Alzheimer Mythology: A Time to Think Out of the Box

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 769-774

  Morley, John E ^a   Farr, Susan A ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; PRESENILIN 1;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CASE FINDING; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; EDITORIAL; HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS; HUMAN; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; SCREENING; TAUOPATHY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; HUMANS;

EID: 84991817661     PISSN: 15258610     EISSN: 15389375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.017     Document Type: Editorial

References (147)

1. 1 Alzheimer, A., Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie and Psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin 64 (1907), 146–148.
2. 2 Rupp, C., Beyreuther, K., Mauere, K., Kins, S., A presenilin 1 mutation in the first case of Alzheimer's disease: Revisited. Alzheimers Dement 10 (2014), 869–872.
3. 3 Goedert, M., Oskar Fischer and the study of dementia. Brain 132 (2009), 1102–1111.
4. 4 Miyake, K., Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Altersveränderungen der menschlichen Hirnrinde. Obersteiners Arb 13 (1906), 212–259.
5. 5 Fischer, O., Miliare Nekrosen mit drusigen Wucherungen der Neurofibrillen, eine regelmässige Veränderung der Hirnrinde bei seniler Demenz. Monatsschr Psychiat Neurol 22 (1907), 361–372.
6. 6 Blocq, P., Marinesco, G., Sur les lésions et la pathologenie de l'épilepsie dite essentiele. Sem Méd 12 (1892), 445–446.
7. 7 Redlich, E., Über milliare Sklerose der Hirnrinde bei seniler Arophie. Jahrb Psychiat Neurol 17 (1898), 208–216.
8. 8 Davies, P., Maloney, A.J., Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet, 2, 1976, 1403.
9. 9 Farr, S.A., Flood, J.F., Morley, J.E., The effect of cholinergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic receptor modulation on posttrial memory processing in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 73 (2000), 150–167.
10. 10 Trillo, L., Das, D., Hsieh, W., et al. Ascending monoaminergic systems alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Translating basic science into clinical care. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37 (2013), 1363–1379.
11. 11 Birks, J., Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006, CD005593.
12. 12 Flood, J.F., Cherkin, A., Effect of acute arecoline, tacrine and arecoline + tacrine post-training administration on retention in old mice. Neurobiol Aging 9 (1988), 5–8.
13. 13 Davis, K.L., Thal, L.J., Gamzu, E.R., et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. The Tacrine Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 327 (1992), 1253–1259.
14. 14 Homma, A., Atarashi, H., Kubota, N., et al. Efficacy and safety of sustained release donepezil high dose versus immediate release donepezil standard dose in Japanese patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind trial. J Alzheimers Dis 52 (2016), 345–357.
15. 15 Flood, J.F., Morley, J.E., Pharmacological enhancement of long-term memory retention in old mice. J Gerontol 45 (1990), B101–B104.
16. 16 Farr, S.A., Uezu, K., Flood, J.F., Morley, J.E., Septo-hippocampal drug interactions in post-trial memory processing. Brain Res 847 (1999), 221–230.
17. 17 Morley, J.E., Mild cognitive impairment—a treatable condition. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 (2014), 1–5.
18. 18 Morley, J.E., New horizons in the management of Alzheimer disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 1–5.
19. 19 Joshi, S., Morley, J.E., Cognitive impairment. Med Clin North Am 90 (2006), 769–787.
20. 20 Ampadu, J., Morley, J.E., Heart failure and cognitive dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 178 (2015), 12–23.
21. 21 Nelson, P.T., Trojanowski, J.Q., Abner, E.L., et al. “New Old Pathologies”: AD, PART, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 75 (2016), 482–498.
22. 22 Neltner, J.H., Abner, E.L., Jicha, G.A., et al. Brain pathologies in extreme old age. Neurobiol Aging 37 (2016), 1–11.
23. 23 McKee, A.C., Cairns, N.J., Dickson, D.W., et al. The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 131 (2016), 75–86.
24. 24 Nho, K., Saykin, A.J., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Nelson PT. Hippocampal sclerosis of aging, a common Alzheimer's disease ‘mimic’: Risk genotypes are associated with brain atrophy outside the temporal lobe. J Alzheimers Dis 52 (2016), 373–383.
25. 25 Cykowski, M.D., Takei, H., Van Eldik, L.J., et al. Hippocampal sclerosis but not normal aging or Alzheimer disease is associated with TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain of aged persons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 75 (2016), 397–407.
