Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands. I. Comparison of prepubertal, adolescent and early adult onset cases

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 9-22

  Harrington, Richard ^a,c   Rutter, Michael ^a   Weissman, Myrna ^b   Fudge, Hazel ^a   Groothues, Christine ^a   Bredenkamp, Diana ^a   Pickles, Andrew ^a   Rende, Richard ^b   Wickramaratne, Priya ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^c ROYAL MANCHESTER CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

adolescent; age; depression; development; pubertal

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; FAMILY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIA; ONSET AGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBERTY; RELATIVE; SCHOOL CHILD;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0031003094     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(96)00091-2     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Asarnow, J.R., Goldstein, M.J., Tompson, M. and Guthrie, D. (1993) One-year outcomes of depressive disorders in child psychiatric inpatients: evaluation of the prognostic power of a brief measure of expressed emotion. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 34, 129-137.
2. Cox, D.R. (1972) Regression models and life tables (with discussion). J. R. Stat. Soc. 34, 187-220.
3. Dwyer, J.T. and Delong, R.G. (1987) A family history study of twenty probands with childhood manic-depressive illness. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 26, 176-180.
4. Fombonne, E. (1995) Depressive disorders: time trends and putative explanatory mechanisms. In M Rutter and D. Smith (Eds.), Psychosocial Disorders in Young People: Time Trends and Their Origins. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 544-615.
5. Gershon, E.S. and Guroff, J.J. (1984) Information from relatives: diagnosis of affective disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 173-180.
6. Goodman, R. (1991) Growing together and growing apart: the non-genetic forces on children in the same family. In P. McGuffm and R. Murray (Eds.), The New Genetics of Mental Illness. Burterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 212-224.
7. Goodman, R. and Simonoff, E. (1991) Reliability of clinical ratings by trainee child psychiatrists: a research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 32, 551-555.
8. Goodyer, I.M., Cooper, P.J., Vize, C. and Ashby, L. (1993) Depression in 11 to 16 year old girls: the role of past parental psychopathology and exposure to recent life events. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 34, 1103-1115.
9. Hammen, C. (1991) Depression Runs in Families. The Social Context of Risk and Resilience in Children of Depressed Mothers. Springer, New York, NY.
10. Hamngton, R.C. (1993) Depressive Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence. Wiley Series on Studies in Child Psychiatry. Wiley, Chichester.
11. Hamngton, R.C., Hill, J., Rutter, M., John, K., Fudge, H., Zoccolillo, M. and Weissman, M.M. (1988) The assessment of lifetime psychopathology: A comparison of two interviewing styles. Psychol. Med. 18, 487-493.
12. Harrington, R.C., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A. and Hill, J. (1990) Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: I. Psychiatric status. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47, 465-473.
13. Harrington, R.C., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A. and Hill, J. (1991) Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: II. Risk for antisocial disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 30, 434-439.
14. Harrington, R.C., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Bredenkamp, D., Groothues, C. and Pridham, J. (1993) Child and adult depression: a test of continuities with data from a family study. Br. J. Psychiatry 162, 627-633.
15. Hill, J., Harrington, R.C., Fudge, H., Rutter, M. and Pickles, A. (1989) Adult Personality Functioning Assessment (APFA): an investigator based standardized interview. Br. J. Psychiatry 155, 24-35.
16. Kendler, K.S. (1993) Twin studies of psychiatric illness. Current status and future directions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 905-915.
17. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Kessler, R.C., Heath, A.C. and Eaves, L.J. (1992) Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49, 716-722.
18. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M., Kessler, R., Heath, A. and Eaves, L. (1993a) A twin study of recent life events and difficulties. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 789-796.
19. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Kessler, R.C., Heath, A.C. and Eaves, L.J. (1993b) A longitudinal twin study of 1-year prevalence of major depression in women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 843-852.
20. Klerman, G.L. (1988) The current age of youthful melancholia. Evidence for increase in depression among adolescents and young adults. Br. J. Psychiatry 152, 4-14.
21. Kutcher, S. and Marton, P. (1991) Affective disorders in first-degree relatives of adolescent onset bipolars, unipolars, and normal controls. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 30, 75-78.
22. Leslie, R.D.G. and Pyke, D.A. (1980) Identical twins in diabetes. In W.J. Irvine (Eds.), Immunology of Diabetes. Teviot Scientific Publications, Edinburgh, pp. 101-109.
23. Livingston, R., Nugent, H., Rader, L. and Smith, G.R. (1985) Family histories of depressed and severely anxious children. Am. J. Psychiatry 142, 1497-1499.
24. McGuffin, P. and Katz, R. (1986) Nature, nurture and affective disorder. In J.F.W. Deakin (Eds.), The Biology of Depression. Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, pp. 26-52.
25. McGuffin, P., Katz, R., Aldrich, J. and Bebbington, P. (1988) The Camberwell Collaborative Depression Study. II. Investigation of family members. Br. J. Psychiatry 152, 766-774.
26. Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P., Calderon, R. and Schloredt, K. (1989) Psychopathology in parents of depressed children and adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 28, 352-357.
