Analysis of proteins and peptides by electromigration methods in microchips

Journal of Separation Science

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 228-250

  Štěpánová, Sille ^a   Kašička, Václav ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Microchip electrophoresis; Microfluidics; Peptides; Proteins

Indexed keywords

CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROMIGRATION; ELECTROPHORESIS; MICROFLUIDICS; MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PEPTIDES; QUALITY CONTROL; SURFACE TREATMENT;

ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING; MICROCHIP ELECTROPHORESIS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS; PROTEIN PHARMACEUTICALS; SAMPLE PREPARATION; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS;

PROTEINS;

PEPTIDE; PROTEIN;

AFFINITY ELECTROPHORESIS; CHEMOLUMINESCENCE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHORESIS; FLUORESCENCE; HUMAN; ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING; ISOTACHOPHORESIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; MICROCHIP ELECTROMIGRATION; MICROCHIP ELECTROPHORESIS; NONHUMAN; PEPTIDE ANALYSIS; PEPTIDOMICS; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; STEADY STATE; SURFACE PROPERTY; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; DEVICES; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; MICROCHIP ANALYSIS; PROCEDURES;

ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES; ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING; MICROCHIP ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES; PEPTIDES; PROTEINS; PROTEOMICS;

EID: 84996551369     PISSN: 16159306     EISSN: 16159314     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600962     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Manz, A., Graber, N., Widmer, H. M., Miniaturized total chemical-analysis systems—a novel concept for chemical sensing. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 1990, 1, 244–248.
2. Manz, A., Harrison, D. J., Verpoorte, E. M. J., Fettinger, J. C., Paulus, A., Ludi, H., Widmer, H. M., Planar chips technology for miniaturization and integration of separation techniques into monitoring systems—capillary electrophoresis on a chip. J. Chromatogr. 1992, 593, 253–258.
3. Effenhauser, C. S., Manz, A., Widmer, H. M., Glass chips for high-speed capillary electrophoresis separations with submicrometer plate heights. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 2637–2642.
4. Harrison, D. J., Manz, A., Fan, Z. H., Ludi, H., Widmer, H. M., Capillary electrophoresis and sample injection systems integrated on a planar glass chip. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1926–1932.
5. Woolley, A. T., Mathies, R. A., Ultra-high-speed DNA fragment separations using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 11348–11352.
6. Jacobson, S. C., Hergenroder, R., Koutny, L. B., Ramsey, J. M., High-speed separations on a microchip. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1114–1118.
7. Jacobson, S. C., Ramsey, J. M., Microchip electrophoresis with sample stacking. Electrophoresis 1995, 16, 481–486.
8. Dolník, V., Liu, S. R., Jovanovich, S., Capillary electrophoresis on microchip. Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 41–54.
9. Becker, H., Locascio, L. E., Polymer microfluidic devices. Talanta 2002, 56, 267–287.
10. Becker, H., Gartner, C., Polymer microfabrication technologies for microfluidic systems. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 390, 89–111.
11. Kenyon, S. M., Meighan, M. M., Hayes, M. A., Recent developments in electrophoretic separations on microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 482–493.
12. Castro, E. R., Manz, A., Present state of microchip electrophoresis: state of the art and routine applications. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1382, 66–85.
13. Cong, H. L., Xu, X. D., Yu, B., Yuan, H., Peng, Q. H., Tian, C., Recent progress in preparation and application of microfluidic chip electrophoresis. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2015, 25, no 053001.
14. Nge, P. N., Rogers, C. I., Woolley, A. T., Advances in microfluidic materials, functions, integration, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 2550–2583.
15. Nuchtavorn, N., Suntornsuk, W., Lunte, S. M., Suntornsuk, L., Recent applications of microchip electrophoresis to biomedical analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2015, 113, 72–96.
16. Tetala, K. K. R., Vijayalakshmi, M. A., A review on recent developments for biomolecule separation at analytical scale using microfluidic devices. Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 906, 7–21.
17. Tran, N. T., Ayed, I., Pallandre, A., Taverna, M., Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods: an update. Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 147–173.
18. Štěpánová, S., Kašička, V., Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomic and peptidomic analyses. J. Sep. Sci. 2016, 39, 198–211.