26. 26 Dutra, J.R., Cortes, E.P., Vonsattel, J.P., Update on hippocampal sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 15, 2015, 67.
27. 27 Nelson, P.T., Wang, W.X., Wilfred, B.R., et al. Novel human ABCc9/SUR2 brain-expressed transcripts and an eQTL relevant to hippocampal sclerosis of aging. J Neurochem 134 (2015), 1026–1039.
28. 28 Gorelick, P.B., Pantoni, L., Advances in vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke 44 (2013), 307–308.
29. 29 Glodzik, L., Rusinek, H., Kamer, A., et al. Effects of vascular risk factors, statins, and antihypertensive drugs on PiB deposition in cognitively normal subjects. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2 (2016), 95–104.
30. 30 Czuriga-Kovacs, K.R., Czuriga, D., Csiba, L., Influence of hypertension, alone and in combination with other vascular risk factors on cognition. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2016 May 18 [Epub ahead of print].
31. 31 Morley, J.E., Banks, W.A., Lipids and cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 20 (2010), 737–747.
32. 32 Pantoni, L., Poggesi, A., Inzitari, D., Cognitive decline and dementia related to cerebrovascular diseases: Some evidence and concepts. Cerebrovasc Dis 27 Suppl 1 (2009), 191–196.
33. 33 Salvadori, E., Poggesi, A., Valenti, R., et al., VMCI-Tuscany Study Group. Operationalizing mild cognitive impairment criteria in small vessel disease: The VMCI-Tuscany study. Alzheimers Dement 12 (2016), 407–418.
34. 34 Fischer, F.U., Wolf, D., Scheurich, A., et al., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Altered whole-brain white matter networks in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 8 (2015), 660–666.
35. 35 Morley, J.E., Peptides and aging: Their role in anorexia and memory. Peptides 72 (2015), 112–118.
36. 36 Morley, J.E., Armbrecht, H.J., Farr, S.A., Kumar, V.B., The senescence accelerated mouse (SAMP8) as a model for oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822 (2012), 650–656.
37. 37 Farr, S.A., Erickson, M.A., Niehoff, M.L., et al. Central and peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotide targeting amyloid-β protein precursor improves learning and memory and reduces neuroinflammatory cytokines in Tg2576 (Aβpp swe) mice. J Alzheimers Dis 40 (2014), 1005–1016.
38. 38 Banks, W.A., Farr, S.A., Morley, J.E., Entry of blood-borne cytokines into the central nervous system: Effects on cognitive processes. Neuroimmunomodulation 10 (2002-2003), 319–327.
39. 39 Banks, W.A., Farr, S.A., La Scola, M.E., Morley, J.E., Intravenous human interleukin-1alpha impairs memory processing in mice: Dependence on blood-brain barrier transport into posterior division of the septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299 (2001), 536–541.
40. 40 Erickson, M.A., Niehoff, M.L., Farr, S.A., et al. Peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the amyloid-β protein precursor reverses AβPP and LRP-1 overexpression in the aged SAMP8 mouse brain. J Alzheimers Dis 28 (2012), 951–960.
41. 41 Morley, J.E., Dementia with Lewy bodies: A common condition in nursing homes?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 (2013), 713–714.
42. 42 Luchsinger, J.A., Type 2 diabetes, related conditions, in relation and dementia: An opportunity for prevention?. J Alzheimers Dis 20 (2010), 723–736.
43. 43 Sinclair, A., Morley, J.E., Rodriguez-Mañas, L., et al. Diabetes mellitus in older people: Position statement on behalf of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG), the European Diabetes Working Party for Older People (EDWPOP), and the International task Force of Experts in Diabetes. J Am Med Dir Assoc 13 (2012), 497–502.
44. 44 Sinclair, A., Morley, J.E., How to manage diabetes mellitus in older persons in the 21st century: Applying these principles to long term diabetes care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 (2013), 777–780.
45. 45 Formiga, F., Ferrer, A., Padros, G., et al. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for functional and cognitive decline in very old people: The Octabaix study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 (2014), 924–928.
46. 46 Flood, J.F., Mooradian, A.D., Morley, J.E., Characteristics of learning and memory in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes 39 (1990), 1391–1398.
47. 47 Mooradian, A.D., Perryman, K., Fitten, J., et al. Cortical function in elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Behavioral and electrophysiologic studies. Arch Intern Med 148 (1988), 2369–2372.
