Effects of stressful life events, maternal depression and 5-HTTLPR genotype on emotional symptoms in pre-adolescent children

American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics

Volumn 150, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 670-682

  Araya, Ricardo ^a   Hu, Xianzhang ^b   Heron, Jon ^a   Enoch, Mary Anne ^b   Evans, Jonathan ^a   Lewis, Glyn ^a   Nutt, David ^a   Goldman, David ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM   (United States)

Author keywords

ALSPAC; Depression; Environment; Genotype; Interactions

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FEMALE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INFANT; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MOTHERS; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; SEROTONIN PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS;

EID: 67649440700     PISSN: 15524841     EISSN: 1552485X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30888     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Barnett B, Hanna B, Parker G. 1983. Life event scales for obstetric groups. J Psychosom Res 27(4):313-320.
2. Becker A, Woerner W, Hasselhorn M, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A. 2004. Validation of the parent and teacher SDQ in a clinical sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 2): II11-II16.
3. Bosquet M, Egeland B. 2006. The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescence in a longitudinal sample. Dev Psychopathol 18:517-550.
4. Bourdon KH, Goodman R, Rae DS, Simpson G, Koretz DS. 2005. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(6): 557-564.
5. Brown AC, Harris TO. 1978. Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
6. Brummelte S, Pawluski JL, Galea L. 2006. High post-partum levels of corticosterone given to dams influence postnatal hippocampal cell proliferation and behavior of offspring: A model of post-partum stress and possible depression. Horm Behav 50:370-382.
7. Canli T, Qiu M, Omura K, Congdon E, Haas BW, Amin Z, Herrmann MJ, Constable RT, Lesch KP. 2006. Neural correlates of epigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(43):16033-16038.
8. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt T, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R. 2002. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851-854.
9. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt T, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A, Poulton R. 2003. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301:386-389.
10. Cox J, Holden J, Sagovsky R. 1987. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 150:782-786.
11. Cury CR, Golfeto JH. 2003. Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ): A study of school children in Ribeirao Preto. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 25(3):139-145.
12. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, Shear K. 2000. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives General Psychiatry 57:21-27.
13. Eaves L, Silberg J, Meyer JM, Maes H, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Rutter M, Neale MC, Reynolds CA, Erikson MT, Heath AC, Loeber R, Tuett KR, Hewitt JK. 1997. Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genetics and environment of behavioral problems in the Virginia twin study of adolescent behavioral development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38:965-980.
14. Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A, Tambs K, Opjordsmoen S, Samuelsen SO. 2001. Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104(4):243-249.
15. Eley TC, Sugden K, Corsico A, Gregory AM, Sham P, McGuffin P, Plomin R, Craig IW. 2004. Gene-environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Mol Psychiatry 9:908-915.
16. Fombonne E, Wostear G, Cooper V, Harrington R, Rutter M. 2001. The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression. 2. Suicidality, criminality and social dysfunction in adulthood. Br J Psychiatry 179:218-223.
17. Fox NA, Nichols KE, Henderson HA, Rubin K, Schmidt L, Hamer D, Ernst M, Pine DS. 2005. Evidence for a gene-environment interaction in predicting behavioral inhibition in middle childhood. Psychol Sci 16(12):921-926.
18. Gillespie NA, Whitfield JB, Williams B, Heath AC, Martin NG. 2004. The relationship between stressful life events, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and major depression. Psychol Med 34:1-11.
19. GoodmanR. 2001. Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40: 1337-1345.
20. Goodman R, Meltzer H, Bailey V. 1998. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire:Apilot study on the validity of the self-report version. Eur J Child Adolesc Psychiatry 7:125-130.
21. Goodyer I. 2003. Unipolar depression: A lifespan perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
22. Gorwood P. 2007. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity: An example of genetic pleiotropy? Eur Psychiatry 19:27-33.
23. Grabe HJ, Lange M, Wolff B, Volzke H, Lucht M, Freyberger HJ, John U, Cascorbi I. 2005. Mental and physical distress is modulated by a polymorphism in the 5-HT transporter gene interacting with social stressors and chronic disease burden. Mol Psychiatry 10:220-224.
24. Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana BS, Fera F, Goldman D, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. 2002. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297:400-403.
25. Hayes L. 2007. Problem behaviours in early primary school children: Australian normative data using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 41(3):231-238.