19. Nazzaro, F., Orlando, P., Fratianni, F., Di Luccia, A., Coppola, R., Protein analysis-on-chip systems in foodomics. Nutrients 2012, 4, 1475–1489.
20. Kašička, V., Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides (2009–2011). Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 48–73.
21. Kašička, V., Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011–2013). Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 69–95.
22. Kašička, V., Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2013-middle 2015). Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 162–188.
23. Štěpánová, S., Kašička, V., Recent applications of capillary electromigration methods to separation and analysis of proteins. Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 933, 23–42.
24. Puangpila, C., Mayadunne, E., El Rassi, Z., Liquid phase based separation systems for depletion, prefractionation, and enrichment of proteins in biological fluids and matrices for in-depth proteomics analysis—an update covering the period 2011–2014. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 238–252.
25. Giordano, B. C., Burgi, D. S., Hart, S. J., Terray, A., On-line sample pre-concentration in microfluidic devices: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 718, 11–24.
26. Breadmore, M. C., Shallan, A. I., Rabanes, H. R., Gstoettenmayr, D., Keyon, A. S. A., Gaspar, A., Dawod, M., Quirino, J. P., Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010–2012). Electrophoresis 2013, 34, 29–54.
27. Shallan, A. I., Guijt, R. M., Breadmore, M. C., Electrokinetics for sample preparation of biological molecules in biological samples using microfluidic systems. Bioanalysis 2014, 6, 1961–1974.
28. Malá, Z., Šlampová, A., Křivánková, L., Gebauer, P., Boček, P., Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 15–35.
29. Wuethrich, A., Haddad, P. R., Quirino, J. P., The electric field—an emerging driver in sample preparation. Trends Anal. Chem. 2016, 80, 604–611.
30. Ramautar, R., Somsen, G. W., de Jong, G. J., Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2013–2015. Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 35–44.
31. Gharari, H., Farjaminezhad, M., Marefat, A., Fakhari, A. R., All-in-one solid-phase microextraction: development of a selective solid-phase microextraction fiber assembly for the simultaneous and efficient extraction of analytes with different polarities. J. Sep. Sci. 2016, 39, 1709–1716.
32. Ocana-Gonzalez, J. A., Fernandez-Torres, R., Bello-Lopez, M. A., Ramos-Payan, M., New developments in microextraction techniques in bioanalysis. A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 905, 8–23.
33. Jacroux, T., Bottenus, D., Rieck, B., Ivory, C. F., Dong, W. J., Cationic isotachophoresis separation of the biomarker cardiac troponin I from a high-abundance contaminant, serum albumin. Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 2029–2038.
34. Khnouf, R., Goet, G., Baier, T., Hardt, S., Increasing the sensitivity of microfluidics based immunoassays using isotachophoresis. Analyst 2014, 139, 4564–4571.
35. Jubery, T. Z., Hossan, M. R., Bottenus, D. R., Ivory, C. F., Dong, W. J., Dutta, P., A new fabrication technique to form complex polymethylmethacrylate microchannel for bioseparation. Biomicrofluidics 2012, 6, article no. 016503, 1–13.
36. Cong, Y. Z., Katipamula, S., Geng, T., Prost, S. A., Tang, K. Q., Kelly, R. T., Electrokinetic sample preconcentration and hydrodynamic sample injection for microchip electrophoresis using a pneumatic microvalve. Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 455–462.
37. Huang, K. D., Yang, R. J., A nanochannel-based concentrator utilizing the concentration polarization effect. Electrophoresis 2008, 29, 4862–4870.
38. Plecis, A., Nanteuil, C., Haghiri-Gosnet, A. M., Chen, Y., Electropreconcentration with charge-selective nanochannels. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 9542–9550.
39. Shin, I. H., Kim, K. J., Kim, J., Kim, H. C., Chun, H., Cation-selective electropreconcentration. Lab Chip 2014, 14, 1811–1815.
40. Hardenborg, E., Zuberovic, A., Ullsten, S., Soderberg, L., Heldin, E., Markides, K. E., Novel polyamine coating providing non-covalent deactivation and reversed electroosmotic flow of fused-silica capillaries for capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1003, 217–221.
41. Kumar, S., Sahore, V., Rogers, C. I., Woolley, A. T., Development of an integrated microfluidic solid-phase extraction and electrophoresis device. Analyst 2016, 141, 1660–1668.