48. 48 Gonzalez-Reyes, R.E., Aliev, G., Avila-Rodrigues, M., Barreto, G.E., Alterations in glucose metabolism on cognition: A possible link between diabetes and dementia. Curr Pharm Des 22 (2016), 812–818.
49. 49 Flood, J.F., Morley, J.E., Roberts, E., Amnestic effects in mice of four synthetic peptides homologous to amyloid beta protein from patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 (1991), 3363–3366.
50. 50 Flood, J.F., Morley, J.E., Roberts, E., An amyloid beta-protein fragment. A beta[12-28], equipotently impairs post-training memory processing when injected into different limbic system structures. Brain Res 663 (1994), 271–276.
51. 51 Farr, S.A., Ripley, J.L., Sultana, R., et al. Antisense oligonucleotide against GSK-3β in brain of SAMP8 mice improves learning and memory and decreases oxidative stress: Involvement of transcription factor Nrf2 and implications for Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 67 (2014), 387–395.
52. 52 Erikson, M.A., Banks, W.A., Blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a cause and consequence of Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 33 (2013), 1500–1513.
53. 53 Poon, H.F., Joshi, G., Sultana, R., et al. Antisense directed at the Abeta region of APP decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice. Brain Res 1018 (2004), 86–96.
54. 54 Morley, J.E., Farr, S.A., Banks, W.A., et al. A physiological role for amyloid-beta protein: Enhancement of learning and memory. J Alzheimers Dis 19 (2010), 441–449.
55. 55 Morley, J.E., Farr, S.A., The role of amyloid-beta in the regulation of memory. Biochem Pharmacol 88 (2014), 479–485.
56. 56 Farr, S.A., Banks, W.A., Uezu, K., et al. Antibody to beta-amyloid protein increases acetylcholine in the hippocampus of 12 month SAMP8 male mice. Life Sci 73 (2003), 555–562.
57. 57 Morley, J.E., Farr, S.A., Flood, J.F., Antibody to amyloid beta protein alleviates impaired acquisition, retention, and memory processing in SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 78 (2002), 125–138.
58. 58 Armbrecht, H.J., Siddiqui, A.M., Green, M., et al. Antisense against amyloid-β protein precursor reverses memory deficits and alters gene expression in neurotropic and insulin-signaling pathways in SAMP8 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 46 (2015), 535–548.
59. 59 Dore, V., Villemagne, V.L., Bourgeat, P., et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the relationship between Aβ deposition, cortical thickness, and memory in cognitively unimpaired individuals and in Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 70 (2013), 903–911.
60. 60 Yotter, R.A., Doshi, J., Clark, V., et al. Memory decline shows stronger associations with estimated spatial patterns of amyloid deposition progression than total amyloid burden. Neurobiol Aging 34 (2013), 2835–2842.
61. 61 Flood, J.F., Morley, J.E., Learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22 (1998), 1–20.
62. 62 Flood, J.F., Morley, P.M., Morley, J.E., Age-related changes in learning, memory, and lipofuscin as a function of the percentage of SAMP8 genes. Physiol Behav 58 (1995), 819–822.
63. 63 Morley, J.E., The SAMP8 mouse: A model of Alzheimer disease?. Biogerontology 3 (2002), 57–60.
64. 64 Doody, R.S., Raman, R., Farlow, M., et al. A phase 3 trial of semagacestat for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 369 (2013), 341–350.
65. 65 Hagiya, H., Deguchi, K., Kawada, K., Otsuka, F., Neurosyphilis is a long-forgotten disease but still a possible etiology for dementia. Intern Med 54 (2015), 2769–2773.
66. 66 Farr, S.A., Banks, W.A., Uezu, K., et al. Mechanisms of HIV type 1-induced cognitive impairment: Evidence for hippocampal cholinergic involvement with overstimulation of the VIPergic system by the viral coat protein core. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 18 (2002), 1189–1195.
67. 67 Miklossy, J., Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease–role of Spirochetes. J Alzheimers Dis 13 (2008), 381–391.
68. 68 Shindler-Itskovitch, T., Ravona-Springer, R., Leibovitz, A., Muhsen, K., A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between helicobacterpylori infection and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 52 (2016), 1431–1442.
69. 69 Olsen, I., Singhrao, S.K., Can oral infection be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?. J Oral Microbiol, 7, 2015, 29143.