26. Heim C, Owens M, Plotsky P, Nemeroff C. 1997. The role of early adverse life events in the etiology of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor. Ann NY Acad Sci 821:194-207.
27. Heinz A, Smolka MN, Braus DF, Wrase J, Beck A, Flor H, Mann K, Schumann G, Buchel C, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. 2007. Serotonin Transporter Genotype (5-HTTLPR): Effects of neutral and undefined conditions on amygdala activation. Biol Psychiatry 61(8):1011-1014.
28. Hu X, Oroszi G, Chun J, Smith TL, Goldman D, Schuckit MA. 2005. An expanded evaluation of the relationship of four alleles to the level of response to alcohol and the alcoholism risk. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29(1):8-16.
29. Hu X, Lipsky RH, Zhu G, Akhtar LA, Taubman J, Greenberg BD, Xu K, Arnold PD, Richter MA, Kennedy JL, Murphy DL, Goldman D. 2006. Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Human Genetics 78:815-826.
30. Jacobs N, Kenis G, Peeters F, Derom C, Vlietink R, Van Os J. 2006. Stress-related negative affectivity and genetically altered serotonin transporter function: Evidence of synergism in shaping risk of depression. Arch Gen Psychiat 63:989-996.
31. Jones R, Ring S, Tyfield L, Hamvas R, Simmons H, Pembrey M, Golding J, and Study Team ALSPAC. 2000. A new DNA resource: A DNA bank established as part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Eur J Hum Genet 8:653-660.
32. Kaufman J, Charney D. 2001. Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: Implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. Dev Psychopathol 13:451-471.
33. Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Houshyar S, Lipschitz D, Krystal JH, Gelertner J. 2004. Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17316-17321.
34. Kaufman J, Yang B-Z, Douglas-Palumberi H, Grasso D, Lipschitz D, Houshyar S, Krystal JH, Gelertner J. 2006. Brain-derived neurothrophic factor-5-HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children. Biol Psychiatry 59:673-680.
35. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves L. 1992. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Same genes, (partly) different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:716-722.
36. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walter EE, Mac Lean C, Neal MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. 1995. Stressful life events, genetic lability, and onset of an episode major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 152:833-842.
37. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Vittum J, Prescott CA, Riley B. 2005. The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:529-535.
38. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. 2007. The sources of comorbidity between major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychol Med 37(3):453-462.
39. Kessler R, Davis CG, Kendler KS. 1997. Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med 27:1101-1119.
40. Kessler R, Avenevoli S, Merikangas K. 2001. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry 49:1002-1014.
41. Klasen H, Woerner W, Wolke D, Meyer R, Overmeyer S, Kaschnitz W, Rothenberger A, Goodman R. 2000. Comparing the German versions of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklist. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9(4):271-276.
42. Koskelainen M, Sourander A, Kaljonen A. 2000. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire among Finnish school-aged children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9(4):277-284.
43. Lasky-Su JA, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT. 2005. Meta-analysis of the association between two polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter and affective disorders. Am J Med Genet Part B 133B:110-115.
44. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, Benjamin J, Muller CR, Hamer DH, Murphy DL. 1996. A gene regulatory region polymorphism alters serotonin transporter expression and is associated with anxiety-related personality traits. Science 274:1527-1531.
45. Lotrich FE, Pollock BG. 2004. Meta-analysis of serotonin transporter polymorphisms and affective disorders. Psychiatr Genet 14:121-129.
46. Matsuishi T, Nagano M, Araki Y, Tanaka Y, Iwasaki M, Yamashita Y, Nagamitsu S, Iizuka C, Ohya T, Shibuya K, Hara M, Matsuda K, Tsuda A, Kakuma T. 2008. Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): A study of infant and school children in community samples. Brain Dev 30(6):410-415.
47. Mazur J, Tabak I, Kololo H. 2007. Towards a better assessment of child and adolescent mental health status. Polish version of strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Experiences from two population studies. Med WiekuRozwoj 11(1):13-24.
48. McClure EB, Monk CS, Nelson EE, Parrish JM, Adler A, Blair JR, Fromm S, Charney DS, Leibenluft E, Ernst M, Pine DS. 2007. Abnormal attention modulation of fear circuit function in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:97-106.
49. Meltzer H, Gatward R,Goodman R, Ford F. 2000. Mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain. London: The Stationery Office.
50. Moffitt T, Caspi A, Rutter M. 2005. Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:473-481.
51. MunafoMR,Clark TG,Moore LR, Payne E, Walton R, Flint J. 2003. Genetic polymorphisms and personality in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 8:471-484.