42. Tu, Q., Wang, J. C., Zhang, Y. R., Liu, R., Liu, W. M., Ren, L., Shen, S. F., Xu, J., Zhao, L., Wang, J. Y., Surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and its applications in microfluidics-based biological analysis. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2012, 31, 177–192.
43. Batz, N. G., Mellors, J. S., Alarie, J. P., Ramsey, J. M., Chemical vapor deposition of aminopropyl si lanes in microfluidic channels for highly efficient microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 3493–3500.
44. He, M., Zeng, Y., Jemere, A. B., Harrison, D. J., Tunable thick polymer coatings for on-chip electrophoretic protein and peptide separation. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1241, 112–116.
45. Kitagawa, F., Nakagawara, S., Nukatsuka, I., Hori, Y., Sueyoshi, K., Otsuka, K., Simple and rapid immobilization of coating polymers on poly(dimethyl siloxane)-glass hybrid microchips by a vacuum-drying method. Anal. Sci. 2015, 31, 1171–1175.
46. Mesbah, K., Verpillot, R., Chiari, M., Pallandre, A., Taverna, M., Neutral polymers as coatings for high resolution electrophoretic separation of A beta peptides on glass microchips. Analyst 2014, 139, 6547–6555.
47. Nii, K., Sueyoshi, K., Otsuka, K., Takai, M., Zone electrophoresis of proteins in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip coated with physically adsorbed amphiphilic phospholipid polymer. Microfluidics Nanofluidics 2013, 14, 951–959.
48. Zhang, Z. W., Feng, X. J., Xu, F., Hu, X. F., Li, P. W., Liu, B. F., An improved surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) via a green chemistry approach for on-chip biomolecular separation. Anal. Methods 2013, 5, 4694–4700.
49. Tahka, S. M., Bonabi, A., Nordberg, M. E., Kanerva, M., Jokinen, V. P., Sikanen, T. M., Thiol-ene microfluidic devices for microchip electrophoresis: effects of curing conditions and monomer composition on surface properties. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1426, 233–240.
50. Zilio, C., Sola, L., Damin, F., Faggioni, L., Chiari, M., Universal hydrophilic coating of thermoplastic polymers currently used in microfluidics. Biomed. Microdevices 2014, 16, 107–114.
51. Kašička, V., in: Anderson, J. L., Berthod, A., Estevez, V. P., Stalcup, A. M. (Eds.), Analytical Separation Science, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2015, pp. 505–529.
52. Harstad, R. K., Johnson, A. C., Weisenberger, M. M., Bowser, M. T., Capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 299–319.
53. Mitra, I., Alley, W. R., Goetz, J. A., Vasseur, J. A., Novotny, M. V., Jacobson, S. C., Comparative profiling of N-glycans isolated from serum samples of ovarian cancer patients and analyzed by microchip electrophoresis. J. Proteome Res. 2013, 12, 4490–4496.
54. Zhu, Z. F., Lu, J. J., Liu, S. R., Protein separation by capillary gel electrophoresis: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 709, 21–31.
55. Barrios-Romero, M. D., Crevillen, A. G., ez-Masa, J. C., Development of an SDS-gel electrophoresis method on SU-8 microchips for protein separation with LIF detection: application to the analysis of whey proteins. J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36, 2530–2537.
56. Pobozy, E., Filaber, M., Koc, A., Garcia-Reyes, J. F., Application of capillary electrophoretic chips in protein profiling of plant extracts for identification of genetic modifications of maize. Electrophoresis 2013, 34, 2740–2753.
57. Engel, N., Weiss, V. U., Wenz, C., Rufer, A., Kratzmeier, M., Gluck, S., Marchetti-Deschmann, M., Allmaier, G., Challenges of glycoprotein analysis by microchip capillary gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 1754–1758.
58. Heegaard, N. H. H., Affinity in electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2009, 30, S229–S239.
59. Štěpánová, S., Kašička, V., Capillary electrophoretic methods applied to the investigation of peptide complexes. J. Sep. Sci. 2015, 38, 2708–2721.
60. Pan, Y. C., Karns, K., Herr, A. E., Microfluidic electrophoretic mobility shift assays for quantitative biochemical analysis. Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 2078–2090.
