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardio vascular disease and colon cancer. Metabolism 2012;61:1058-66.
60. Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT, Englyst HN. Prebiotic digestion and fermentation. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:415S-20S.
61. Gordon JI. Honor thy gut symbionts redux. Science 2012;336:1251-3.
62. Rowland I, Capurso L, Collins K, Cummings J, Delzenne N, Goulet O,Guarner F, Marteau P, Meier R. Current level of consensus on probiotic science-report of an expert meeting-London, 23 November 2009.Gut Microbes 2010;1:436-9.
63. Begley M, Hill C, Gahan CG. Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics.Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:1729-38.
64. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota:introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995;125:1401-12.
65. Muegge BD, Kuczynski J, Knights D, Clemente JC, González A, Fontana L, Henrissat B, Knight R, Gordon JI. Diet drives convergence in gutmicrobiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans.Science 2011;332:970-4.
66. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen Y, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 2011;334:105-8.
67. Duncan SH, Belenguer A, Holtrop G, Johnstone AM, Flint HJ, LobleyGE. Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:1073-8.
68. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE,Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014;505:559-63.
69. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006;444:1022-3.
70. Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT. Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc 2003;62:67-72.
71. Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT. The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. J Appl Bacteriol 1991;70:443-59.
72. Walker AW, Duncan SH, McWilliam Leitch EC, Child MW, Flint HJ.pH and peptide supply can radically alter bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acid ratios within microbial communities from the human colon. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:3692-700.
73. FAO/WHO. Carbohydrates in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Rome (Italy); 1997.
74. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, NeyrinckAM, Fava F, Tuohy KM, Chabo C, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007;56:1761-72.
75. Ghoshal S, Witta J, Zhong J, de Villiers W, Eckhardt E. Chylomicronspromote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides. J Lipid Res2009;50:90-7.
76. Amar J, Burcelin R, Ruidavets JB, Cani PD, Fauvel J, Alessi MC,Chamontin B, Ferrieres J. Energy intake is associated with endotoxemia in apparently healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1219-23.
77. Creely SJ, McTernan PG, Kusminski CM, Fisher M, Da Silva NF,Khanolkar M, Evans M, Harte AL, Kumar S. Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007;292:E740-7.
78. Sun L, Yu Z, Ye X, Zou S, Li H, Yu D, Wu H, Chen Y, Dore J, Clement K, et al. A marker of endotoxemia is associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders in apparently healthy Chinese. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1925-32.
79. Pussinen PJ, Havulinna AS, Lehto M, Sundvall J, Salomaa V. Endotoxemiais associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:392-7.
80. Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serino M, Luche E, Waget A, Pardo G, Salvador J, Ricart W, Fruhbeck G, Burcelin R, et al. Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) as a marker of obesity-related insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36:1442-9.
81. Romaní J, Caixas A, Escote X, Carrascosa JM, Ribera M, Rigla M, Vendrell J, Luelmo J. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is increased in patients with psoriasis with metabolic syndrome, and correlates with C-reactive protein. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013;38:81-4.
82. Rabot S,Membrez M, Bruneau A, Gérard P, Harach T,Moser M, Raymond F,Mansourian R, Chou CJ. Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to highfat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism. FASEB J 2010;24:4948-59.
83. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, GibsonGR, Delzenne NM. Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut micro flora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia 2007;50:2374-83.
84. Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Verstraete W, De Backer F, Cani PD,Delzenne NM. Dietary modulation of clostridial cluster XIVa gut bacteria(Roseburia spp.) by chitin-glucan fiber improves host metabolic alterations induced by high-fat diet in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2012;23:51-9.
85. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, eithermedium or high in protein, on body weight in over weight subjects: arandomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1283-90.
86. Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M, Jebb SA, Papadaki A, PfeifferAF, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kunesova M, Pihlsgard M,et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index forweight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2102-13.
87. Windey K, De Preter V, Verbeke K. Relevance of protein fermentationto gut health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012;56:184-96.
88. RussellWR, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Holtrop G, Ince J, Scobbie L, Duncan G, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Wallace RJ, et al. High-protein, reduced carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to bedetrimental to colonic health. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:1062-72.
89. Le Leu RK, Winter JM, Christophersen CT, Young GP, Humphreys KJ,Hu Y, Gratz SW, Miller RB, Topping DL, Bird AR, et al. Butyrylatedstarch intake can prevent red meat-induced O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosineadducts in human rectal tissue: a randomised clinical trial.Br J Nutr 2015;114:220-30.
90. Dikeman CL, Fahey GC. Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: a review.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006;46:649-63.
91. Gögebakan O, Kohl A, OsterhoffMA, van BaakMA, Jebb SA, Papadaki A, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Hlavaty P, Weickert MO, et al. Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycemic index on cardio vascular risk factors: the diet,obesity, and genes (DiOGenes) study: a randomized, controlled trial.Circulation 2011;124:2829-38.
92. Bäckhed F, Ding H,Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, SemenkovichCF, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:15718-23.
93. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, GordonJI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444:1027-31.
94. Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, GordonJI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:11070-5.
95. Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:979-84.
96. Bäckhed F, Crawford PA. Coordinated regulation of the metabolomeand lipidome at the host-microbial interface. Biochim Biophys Acta2010;1801:240-5.
97. Serino M, Luche E, Chabo C, Amar J, Burcelin R. Intestinal microfloraand metabolic diseases. Diabetes Metab 2009;35:262-72.