70. 70 Lim, S.L., Rodriguez-Ortiz, C.J., Kitazawa, M., Infection, systemic inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. Microbes Infect 17 (2015), 549–556.
71. 71 Kumar, D.K., Choi, S.H., Washicosky, K.J., et al. Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med, 8, 2016, 340ra72.
72. 72 Chakrabarty, P., Tianbai, L., Herring, A., et al. Hippocampal expression of murine IL-4 results in exacerbation of amyloid deposition. Mol Neurodegener, 7, 2012, 36.
73. 73 Daulatzai, M.A., Early stages of pathogenesis in memory impairment during normal senescence and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 20 (2010), 355–367.
74. 74 Miguel-Alvarez, M., Santos-Lozano, A., Sanchis-Gomar, F., et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effect. Drugs Aging 32 (2015), 139–147.
75. 75 Plummer, S., Van den Heuvel, C., Thornton, E., et al. The neuroprotective properties of the amyloid precursor protein following traumatic brain injury. Aging Dis 7 (2016), 163–179.
76. 76 Tompkins, P., Tesiram, Y., Lerner, M., et al. Brain injury: Neuro-inflammation, cognitive deficit and magnetic resonance imaging in a model of blast induced traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 30 (2013), 1888–1897.
77. 77 Cesari, M., Prince, M., Thiyagarajan, J.A., et al. Frailty: An emerging public health priority. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 188–192.
78. 78 Morley, J.E., Vellas, B., van Kan, G.A., et al. Frailty consensus: A call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 (2013), 392–397.
79. 79 Hoogendijk, E.O., van Kan, G.A., Guyonnet, S., et al. Components of the frailty phenotype in relation to the Frailty Index: Results from the Toulouse Frailty platform. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 855–859.
80. 80 Woo, J., Yu, R., Wong, M., et al. Frailty screening in the community using the FRAIL scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 412–419.
81. 81 Kojima, G., Prevalence of frailty in nursing homes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 940–945.
82. 82 Morley, J.E., Frailty screening comes of age. J Nutr Health Aging 18 (2014), 453–454.
83. 83 Malmstrom, T.K., Miller, D.K., Morley, J.E., A comparison of four frailty models. J Am Geriatr Soc 62 (2014), 721–726.
84. 84 Michaud, M., Balardy, L., Moulis, G., et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 (2013), 877–882.
85. 85 Morley, J.E., von Haehling, S., Anker, S.D., Vellas, B., From sarcopenia to frailty: A road less traveled. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 5 (2014), 5–8.
86. 86 Lai, H.Y., Chang, H.T., Lee, Y.L., Hwang, S.J., Association between inflammatory markers and frailty in institutionalized older men. Maturitas, 79, 2014, 329333.
87. 87 Malmstrom, T.K., Morley, J.E., Frailty and cognition: Linking two common syndromes in older persons. J Nutr Health Aging 17 (2013), 723–725.
88. 88 Wu, Y.H., Liu, L.K., Chen, W.T., et al. Cognitive function in individuals with physical frailty but without dementia or cognitive complaints: Results from the I-Lan longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 899.e9–899.e16.
89. 89 Arts, M.H., Collard, R.M., Comijs, H.C., et al. Physical frailty and cognitive functioning in depressed older adults: Findings from the NESDO study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 36–43.
90. 90 Doi, T., Verghese, J., Shimada, H., et al. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Prevalence and risk factors in Japanese seniors. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 1103.e21–1103.e25.
91. 91 Beauchet, P., Allali, G., Annweiler, C., Verghese, J., Associaton of motoric cognitive risk syndrome with brain volumes: Results from the GAIT study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 71 (2016), 1081–1088.
92. 92 Allali, G., Ayers, E.I., Verghese, J., Motoric cognitive risk syndrome subtypes and cognitive profiles. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 71 (2016), 378–384.
93. 93 Beauchet, O., Annweiler, C., Callisaya, M.L., et al. Poor gait performance and prediction of dementia: Results from a meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 482–490.
94. 94 Doi, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., et al. Mild cognitive impairment, slow gait, and risk of disability: A prospective study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 1082–1086.
95. 95 Smith, E., Cusack, T., Blake, C., The effect of a dual task on gait speed in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 44 (2016), 250–258.
96. 96 Bridenbaugh, S.A., Kressig, R.W., Motor cognitive dual tasking: Early detection of gait impairment, fall risk and cognitive decline. Z Gerontol Geriatr 48 (2015), 15–21.
