Genetic influences on depression and anxiety in childhood and adolescence

Behavior Genetics of Psychopathology

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 67-97

  Rice, Frances ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84999909165     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9509-3_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (152)

1. Achenbach, T. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Farmer, E. M., Burns, B. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Impaired but undiagnosed. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 129-137.
3. Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57-87.
4. Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Worthman, C. M. (1998). Puberty and depression: The roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine, 28, 51-61.
5. Araya, R., Hu, X., Heron, J., Enoch, M., Evans, J., Lewis, G., et al. (2008). Effects of stressful life events, maternal depression and 5-HTTLPR genotype on emotional symptoms in preadolescent children. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 150, 670-682.
6. Avenevoli, S., Stolar, M., Li, J., Dierker, L., & Merikangas, K. R. (2001). Comorbidity of depression in children and adolescents: Models and evidence form a prospective high-risk study. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1071-1081.
7. Bartels, M., van den Oord, E. J., Hudziak, J. J., Rietveld, M. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2004). Genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying stability and change in problem behaviors at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12. Developmental Psychology, 40, 852-867.
8. Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (1997). At risk for anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 918-924.
9. Beitchman, J. H., Baldassarra, L., De Luca, V., King, N., Bender, D., Ehtesham, S., et al. (2006). Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1103-1105.
10. Belsky, J., Jonassaint, C., Pluess, M., Stanton, M., Brummett, B., & Williams, R. (2009). Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 746-754.
11. Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., & Hirshfeld, D. R. (1991). A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbid major depression. Psychiatry Research, 37, 333-348.
12. Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., et al. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427-1439.
13. Boomsma, D. I., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., & Hudziak, J. J. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on anxious/depression during childhood: A study from the Netherlands Twin Register. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 4, 466-481.
14. Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244-255.
15. Brent, D., Melhem, N., Ferrell, R., Emslie, G., Wagner, K. D., Ryan, N., et al. (2010). Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms with suicidal events in the treatment of resistant depression in adolescent (TORDIA) study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 190-197.
16. Canili, T., & Lesch, K. P. (2007). Long story short: The serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 1103-1109.
17. Cantwell, D. P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1997). Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 610-619.
18. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386-389.
19. Cole, D. A., Cai, L., Martin, N. C., Findling, R. L., Youngstrom, E. A., Garber, J., et al. (2011). Structure and measurement of depression in youths: Applying item response theory to clinical data. Psychological Assessment, 23, 819-833.
20. Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 746-773.
21. Cooper, P. J., Fearn, J., Willetts, L., Seabrook, H., & Parkinson, M. (2006). Affective disorder in the parents of a clinic sample of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 205-212.
22. Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Burns, B. J., Erkanli, A., Stangl, D. K., & Tweed, D. L. (1996). The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. Functional impairment and serious emotional disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1137-1143.
23. Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1263-1271.
24. Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837-844.
25. D'Onofrio, B., Turkheimer, E. N., Eaves, L. J., Corey, L. A., Berg, K., Solaas, M. H., et al. (2003). The role of the children of twins design in elucidating causal relations between parent characteristics and child outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1130-1144.
26. D'Onofrio, B. M., Van Hulle, C. A., Waldman, I. D., Rodgers, J. L., Harden, K. P., Rathouz, P. J., et al. (2008). Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: An exploration of genetic and environmental confounds. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 139-164.
27. Deater-Deckard, K., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (1997). Dimensions and disorders of adolescent adjustment: A quantitative genetic analysis of unselected samples and selected extremes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 515-525.
28. DeFries, J. C., & Fulker, D. W. (1985). Multiple regression analysis of twin data. Behavior Genetics, 15, 467-473.
29. Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50-76.
30. Dunn, V., & Goodyer, I. (2006). Longitudinal investigation into childhood and adolescence onset depression: Psychiatric outcome in early adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 216-222.
31. Eaves, L., Silberg, J., & Erkanli, A. (2003). Resolving multiple epigenetic pathways to adolescent depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1006-1014.
32. Eaves, L. J., Silberg, J. L., Meyer, J. M., Maes, H. H., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., et al. (1997). Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 965-980.
33. Eley, T. C. (1997). Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: Etiological links between normality and abnormality: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 861-865.
34. Eley, T. C., Bolton, D., O'Connor, T. G., Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Plomin, R. (2003). A twin study of anxiety-related behaviours in pre-school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 945-960.