61. Inoue, S., Kaji, N., Kataoka, M., Shinohara, Y., Okamoto, Y., Tokeshi, M., Baba, Y., Rapid qualitative evaluation of DNA transcription factor NF-kappa B by microchip electrophoretic mobility shift assay in mammalian cells. Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 3241–3247.
62. Pagaduan, J. V., Ramsden, M., O'Neill, K., Woolley, A. T., Microchip immunoaffinity electrophoresis of antibody-thymidine kinase 1 complex. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 813–817.
63. Malá, Z., Gebauer, P., Boček, P., Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 2–14.
64. Smejkal, P., Bottenus, D., Breadmore, M. C., Guijt, R. M., Ivory, C. F., Foret, F., Macka, M., Microfluidic isotachophoresis: a review. Electrophoresis 2013, 34, 1493–1509.
65. Bottenus, D., Jubery, T. Z., Ouyang, Y. X., Dong, W. J., Dutta, P., Ivory, C. F., 10 000-fold concentration increase of the biomarker cardiac troponin I in a reducing union microfluidic chip using cationic isotachophoresis. Lab Chip 2011, 11, 890–898.
66. Bottenus, D., Hossan, M. R., Ouyang, Y. X., Dong, W. J., Dutta, P., Ivory, C. F., Preconcentration and detection of the phosphorylated forms of cardiac troponin I in a cascade microchip by cationic isotachophoresis. Lab Chip 2011, 11, 3793–3801.
67. Righetti, P. G., Sebastiano, R., Citterio, A., Capillary electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in peptide and protein analysis. Proteomics 2013, 13, 325–340.
68. Hühner, J., Lämmerhofer, M., Neusüss, C., Capillary isoelectric focusing-mass spectrometry: coupling strategies and applications. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 2670–2686.
69. Xia, L., Lin, F. M., Wu, X., Liu, C. L., Wang, J. S., Tang, Q., Yu, S. Y., Huang, K. J., Deng, Y. L., Geng, L. N., On-chip protein isoelectric focusing using a photoimmobilized pH gradient. J. Sep. Sci. 2014, 37, 3174–3180.
70. Silva, M., Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: a review of methodological and instrumental innovations focusing on practical aspects. Electrophoresis 2013, 34, 141–158.
71. Henley, W. H., Ramsey, J. M., High electric field strength two-dimensional peptide separations using a microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 2718–2724.
72. Mikšík, I., Sedláková, P., Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides. J. Sep. Sci. 2007, 30, 1686–1703.
73. Liang, R. P., Wang, X. N., Liu, C. M., Meng, X. Y., Qiu, J. D., Facile preparation of protein stationary phase based on polydopamine/graphene oxide platform for chip-based open tubular capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation. J. Chromatogr. A 2014, 1323, 135–142.
74. Xu, Z. P., Oleschuk, R. D., A fluorous porous polymer monolith photo-patterned chromatographic column for the separation of a flourous/fluorescently labeled peptide within a microchip. Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 441–449.
75. Levy, M. H., Plawsky, J., Cramer, S. M., Photopolymerized sol-gel monoliths for separations of glycosylated proteins and peptides in microfluidic chips. J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36, 2358–2365.
76. Liao, T., Guo, Z. P., Li, J. C., Liu, M. R., Chen, Y., One-step packing of anti-voltage photonic crystals into microfluidic channels for ultra-fast separation of amino acids and peptides. Lab Chip 2013, 13, 706–713.
77. Kohl, F. J., Sanchez-Hernandez, L., Neususs, C., Capillary electrophoresis in two-dimensional separation systems: techniques and applications. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 144–158.
78. Grochocki, W., Markuszewski, M. J., Quirino, J. P., Multidimensional capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 135–143.
79. Lin, F. M., Yu, S. Y., Gu, L., Zhu, X. T., Wang, J. S., Zhu, H., Lu, Y., Wang, Y. H., Deng, Y. L., Geng, L. N., In situ photo-immobilised pH gradient isoelectric focusing and zone electrophoresis integrated two-dimensional microfluidic chip electrophoresis for protein separation. Microchimica Acta 2015, 182, 2321–2328.
80. Wu, R. G., Yeung, W. S. B., Fung, Y. S., 2D t-ITP/CZE determination of clinical urinary proteins using a microfluidic-chip capillary electrophoresis device. Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 3406–3414.