97. 97 Knight, A., Bryan, J., Murphy, K., Is the Mediterranean diet a feasible approach to preserving cognitive function and reducing risk of dementia for older adults in Western countries? New insights and future directions. Ageing Res Rev 25 (2016), 85–101.
98. 98 Safouris, A., Tsivgoulis, G., Sergentanis, T.N., Psaltopoulou, T., Mediterranean diet and risk of dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 12 (2015), 736–744.
99. 99 Valls-Pedret, C., Sala-Vila, A., Serra-Mir, M., et al. Mediterranean diet and age-related cognitive decline: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 175 (2015), 1094–1103.
100. 100 Singh, B., Parsaik, A.K., Mielke, M.M., et al. Association of Mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 39 (2014), 271–282.
101. 101 Martinez-Lapiscina, E.H., Clabero, P., Toledo, E., et al. Virgin olive oil supplementation and long-term cognition: The PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomized trial. J Nutr Health Aging 17 (2013), 544–552.
102. 102 Farr, S.A., Price, T.O., Dominguez, L.J., et al. Extra virgin olive oil improves learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 28 (2012), 81–92.
103. 103 Hügel, H.M., Jackson, N., Polyphenols for the prevention and treatment of dementia diseases. Neural Regen Res 10 (2015), 1756–1768.
104. 104 Joseph, J.A., Denisova, N.A., Arendash, G., et al. Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model. Nutr Neurosci 6 (2003), 153–162.
105. 105 Cao, L., Tan, L., Wang, H.F., et al. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol, 2015 9 Nov. [Epub ahead of print].
106. 106 Morris, M.C., Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia. Proc Nutr Soc 71 (2012), 1–13.
107. 107 Radak, Z., Hart, N., Sarga, L., et al. Exercise plays a preventive role against Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 20 (2010), 777–783.
108. 108 Petursdottir, A.L., Farr, S.A., Morley, J.E., et al. Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain lipid fatty acid composition, learning ability, and memory of senescence-accelerated mouse. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63 (2008), 1153–1160.
109. 109 Carrie, I., van Kan, G.A., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., et al. Recruitment strategies for preventive trials. The MAPT study (MultiDomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial). J Nutr Health Aging 16 (2012), 355–359.
110. 110 Laver, K., Dyer, S., Whitehead, C., et al. Interventions to delay functional decline in people with dementia: A systematic review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open, 6, 2016, e010767.
111. 111 Chen, W.W., Zhang, X., Huang, W.J., Role of physical exercise in Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Rep 4 (2016), 403–407.
112. 112 Rolland, Y., Abellan van Kan, G., Vellas, B., Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: From prevention to therapeutic perspectives. J Am Med Dir Assoc 9 (2008), 390–405.
113. 113 Singh, N.A., Quine, S., Clemston, L.M., et al. Effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training and targeted multidisciplinary treatment of frailty on mortality and nursing home admissions after hip fracture: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 13 (2012), 24–30.
114. 114 Groot, C., Hooghiemstra, A.M., Raijmakers, P.G., et al. The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Ageing Res Rev 25 (2016), 13–23.
115. 115 Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): A randomized controlled trial. Lancet 385 (2015), 2255–2263.
116. 116 Berg-Weger, M., Tebb, S., Hunderson-Kalb, J., et al. Cognitive stimulation therapy: A tool for your practice with persons with dementia?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 795–796.
117. 117 D'Amico, F., Rehill, A., Knapp, M., et al. Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy: An economic evaluation within a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 63–70.
118. 118 Morley, J.E., Cruz-Oliver, D.M., Cognitive stimulation therapy. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 (2014), 689–691.
119. 119 Loraine, J., Taylor, S., McAllister, M., Cognitive and physical stimulation therapy. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 (2014), 140–141.
120. 120 Yang, Y.P., Lee, F.P., Chao, H.C., et al. Comparing the effects of cognitive stimulation, reminiscence, and aroma-massage on agitation and depressive mood in people with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 719–724.
121. 121 Knapp, M., Thorgrimsen, L., Patel, A., et al. Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: Cost-effectiveness analysis. Br J Psychiatry 188 (2006), 574–580.
122. 122 Kawashima, R., Hiller, D.L., Sereda, S.L., et al. SAIDO learning as a cognitive intervention for dementia care: A preliminary study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 56–62.