35. Eley, T. C., Deater-Deckard, K., Fombonne, E., Fulker, D. W., & Plomin, R. (1998). An adoption study of depressive symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 337-345.
36. Eley, T. C., Hudson, J. L., Tropeano, M., Lester, K. J., Cooper, P., Farmer, A., et al. (2012). Therapygenetics: The 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 236-237.
37. Eley, T. C., & Stevenson, J. (1999). Exploring the covariation between anxiety and depression symptoms: A genetic analysis of the effects of age and sex. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1273-1282.
38. Eley, T. C., Sugden, K., Corsico, A., Gregory, A. M., Sham, P., McGuffin, P., et al. (2004). Geneenvironment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 9, 908-915.
39. Feinberg, M. E., Button, T. M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., & Hetherington, E. M. (2007). Parenting and adolescent antisocial behavior and depression: Evidence of genotype x parenting environment interaction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 457-465.
40. Giedd, J. N., Stockman, M., Weddle, C., Liverpool, M., Alexander-Bloch, A., Wallace, G. L., et al. (2010). Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging of the developing child and adolescent brain and effects of genetic variation. Neuropsychology Review, 20, 349-361.
41. Gjerde, L. C., Røysamb, E., Czajkowski, N., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Orstavik, R. E., Kendler, K. S., et al. (2011). Strong genetic correlation between interview-assessed internalizing disorders and a brief self-report symptom scale. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 4, 64-72.
42. Gjone, H., Stevenson, J., Sundet, J. M., & Eilertsen, D. E. (1996). Changes in heritability across increasing levels of behaviour problems in young twins. Behavior Genetics, 26, 419-426.
43. Gjone, H., & Stevenson, J. (1997). The association between internalizing and externalizing behavior in childhood and early adolescence: Genetic of environmental common influences? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 277-286.
44. Glowinski, A. L., Madden, P. A., Bucholz, K. K., Lynskey, M. T., & Heath, A. C. (2003). Genetic epidemiology of self-reported lifetime DSM-IV major depressive disorder in a populationbased twin sample of female adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 988-996.
45. Goodwin, R. D., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2004). Early anxious/withdrawn behaviors predict later internalizing disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 874-883.
46. Goodyer, I. M., Bacon, A., Ban, M., Croudace, T., & Herbert, J. (2009). Serotonin transporter genotype, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 39-45.
47. Gregory, A. M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Koenen, K., Eley, T. C., & Poulton, R. (2007). Juvenile mental health histories of adults with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 301-308.
48. Gregory, A. M., & Eley, T. C. (2007). Genetic influences on anxiety in children: What we've learned and where we're heading. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 199-212.
49. Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., Keenan-Miller, D., Hazel, N. A., & Najman, J. M. (2010). Chronic and acute stress, gender and serotonin transporter gene-environment interactions predicting depression symptoms in youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 180-187.
50. Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 260-273.
51. Hariri, A. R., Drabant, E. M., Munoz, K. E., Kolachana, B. S., Mattay, V. S., Egan, M. F., et al. (2005). A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 146-152.
52. Harold, G. T., Rice, F., Hay, D. F., Boivin, J., van den Bree, M., & Thapar, A. (2011). Familial transmission of depression and antisocial behaviour symptoms: Disentangling the contribution of inherited and environmental factors and testing the mediating role of parenting. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1175-1185.
53. Harrington, R. (1994). Affective disorders. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor, & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (pp. 330-345). London: Blackwell.
54. Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 465-473.
55. Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1991). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. 2. Links with antisocial disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 434-439.
56. Harrington, R., Rutter, M., Weissman, M., Fudge, H., Groothues, C., Bredenkamp, D., et al. (1997). Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands. I. Comparison of prepubertal, adolescent and early adult onset cases. Journal of Affective Disorders, 42, 9-22.
57. Hasler, G., Drevets, W. C., Manji, H. K., & Charney, D. S. (2004). Discovering endophenotypes for major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1765-1781.
58. Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S., Sharp, D., Schmucker, G., Mills, A., Allen, H., et al. (1999). Parents' judgements about young children's problems: Why mothers and fathers might disagree yet still predict later outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1249-1258.
59. Hicks, B. M., DiRago, A. C., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Gene-environment interplay in internalizing disorders: Consistent findings across six environmental risk factors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1309-1317.
60. Hu, X., Lipsky, R. H., Zhu, G., Akhtar, L. A., Taubman, J., Greenberg, B. D., et al. (2006). Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 815-826.
61. Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002). Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 215-222.
62. Jaffee, S. R., & Price, T. (2008). Genotype-environment correlations: Implications for determining the relationship between environmental exposures and psychiatric illness. Psychiatry, 7, 496-499.
63. Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004). The relations among depression in fathers, children's psychopathology, and father-child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 339-360.
64. Kataoka, S. H., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2002). Unmet need for mental health care among US children: Variation by ethnicity and insurance status. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1548-1555.
65. Kaufman, J., Yang, B. Z., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Grasso, D., Lipschitz, D., Houshyar, S., et al. (2006). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 5HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 673-680.
66. Kendler, K. S., & Baker, J. H. (2007). Genetic influences on measures of the environment: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 37, 615-626.
67. Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2010). Dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes in the prediction of major depression: The problem of causal inferences in psychiatric epidemiology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1120-1127.
68. Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., & Lichtenstein, P. (2008). A developmental twin study of symptoms of anxiety and depression: Evidence for genetic innovation and attenuation. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1567-1575.
69. Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., et al. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 833-842.
70. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
71. Kovacs, M., & Devlin, B. (1998). Internalizing disorders in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 47-63.
72. Kovacs, M., Gatsonis, C., Paulauskas, S. L., & Richards, C. (1989). Depressive disorders in childhood. IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 776-782.
73. Kronenberg, S., Apter, A., Brent, D., Schirman, S., Melhem, N., Pick, N., et al. (2007). Serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and citalopram effectiveness and side effects in children with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 17, 741-750.
74. Last, C. G., Hansen, C., & Franco, N. (1997). Anxious children in adulthood: A prospective study of adjustment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 645-652.
75. Last, C. G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A., Orvaschel, H., & Perrin, S. (1991). Anxiety disorders in children and their families. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 928-934.
76. Lau, J. Y. F., & Eley, T. C. (2006). Changes in genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 422-427.
77. Lau, J. Y. F., & Eley, T. C. (2008). Disentangling gene-environment correlations and interactions on adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 142-150.
78. Lau, J. Y. F., & Eley, T. C. (2010). The genetics of mood disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 313-337.
79. Lau, J. Y. F., Gregory, A. M., Goldwin, M. A., Pine, D. S., & Eley, T. C. (2007). Assessing geneenvironment interactions on anxiety symptom subtypes across childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 1129-1146.
80. Legrand, L. N., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (1999). A twin study of state and trait anxiety in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 953-958.
81. Lekman, M., Laje, G., Charney, D., Rush, J., Wilson, A. F., Sorant, A. J. M., et al. (2008). The FKBP5-gene in depression and treatment responses-an association study in the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR.D) cohort. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 1103-1110.
82. Levinson, D. F., Evgrafov, O. V., Knowles, J. A., Potash, J. B., Weissman, M. M., Scheftner, W. A., et al. (2007). Genetics of recurrent early-onset major depression (GenRED): Significant linkage on chromosome 15q25-q26 after fine mapping with single nucleotide polymorphism markers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 259-264.
83. Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109-117.
84. Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133-144.
85. Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1998). Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 765-794.
86. Lewinsohn, P. M., Zinbarg, R., Seeley, J. R., Lewinsohn, M., & Sack, W. H. (1997). Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 377-394.
87. Lewis, G., Rice, F., Harold, G. T., Collishaw, S., & Thapar, A. (2011). Investigating environmental links between maternal depression and child anxiety/depression symptoms using a genetic design. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 451-459.
88. Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561-592.
89. Merikangas, K. R. (1993). Genetic epidemiologic studies of affective disorders in childhood and adolescence. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 243, 121-130.
90. Mill, J., Kiss, E., Baji, I., Kapornai, K., Daróczy, G., Vetró, A., et al. (2008). International Consortium for Childhood-Onset Mood Disorders. Association study of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) and childhood-onset mood disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 147, 1323-1326.
91. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005). Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 473-481.
92. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Kokaua, J., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., et al. (2010). How common are common mental disorders? Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective versus retrospective ascertainment. Psychological Medicine, 40, 899-909.
93. Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Caspi, A., Kim-Cohen, J., Goldberg, D., Gregory, A. M., et al. (2007). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 651-660.
94. Murray, L., Creswell, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2009). The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: An integrative review. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1413-1423.
95. Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (1999). Relationships between parenting and adolescent adjustment over time: Genetic and environmental contributions. Developmental Psychology, 35, 680-692.
96. Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Pedersen, N. L., Lichtenstein, P., Spotts, E. L., Hansson, K., et al. (2004). Genetic and environmental influences on mothering of adolescents: A comparison of two samples. Developmental Psychology, 40, 335-351.
97. Nobile, M., Cataldo, M. G., Giorda, R., Battaglia, M., Baschirotto, C., Bellina, M., et al. (2004). A case-control and family-based association study of the 5-HTTLPR in pediatric-onset depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 292-295.
98. O'Connor, T. G., McGuire, S., Reiss, D., Hetherington, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior in adolescence: A common genetic liability. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 27-37.
99. Pickles, A., & Angold, A. (2003). Natural categories or fundamental dimensions: On carving nature at the joints and the rearticulation of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 529-551.
100. Pickles, A., Rowe, R., Simonoff, E., Foley, D., Rutter, M., & Silberg, J. (2001). Child psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial impairment: Relationship and prognostic significance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 230-235.
101. Pike, A., McGuire, S., Hetherington, E. M., Reiss, D., & Plomin, R. (1996). Family environment and adolescent depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior: A multivariate genetic analysis. Developmental Psychology, 32, 590-603.
102. Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. (2001). Adolescent fears as predictors of depression. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 721-724.
103. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral Genetics (5th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
104. Potter, R., Mars, B., Eyre, O., Legge, S., Ford, T., Sellers, R., et al. (2012). Missed opportunities: Mental disorder in children of parents with depression. British Journal of General Practice, 62, 487-493.
105. Purcell, S. (2002). Variance components models for gene-environment interaction in twin analysis. Twin Research, 5, 554-571.
106. Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (2000). The relationship code: Deciphering genetic and social influences on adolescent development. London: Harvard University Press.
107. Rende, R. D., Plomin, R., Reiss, D., & Hetherington, E. M. (1993). Genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptomatology in adolescence: Individual differences and extreme scores. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1387-1398.
108. Rice, F., & Thapar, A. (2010). Estimating the relative contributions of maternal genetic, paternal genetic and intrauterine factors to offspring birth weight and head circumference. Early Human Development, 86, 425-432.
109. Rice, F., Lewis, G., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2013). Examining the role of passive geneenvironment correlation in childhood depression using a novel genetically sensitive design. Development and Psychopathology, 25 (1), 37-50.
110. Rice, F., Harold, G. T., Boivin, J., Hay, D., van den Bree, M. M. B., & Thapar, A. (2009). Disentangling prenatal and inherited influences in humans with an experimental design. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 2464-2467.
111. Rice, F., Harold, G. T., Shelton, K. H., & Thapar, A. (2006). Family conflict interacts with genetic liability in predicting childhood and adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 841-848.
112. Rice, F., Harold, G., & Thapar, A. (2002a). The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 65-79.
113. Rice, F., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2002b). Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1039-1051.
114. Rice, F., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2003). Negative life events as an account of age-related differences in the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 977-987.
115. Rice, F., van den Bree, M. B., & Thapar, A. (2004). A population-based study of anxiety as a precursor for depression in childhood and adolescence. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 43.
116. Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., et al. (2009). Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events and risk of depression: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 301, 2462-2471.
117. Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and behavior: Nature-nurture interplay explained. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
118. Rutter, M., Kim-Cohen, J., & Maughan, B. (2006). Continuities and discontinuities in psychopathology between childhood and adult life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 276-295.
119. Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006). Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 226-261.
120. Rutter, M., Pickles, A., Murray, R., & Eaves, L. (2001). Testing hypotheses on specific environmental causal effects on behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 291-324.
121. Rutter, M., Thapar, A., & Pickles, A. (2009). Gene environment interactions: Biologically valid pathway or artifact? Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 1287-1289.
122. Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments-A theory of genotype- environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424-435.
123. Schmitz, S., Fulker, D. W., & Mrazek, D. A. (1995). Problem behavior in early and middle childhood: An initial behavior genetic analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1443-1458.
124. Scourfield, J., Rice, F., Thapar, A., Harold, G. T., Martin, N., & McGuffin, P. (2003). Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: Changing aetiological influences with development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 968-976.
125. Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children's depression and conduct disturbance: An extended Children of Twins study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 734-744.