81. Wu, R. G., Wang, Z. P., Zhao, W. F., Yeung, W. S. B., Fung, Y. S., Multi-dimension microchip-capillary electrophoresis device for determination of functional proteins in infant milk formula. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1304, 220–226.
82. Wu, R. G., Wang, Z. P., Fung, Y. S., Seah, D. Y. P., Yeung, W. S. B., Assessment of adulteration of soybean proteins in dairy products by 2D microchip-CE device. Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 1728–1734.
83. Mellors, J. S., Black, W. A., Chambers, A. G., Starkey, J. A., Lacher, N. A., Ramsey, J. M., Hybrid capillary/microfluidic system for comprehensive online liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 4100–4106.
84. Shameli, S. M., Elbuken, C., Ou, J. J., Ren, C. L., Pawliszyn, J., Fully integrated PDMS/SU-8/quartz microfluidic chip with a novel macroporous poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane for isoelectric focusing of proteins using whole-channel imaging detection. Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 333–339.
85. Song, H. W., Wang, H. M., Ju, S. Q., Jin, Q. H., Jia, C. P., Cong, H., Simplified microchip electrophoresis for rapid separation of urine proteins. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2014, 28, 104–109.
86. Garcia-Campana, A. M., Taverna, M., Fabre, H., LIF detection of peptides and proteins in CE. Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 208–232.
87. de Kort, B. J., de Jong, G. J., Somsen, G. W., Native fluorescence detection of biomolecular and pharmaceutical compounds in capillary electrophoresis: detector designs, performance and applications: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 766, 13–33.
88. Yu, M., Wang, Q. S., Patterson, J. E., Woolley, A. T., Multilayer polymer microchip capillary array electrophoresis devices with integrated on-chip labeling for high-throughput protein analysis. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 3541–3547.
89. Lin, F. M., Zhao, X. C., Wang, J. S., Yu, S. Y., Deng, Y. L., Geng, L. N., Li, H. J., A novel microfluidic chip electrophoresis strategy for simultaneous, label-free, multi-protein detection based on a graphene energy transfer biosensor. Analyst 2014, 139, 2890–2895.
90. Mirasoli, M., Guardigli, M., Michelini, E., Roda, A., Recent advancements in chemical luminescence-based lab-on-chip and microfluidic platforms for bioanalysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 87, 36–52.
91. Liu, Y. X., Huang, X. Y., Ren, J. C., Recent advances in chemiluminescence detection coupled with capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 2–18.
92. Lara, F. J., Airado-Rodriguez, D., Moreno-Gonzalez, D., Huertas-Perez, J. F., Garcia-Campana, A. M., Applications of capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection in clinical, environmental and food analysis. A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 913, 22–40.
93. Gencoglu, A., Minerick, A. R., Electrochemical detection techniques in micro- and nanofluidic devices. Microfluidics Nanofluidics 2014, 17, 781–807.
94. Cong, H. L., Xu, X. D., Yu, B., Liu, H. W., Yuan, H., Fabrication of universal serial bus flash disk type microfluidic chip electrophoresis and application for protein analysis under ultra-low voltage. Biomicrofluidics 2016, 10, article no. 024107, 1–7.
95. Ohla, S., Belder, D., Chip-based separation devices coupled to mass spectrometry. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2012, 16, 453–459.
96. Lin, S. L., Lin, T. Y., Fuh, M. R., Recent developments in microfluidic chip-based separation devices coupled to MS for bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013, 5, 2567–2580.
97. Feng, X. J., Liu, B. F., Li, J. J., Liu, X., Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrometr. Rev. 2015, 34, 535–557.
98. Kitagawa, F., Otsuka, K., Recent progress in microchip electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 55, 668–678.
99. Klepárník, K., Recent advances in combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry: methodology and theory. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 159–178.
100. Nordman, N., Lauren, S., Kotiaho, T., Franssila, S., Kostiainen, R., Sikanen, T., Interfacing microchip isoelectric focusing with on-chip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1398, 121–126.
101. Ollikainen, E., Bonabi, A., Nordman, N., Jokinen, V., Kotiaho, T., Kostiainen, R., Sikanen, T., Rapid separation of phosphopeptides by microchip electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2016, 1440, 249–254.