52. Nakamura M, Ueno S, Sano A, Tanabe H. 2000. The human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) shows ten novel allelic variants. Mol Psychiatry 5(32):38.
53. O'connor TG, Ben-Shlomo Y, Heron J, Golding J, Adams D, Glover V. 2005. Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in pre-adolescent children. Biol Psychiatry 58(3):211-217.
54. Perez-Edgar K, Roberson-Nay R, Hardin MG, Poeth K, Guyer AE, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Henderson HA, Fox NA, Pine DS, Ernst M. 2007. Attention alters neural responses to evocative faces in behaviorally inhibited adolescents. Neuroimage 35(4):1538-1546.
55. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Mattay VS, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. 2005. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: Agenetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci 8:828-834.
56. Plotsky P, Meaney MJ. 1993. Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress induced release in adult rats. Mol Brain Res 18:195-200.
57. Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O'connor TG. 2005. Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: A prospective population study. Lancet 365(9478):2201-2205.
58. Rice F, Harold G, Thapar A. 2002. The genetic aetiology of childhood depression: A review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43(1):65-79.
59. Rice F, Harold G, Thapar A. 2005. The link between depression in mothers and offspring: An extended twin analysis. Behav Genet 35(5):565-577.
60. Ronning JA, Handegaard BH, Sourander A, Morch WT. 2004. The strengths and difficulties self-report questionnaire as a screening instrument in Norwegian community samples. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(2):73-82.
61. Roy A, Hu XZ, Janal MN, Goldman D. 2007. Interaction between childhood trauma and serotonin transporter gene variation in suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology 32(9):2046-2052.
62. Roza SJ, Hofstra MB,van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. 2003. Stable prediction of mood and anxiety disorders based on behavioral and emotional problems in childhood: A 14-year follow-up during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Am J Psychiatry 160(12):2116-2121.
63. Rutter M, Silberg J. 2002. Gene-environment interplay in relation to emotional and behavioural disturbance. Annu Rev Psychol 53:463-490.
64. Sandberg S, Rutter M, Pickles A, McGuinness D, Angold A. 2001. Do high-threat life events really provoke the onset of psychiatric diosrder in children? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42:523-532.
65. Schinka JA, Busch RM, Robichaux-Keene N. 2004. A meta-analysis of the association between the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and trait anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 9:197-202.
66. Sen S, Burmeister M, Ghosh D. 2004. Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits. Am J Med Genet Part B 127B(1): 85-89.
67. Smedje H, Broman JE, Hetta J, von Knorring AL. 1999. Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the "strengths and difficulties questionnaire". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8(2):63-70.
68. STATA. 2003. STATA Version 8.0. Texas: Stata Corp.
69. Stein MB, Schork NJ, Gelernter J. 2008. Gene-by-environment (serotonin transporter and childhood maltreatment) interaction for anxiety sensitivity, an intermediate phenotype for anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:312-319.
70. Surtees PG, Wainwright NWJ, Willis-Owen SAG, Luben R, Day NE, Flint J. 2005. Social adversity, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism and major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 59(3):224-229.
71. Taylor SE, Way BM, Welch WT, Hilmert CJ, Lehman BJ, Eisenberger NI. 2006. Early family environment, current adversity, the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism, and depressive symptomatology. Biol Psychiatry 60(7):671-676.
72. Thabet AA, Stretch D, Vostanis P. 2000. Child mental health problems in Arab children: Application of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Int J Soc Psychiatry 46(4):266-280.
73. Warner V, Mufson L, Weissman MM. 1995. Offspring at high and low risk for depression and anxiety: Mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:786-797.
74. Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. 2004. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 7(8):847-854.
75. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Warner V, John K, Prusoff A, Merikangas K, Gammon DG. 1987. Assessing psychiatric disorders in children-Discrepancies between mothers and children's reports. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44(8):744-753.
76. Wilhelm K, Mitchell PB, Niven H, Finch A, Wedgwood L, Scimone A, Blair IP, Parker G, Schofield PR. 2006. Life events, first depression onset and the serotonin transporter gene. Br J Psychiatry 188:210-215.
77. Willis-Owen SAG, Turri MG, Munafo MR, Surtess PG, Wainwright NWJ, Brixey RD, Flint J. 2005. The serotonin transporter length polymorphism, neuroticism, and depression: A comprehensive assessment of association. Biol Psychiatry 58(6):451-456.
78. Youngstrom E, Izard C, Ackerman B. 1999. Dysphoria-related bias in maternal ratings of children. J Consult Clin Psychol 67(6):905-916.
79. Zalsman G, Huang YY, Oquendo MA, Burke AK, Hu XZ, Brent DA, Ellis SP, Goldman D, Mann JJ. 2006. Association of a triallelic serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with stressful life events and severity of depression. Am J Psychiatry 163(9): 1588-1593.