27. Norusis, M.J. (1990) SPSS/PC + Manual. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL.
28. Nurnberger, J.I. and Gershon, G.S. (1984) Genetic of affective disorders. In R.M. Post and J.C. Ballenger (Eds.), Neurobiology of Mood Disorder. Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 76-101.
29. Pearce, J.B. (1978) The recognition of depressive disorder in children. J. R. Soc. Med. 71, 494-500.
30. Perris, C. (1992) Bipolar-unipolar distinction. In E.S. Paykel (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Disorders. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 75-75.
31. Plomin, R. and Bergaman, C.S. (1991) The nature of nurture: genetic influences on environmental measures. Behav. Brain Sci. 14, 373-427.
32. Puig-Antich, J., Goetz, D., Davies, M., Kaplan, T., Davies, S., Ostrow, L., Asnis, L., Twomey, J., Iyengar, S. and Ryan, N.D. (1989) A controlled family history study of prepubertal major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 406-418.
33. Quinton, D. and Rutter, M. (1985) Family pathology and child psychiatric disorder: a four year prospective study. In A.R. Nicol (Eds.), Longitudinal Studies in Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Wiley, Chichester.
34. Rutter, M. (1985) Family and school influences on behavioural development. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 26, 349-368.
35. Rutter, M. and Quinton, D. (1984) Parental psychiatric disorder: effects on children. Psychol. Med. 14, 853-880.
36. Rutter, M. and Redshaw, J. (1991) Growing up a twin: twin-singleton differences in psychological development. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 32, 885-895.
37. Rutter, M.,Tizard, J. and Whitmore, K. (1970) Education, Health and Behaviour. Longmans, London.
38. Rutter, M., Bolton, P., Harrington, R., Le Couteur, A., Macdonald, H. and Simonoff, E. (1990) Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders. I. A review of research strategies. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 31, 3-37.
39. Schwartz, C.E., Dorer, D.J., Beardslee, W.R., Lavori, P.W. and Keller, M.B. (1990) Maternal expressed emotion and parental affective disorder: risk for childhood depressive disorder, substance abuse, or conduct disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 24, 231-250.
40. SERC (1990) EGRET User's Manual. Statistical and Epidemiological Research Corporation, Seattle, WA.
41. Shepherd, M., Oppenheim, B. and Mitchell, S. (1971) Childhood Behaviour and Mental Health. University of London Press, London.
42. Simonoff, E., McGuffm, P. and Gottesman, I.I. (1994) Genetic influences on normal and abnormal development. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor and L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Modem Approaches. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 129-151.
43. Software, B.S. (1990) BMDP Statistical Software Manual, Vol. 2. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
44. Spitzer, R.L. and Endicott, J. (1975) Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Lifetime Version. Biometrics Research, New York, NY.
45. Spitzer, R.L., Endicott, J. and Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35, 773-782.
46. Strober, M. (1992) Relevance of early age-of-onset in genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 31, 606-610.
47. Strober, M., Lampert, C., Schmidt, S. and Morrell, W. (1993) The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a 24-month prospective, naturalistic follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 32, 34-42.
48. Strober, M., Morrell, W., Burroughs, J., Lampert, C., Danforth, H. and Freeman, R. (1988) A family study of bipolar I disorder in adolescence. Early onset of symptoms linked to increased familial loading and lithium resistance. J. Affect. Disord. 15, 255-268.
49. Thapar, A. and McGuffin, P. (1994) A twin study of depressive symptoms in childhood. Br. J. Psychiatry 165, 259-265.
50. Thorley, G. (1982) The Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals' clinical data register for children and adolescents. J. Adolesc. 5, 179-189.
51. Thorley, G. (1986) Towards a hyperkinetic syndrome. In E. Taylor (Eds.), The Overactive Child. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 161-173.
52. Thorley, G. (1987) Factor study of a psychiatric child rating scale: based on ratings made by clinicians on child and adolescent clinic attenders. Br. J. Psychiatry 150, 49-59.
53. Todd, R.D., Neuman, R., Geller, B., Fox, L.W. and Hickok, J. (1993) Genetic studies of affective disorders: should we be starting with childhood onset probands? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 32, 1164-1171.
54. Weissman, M.M., Gershon, E.S., Kidd, K.K., Prusoff, B.A., Leckman, J.F., Dibble, E., Hamovit, J., Thompson, W.D., Pauls. D.L. and Guroff, J.J. (1984a) Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders. The Yale University-National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 13-21.
55. Weissman, M.M., Wickramaratne, P., Merikangas, K.R., Leckman, J.F., Prusoff, B.A., Caruso, K.A., Kidd, K.K. and Gammon, D. (1984b) Onset of major depression in early adulthood. Increased familial loading and specificity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 1136-1143.
56. Weissman, M.M., Gammon, G.D., John, K., Merikangas, K.R., Warner, V., Prusoff, B.A. and Sholomskas, D. (1987) Children of depressed parents: increased psychopathology and early onset of major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 847-853.
57. Weissman, M.M., Wamer, V., Wickramaratne, P. and Prusoff, B.A. (1988) Early-onset major depression in parents and their children. J. Affect. Disord. 15, 269-277.
58. Wolkind, S. and Rutter, M. (1985) Separation, loss and family relationships. In M. Rutter and L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 34-57.
59. Zeitlin, H. (1986) The Natural History of Psychiatric Disorder in Children. Maudsley Monograph 29. Oxford University Press, Oxford.