102. Sainiemi, L., Sikanen, T., Kostiainen, R., Integration of fully microfabricated, three-dimensionally sharp electrospray ionization tips with microfluidic glass chips. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 8973–8979.
103. Dallas, D. C., Guerrero, A., Parker, E. A., Robinson, R. C., Gan, J. N., German, J. B., Barile, D., Lebrilla, C. B., Current peptidomics: applications, purification, identification, quantification, and functional analysis. Proteomics 2015, 15, 1026–1038.
104. Sikanen, T., Aura, S., Franssila, S., Kotiaho, T., Kostiainen, R., Microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of intact proteins using uncoated Ormocomp microchips. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 711, 69–76.
105. Chambers, A. G., Mellors, J. S., Henley, W. H., Ramsey, J. M., Monolithic integration of two-dimensional liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis and electrospray ionization on a microfluidic device. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 842–849.
106. Creamer, J. S., Oborny, N. J., Lunte, S. M., Recent advances in the analysis of therapeutic proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Anal. Methods 2014, 6, 5427–5449.
107. Štěpánová, S., Kašička, V., Determination of impurities and counterions of pharmaceuticals by capillary electromigration methods. J. Sep. Sci. 2014, 37, 2039–2055.
108. Kinoshita, M., Nakatsuji, Y., Suzuki, S., Hayakawa, T., Kakehi, K., Quality assurance of monoclonal antibody pharmaceuticals based on their charge variants using microchip isoelectric focusing method. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1309, 76–83.
109. Redman, E. A., Batz, N. G., Mellors, J. S., Ramsey, J. M., Integrated microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization devices with online ms detection for the separation and characterization of intact monoclonal antibody variants. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 2264–2272.
110. Redman E. A., Mellors, J. S., Starkey, J. A., Ramsey, J. M., Characterization of intact antibody drug conjugate variants using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 2220–2226.
111. Cai H., Song, Y. L., Zhang, J., Shi, T., Fu, Y., Li, R., Mussa, N., Li, Z. J., Optimization of microchip-based electrophoresis for monoclonal antibody product quality analysis revealed needs for extra surfactants during denaturation. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2016, 120, 46–56.
112. Ferey, L., Delaunay, N., Food analysis on electrophoretic microchips. Sep. Purif. Rev. 2016, 45, 193–226.
113. Wu, R. G., Fung, Y. S., Microfluidic chip-capillary electrophoresis device for the determination of urinary metabolites and proteins. Bioanalysis 2015, 7, 907–922.
114. Hung, L. Y., Wu, H. W., Hsieh, K., Lee, G. B., Microfluidic platforms for discovery and detection of molecular biomarkers. Microfluidics Nanofluidics 2014, 16, 941–963.
115. Pagaduan, J. V., Sahore, V., Woolley, A. T., Applications of microfluidics and microchip electrophoresis for potential clinical biomarker analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407, 6911–6922.
116. Sahore,V., Kumar, S., Rogers, C. I., Jensen, J. K., Sonker, M., Woolley, A. T., Pressure-actuated microfluidic devices for electrophoretic separation of pre-term birth biomarkers. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 599–607.
117. Herwig, E., Marchetti-Deschmann, M., Wenz, C., Rufer, A., Redl, H., Bahrami, S., Allmaier, G., Sensitive detection of C-reactive protein in serum by immunoprecipitation-microchip capillary gel electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 2015, 478, 102–106.
118. Herzog, C., Beckert, E., Nagl, S., Rapid isoelectric point determination in a miniaturized preparative separation using jet-dispensed optical pH sensors and micro free-flow electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 9533–9539.
119. Poehler, E., Herzog, C., Lotter, C., Pfeiffer, S. A., Aigner, D., Mayr, T., Nagl, S., Label-free microfluidic free-flow isoelectric focusing, pH gradient sensing and near real-time isoelectric point determination of biomolecules and blood plasma fractions. Analyst 2015, 140, 7496–7502.
120. Herzog, C., Pöhler, E., Peretzki, A. J., Borisov, S. M., Aigner, D., Mayr, T., Nagl, S., Continuous on-chip fluorescence labeling, free-flow isoelectric focusing and marker-free isoelectric point determination of proteins and peptides. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 1565–1572.