98. Cani PD, Delzenne NM. The gut microbiome as therapeutic target.Pharmacol Ther 2011;130:202-12.
99. Zoetendal EG, von Wright A, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Ben-Amor K,Akkermans AD, de Vos WM. Mucosa-associated bacteria in the human gastro intestinal tract are uniformly distributed along the colonand differ from the community recovered from feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:3401-7.
100. Durbán A, Abellán JJ, Jiménez-Hernández N, Latorre A, Moya A.Daily follow-up of bacterial communities in the human gut reveals stable composition and host-specific patterns of interaction. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012;81:427-37.
101. Microbiome-standards.org [Internet]. The International Human Microbiome Standards. c2015 [cited 2015 Sep 28]. Available from:http://www.microbiome-standards.org.
102. Fraher MH, O'Toole PW, Quigley EM. Techniques used to characterize the gut microbiota: a guide for the clinician. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:312-22.
103. Kuczynski J, Lauber CL, WaltersWA, Parfrey LW, Clemente JC, Gevers D, Knight R. Experimental and analytical tools for studying the human microbiome. Nat Rev Genet 2011;13:47-58.
104. Van de Peer Y, Chapelle S, De Wachter R. A quantitative map of nucleotide substitution rates in bacterial rRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1996;24:3381-91.
105. Thomas T, Gilbert J, Meyer F. Metagenomics - a guide from sampling to data analysis. Microb Inform Exp 2012;2:3.
106. Gosalbes MJ, Abellan JJ, Durbán A, Pérez-Cobas AE, Latorre A, Moya A. Metagenomics of human microbiome: beyond 16s rDNA. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:47-9.
107. Davis C. Enumeration of probiotic strains: review of culture-dependent and alternative techniques to quantify viable bacteria. J MicrobiolMethods 2014;103:9-17.
108. Kalliomäki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict over weight.Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:534-8.
109. Simões CD, Maukonen J, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Pietiläinen KH, Saarela M. Habitual dietary intake is associated with stool microbiota composition in monozygotic twins. J Nutr 2013;143:417-23.
110. Million M, Maraninchi M, Henry M, Armougom F, Richet H, Carrieri P, Valero R, Raccah D, Vialettes B, Raoult D. Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifido bacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int J Obes(Lond) 2012;36:817-25.
111. Štšepetova J, Sepp E, Kolk H, Lõivukene K, Songisepp E, Mikelsaar M. Diversity and metabolic impact of intestinal Lactobacillus species in healthy adults and the elderly. Br J Nutr 2011;105:1235-44.
112. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schafer K, Beijer S, Nicolaas AB, Donus C, PhilipDH. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and over weight healthy subjects.Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:190-5.
113. Armougom F, Henry M, Vialettes B, Raccah D, Raoult D. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients.PLoS One 2009;4:e7125.
114. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FW, Nielsen DS, Andreasen AS,Pedersen BK, Al-Soud WA, Sorensen SJ, Hansen LH, Jakobsen M. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non diabetic adults. PLoS One 2010;5:e9085.
115. Brahe LK, Le Chatelier E, Prifti E, Pons N, Kennedy S, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Astrup A, Ehrlich SD, Larsen LH. Specific gut microbiota features and metabolic markers in post menopausal women with obesity. Nutr Diabetes2015;5:e159.
116. Wu X, Ma C, Han L, Nawaz M, Gao F, Zhang X, Yu P, Zhao C, Li L,Zhou A, et al. Molecular characterisation of the faecal microbiota inpatients with type II diabetes. Curr Microbiol 2010;61:69-78.
117. de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2008;111:1-66.
118. Million M, Angelakis E, Paul M, Armougom F, Leibovici L, Raoult D. Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals. Microb Pathog 2012;53:100-8.
119. Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Prakash S. Cholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:1234-41.
120. Fuentes MC, Lajo T, Carrion JM, Cune J. Cholesterol-lowering efficacyof Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7527, 7528 and 7529 in hyper cholesterolaemic adults. Br J Nutr 2013;109:1866-72.
121. Kadooka Y, Sato M, Ogawa A, Miyoshi M, Uenishi H, Ogawa H,Ikuyama K, Kagoshima M, Tsuchida T. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT 2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults in arandomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2013;110:1696-703.
122. Lewis SJ, Burmeister S. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on plasma lipids. Eur J Clin Nutr2005;59:776-80.
123. Tripolt NJ, Leber B, Blattl D, Eder M,Wonisch W, Scharnagl H, Stojakovic T, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Wascher TC, Pieber TR, et al. Short communication:effect of supplementation with Lactobacillus casei Shirota on insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and markers of endothelial function and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome-a pilot study. J DairySci 2013;96:89-95.
124. Brahe LK, Le Chatelier E, Prifti E, Pons N, Kennedy S, Blaedel T,Hakansson J, Dalsgaard TK, Hansen T, Pedersen O, et al. Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota - a randomised controlled trialin obese post menopausal women. Br J Nutr 2015;114:1-12.
125. Shin NR, Lee JC, Lee HY, Kim MS, Whon TW, Lee MS, Bae JW. Anincrease in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice.Gut 2014;63:727-35.
126. Lee H, Ko G. Effect of metformin on metabolic improvement and gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014;80:5935-43.
127. Blüher M. Are there still healthy obese patients? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012;19:341-6.
128. Lecerf JM, Depeint F, Clerc E, Dugenet Y, Niamba CN, Rhazi L, Cayzeele A, Abdelnour G, Jaruga A, Younes H, et al. Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) incombination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebioticproperties. Br J Nutr 2012;108:1847-58.