126. Silberg, J., Pickles, A., Rutter, M., Hewitt, J., Simonoff, E., Maes, H., et al. (1999). The influence of genetic factors and life stress on depression among adolescent girls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 225-232.
127. Silberg, J., Rutter, M., Neale, M., & Eaves, L. (2001). Genetic moderation of environmental risk for depression and anxiety in adolescent girls. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 116-121.
128. Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Meyer, J. M., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Loeber, R., et al. (1997). The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Influences of age, sex, and impairment on rates of disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 801-808.
129. Singh, A. L., D'Onofrio, B. M., Slutske, W. S., Turkheimer, E., Emery, R. E., Harden, K. P., et al. (2011). Parental depression and offspring psychopathology: A children of twins study. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1385-1395.
130. Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552-1562.
131. Tatro, E. T., Everall, I. P., Kaul, M., & Achim, C. L. (2009). Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation in neurons by immunophilins FKBP51 and FKBP52: Implications for major depressive disorder. Brain Research, 1286, 1-12.
132. Thapar, A., Harold, G., & McGuffin, P. (1998). Life events and depressive symptoms in childhood- Shared genes or shared adversity? A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 1153-1158.
133. Thapar, A., Harold, G. T., Rice, F., Ge, X., Boivin, J., Hay, D., et al. (2007). Do intrauterine or genetic influences explain the foetal origins of chronic disease? A novel experimental method for disentangling effects. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 25.
134. Thapar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1994). A twin study of depressive symptoms in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 259-265.
135. Thapar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1995). Are anxiety symptoms in childhood heritable? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 439-447.
136. Thapar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1996). Genetic influences on life events in childhood. Psychological Medicine, 26, 813-820.
137. Thapar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1997). Anxiety and depressive symptoms in childhood-a genetic study of comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 651-656.
138. Thapar, A., Rice, F., Hay, D., Boivin, J., Langley, K., van den Bree, M. M. B., et al. (2009). Prenatal smoking does not cause ADHD: Evidence from a novel design. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 722-727.
139. Thapar, A., & Rutter, M. (2009). Do prenatal risk factors cause psychiatric disorder? Be wary of causal claims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 100-101.
140. Todd, R. D., Neuman, R., Geller, B., Fox, L. W., & Hickok, J. (1993). Genetic studies of affective disorders: Should we be starting with childhood onset probands? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1164-1171.
141. Tully, E. C., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2008). An adoption study of parental depression as an environmental liability for adolescent depression and childhood disruptive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1148-1154.
142. Van den Oord, E., Boomsma, D. I., & Verhulst, F. C. (1994). A study of problem behaviors in 10 to 15 year old biologically related and unrelated international adoptees. Behavior Genetics, 24, 193-205.
143. Van den Oord, E. J., Pickles, A., & Waldman, I. D. (2003). Normal variation and abnormality: An empirical study of the liability distributions underlying depression and delinquency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 180-192.
144. Verhulst, F. C., Dekker, M. C., & van der Ende, J. (1997). Parent, teacher and self-reports as predictors of signs of disturbance in adolescents: Whose information carries the most weight? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 75-81.
145. Warner, V., Mufson, L., & Weissman, M. M. (1995). Offspring at high and low risk for depression and anxiety: Mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 786-797.
146. Way, B. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). The serotonin transporter polymorphism is associated with cortisol response to psychosocial stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 487-492.
147. Weissman, M. M., Leckman, J. F., Merikangas, K. R., Gammon, G. D., & Prusoff, B. A. (1984). Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children. Results from the Yale family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41 (9), 845-852.
148. Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Merikangas, K. R., Leckman, J. F., Prusoff, B. A., Caruso, K. A., et al. (1984). Onset of major depression in early adulthood. Increased familial loading and specificity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1136-1143.
149. Weissman, M. M., Wolk, S., Goldstein, R. B., Moreau, D., Adams, P., Greenwald, S., et al. (1999). Depressed adolescents grown up. JAMA, 281, 1707-1713.
150. Wickramaratne, P. J., Warner, V., & Weissman, M. M. (2000). Selecting early onset MDD probands for genetic studies: Results from a longitudinal high-risk study. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 96, 93-101.
151. Wickramaratne, P. J., & Weissman, M. M. (1998). Onset of psychopathology in offspring by developmental phase and parental depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37 (9), 933-942.
152. Zammit, S., & Owen, M. J. (2006). Stressful life events, 5-HTT genotype and risk of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 199-201.