121. Svobodová, Z., Mohamadi, M. R., Jankovicova, B., Esselmann, H., Verpillot, R., Otto, M., Taverna, M., Wiltfang, J., Viovy, J. L., Bílková, Z., Development of a magnetic immunosorbent for on-chip preconcentration of amyloid beta isoforms: representatives of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Biomicrofluidics 2012, 6, article no. 024126, 1–12.
122. Yasui, T., Mohamadi, M. R., Kaji, N., Okamoto, Y., Tokeshi, M., Baba, Y., Characterization of low viscosity polymer solutions for microchip electrophoresis of non-denatured proteins on plastic chips. Biomicrofluidics 2011, 5, article no. 044114, 1–9.
123. Liu, X. J., Du, M., Zhou, F. M., Gomez, F. A., Facile fabrication of an interface for online coupling of microchip CE to surface plasmon resonance. Bioanalysis 2012, 4, 373–379.
124. Sueyoshi, K., Hori, Y., Otsuka, K., Inner surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel with chitin for electrophoretic analysis of proteins. Microfluidics Nanofluidics 2013, 14, 933–941.
125. Black, W. A., Stocks, B. B., Mellors, J. S., Engen, J. R., Ramsey, J. M., Utilizing microchip capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization for hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 6280–6287.
126. Mohamadi, R. M., Svobodová, Z., Bílková, Z., Otto, M., Taverna, M., Descroix, S., Viovy, J. L., An integrated microfluidic chip for immunocapture, preconcentration and separation of beta-amyloid peptides. Biomicrofluidics 2015, 9, article no. 054117, 1–11.
127. Nge, P. N., Yang, W. C., Pagaduan, J. V., Woolley, A. T., Ion-permeable membrane for on-chip preconcentration and separation of cancer marker proteins. Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 1133–1140.
128. Redman, E. A., Ramos-Payan, M., Mellors, J. S., Ramsey, J. M., Analysis of hemoglobin glycation using microfluidic CE-MS: a rapid, mass spectrometry compatible method for assessing diabetes management. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 5324–5330.
129. Han, H. L., Livingston, E., Chen, X. Y., High throughput profiling of charge heterogeneity in antibodies by microchip electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 8184–8191.
130. Wang, Z. W., Wang, W. J., Wang, W., Xu, L. J., Chen, G. N., Fu, F. F., Separation and determination of beta-casomorphins by using glass microfluidic chip electrophoresis together with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J. Sep. Sci. 2011, 34, 196–201.
131. Mikkonen, S., Rokhas, M. K., Jacksen, J., Emmer, A., Sample preconcentration in open microchannels combined with MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 3343–3350.
132. Wheeler, T. D., Sun, J. L., Pleiner, S., Geier, H., Dobberthien, P., Studts, J., Singh, R., Fathollahi, B., Microchip zone electrophoresis for high-throughput analysis of monoclonal antibody charge variants. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 5416–5424.
133. Yagi, Y., Kakehi, K., Hayakawa, T., Suzuki, S., Application of microchip electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate for the evaluation of change of degradation species of therapeutic antibodies in stability testing. Anal. Sci. 2014, 30, 483–488.
134. Bottenus, D., Jubery, T. Z., Dutta, P., Ivory, C. F., 10 000-fold concentration increase in proteins in a cascade microchip using anionic ITP by a 3D numerical simulation with experimental results. Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 550–562.
135. Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Okamoto, Y., Kaji, N., Tokeshi, M., Baba, Y., Online transient isotachophoresis concentration by the pseudo-terminating electrolyte buffer for the separation of DNA-aptamer and its thrombin complex in poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip. Analyst 2011, 136, 1142–1147.
136. Jezierski, S., Belder, D., Nagl, S., Microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis chips with an integrated fluorescent sensor layer for real time pH imaging in isoelectric focusing. Chem. Comm. 2013, 49, 904–906.
137. Wu, J. K., Yang, C. S., Wu, Y. S., Wang, P. C., Tseng, F. G., Continuous affinity-gradient nano-stationary phase served as a column for reversed-phase electrochromatography and matrix carrier in time-of-flight mass spectrometry for protein analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2015, 889, 166–171.
138. Wang, S. Y., Njoroge, S. K., Battle, K., Zhang, C., Hollins, B. C., Soper, S. A., Feng, J., Two-dimensional nitrosylated protein fingerprinting by using poly (methyl methacrylate) microchips. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 3362–3369.