123. 123 Van Bogaert, P., Van Grinsven, R., Tolson, D., et al. Effects of SolCos model-based individual reminiscence on older adults with mild to moderate dementia due to Alzheimer disease: A pilot study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 (2013), 528.e9–528.e13.
124. 124 Nakamura, K., Kasai, M., Nakai, M., et al. The group reminiscence approach can increase self-awareness of memory deficits and evoke a life review in people with mild cognitive impairment: The Kurihara Project data. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 501–507.
125. 125 Wingbermuehle, C., Bryer, D., Berg-Weger, M., et al. Baseball reminiscence league: A model for supporting persons with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 (2014), 85–89.
126. 126 Morley, J.E., Philpot, C.D., Gill, D., Berg-Weger, M., Meaningful activities in the nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 (2014), 79–81.
127. 127 Miller, D.K., Morley, J.E., Rubenstein, L.Z., et al. Formal geriatric assessment instruments and the care of older general medical outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 38 (1990), 645–651.
128. 128 Morley, J.E., Abele, P., The Medicare annual wellness visit in nursing homes. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 567–569.
129. 129 Shaik, M.A., Chan, Q.L., Xu, J., et al. Risk factors of cognitive impairment and brief cognitive tests to predict cognitive performance determined by a formal neuropsychological evaluation of primary health care patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 343–347.
130. 130 Kaya, D., Isik, A.T., Usarel, C., et al. The Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination is better than the Mini-Mental State Examination to determine the cognitive impairment in Turkish elderly people. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 370.e11–370.e15.
131. 131 Cao, L., Hai, S., Lin, X., et al. Comparison of the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in detection of cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly from the geriatric department. J Am Med Dir Assoc 13 (2012), 626–629.
132. 132 Tariq, S.H., Tumosa, N., Chibnall, J.T., et al. Comparison of the Saint Louis University mental status examination and the mini-mental state examination for detecting dementia and mild neurocognitive disorder—a pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 (2006), 900–910.
133. 133 Cummings-Vaughn, L.A., Chavakula, N.N., Malmstrom, T.K., et al. Veterans Affairs Saint Louis University Mental Status examination compared with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Short Test of Mental Status. J Am Geriatr Soc 62 (2014), 1341–1346.
134. 134 Malmstrom, T.K., Voss, V.B., Cruz-Oliver, D.M., et al. The Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS): A point-of-care screening for dementia and mild cognitive impairment. J Nutr Health Aging, 19, 2015, 741744.
135. 135 Abele, P., Morley, J.E., Advance directives: The key to a good death?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 279–283.
136. 136 Morley, J.E., Morris, J.C., Berg-Weger, M., et al. Brain health: The importance of recognizing cognitive impairment: An IAGG consensus conference. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 731–739.
137. 137 Dong, Y., Brain health: Case finding of cognitive impairment in primary care by using a risk score and 2-pronged performance-based and informant-based assessment approach. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 460–461.
138. 138 Verhey, F.R., de Vugt, M.E., Schols, J.M., Should all elderly persons undergo a cognitive function evaluation? Where is the patient's perspective?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 453–455.
139. 139 Flicker, L., Visvanathan, R., Ratcliffe, J., Timely diagnosis for dementia: The need for specialists. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 462–463.
140. 140 Ströhle, A., Rapp, M.A., Prevention of cognitive decline: A physical exercise perspective on brain health in the long run. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 461–462.
141. 141 Yue, J., Dong, B., Brain health: A Chinese Geriatrician's viewpoint. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 459–460.
142. 142 Ishii, S., Umeda-Kameyama, Y., Akishita, M., Brain Health: A Japanese viewpoint. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 17, 2016, 455.
143. 143 Olde Rikkert, M.G., Claassen, J.A., Koopmans, R.T., Do not harm older persons in primary care by case finding of cognitive decline, instead assess cognition only following loss of well-being. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 456–457.
144. 144 De Roeck, E.E., Engelborghs, S., Dierckx, E., Next generation brain health depends on early Alzheimer disease diagnosis: From a timely diagnosis to future population screening. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17 (2016), 452–453.
145. 145 Wimo, A., Winblad, B., Brain health: A primary health care viewpoint. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 720–721.
146. 146 Woo, J., Brain health: The importance of recognizing cognitive impairment: An Asian viewpoint. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 722–723.
147. 147 Colijn, M.A., Grossberg, G.T., Amyloid and tau biomarkers in subjective cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 47 (2015), 1–8.