Achieving Water and food security in 2050: Outlook, policies, and investments

Agriculture (Pol'nohospodarstvo)

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 188-220

  Wichelns, Dennis ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Livelihoods; Poverty; Smallholders; Sustainability; Women

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE; EMPLOYMENT; FOOD PRODUCTION; FOOD SECURITY; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; LIVESTOCK FARMING; POLICY MAKING; POVERTY; PRIVATE SECTOR; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; RURAL AREA; SMALLHOLDER; SUSTAINABILITY; URBANIZATION; WATER RESOURCE; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 84987679595     PISSN: 05513677     EISSN: 13384376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/agriculture5020188     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Cabero-Roura, L.; Rushwan, H. An update on maternal mortality in low-resource countries. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2014, 125, 175-180.
2. Cohen, R.L.; Alfonso, Y.N.; Adam, T.; Kuruvilla, S.; Schweitzer, J.; Bishai, D. Country progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: Adjusting for socioeconomic factors reveals greater progress and new challenges. Glob. Health 2014, 10, 1-19.
3. Lomazzi, M.; Borisch, B.; Laaser, U. The Millennium Development Goals: Experiences, achievements, and what's next. Glob. Health Action 2014, 7 (Suppl. 1), 1-7.
4. Dora, C.; Haines, A.; Balbus, J.; Fletcher, E.; Adair-Rohani, H.; Alabaster, G.; Hossain, R.; de Onis, M.; Branca, F.; Neira, M. Indicators linking health and sustainability in the post-2015 development agenda. Lancet 2015, 385, 380-391.
5. Maurice, J. New goals in sight to reduce poverty and hunger. Lancet 2013, 382, 383-384.
6. United Nations. Report of the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals. Issued as document A/68/970, United Nations, 2014. Available online: http://undocs.org/A/68/970 (accessed on 12 April 2015).
7. Alexandratos, N.; Bruinsma, J. World Agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision; ESA Working paper No. 12-03; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2012.
8. Ray, D.K.; Mueller, N.D.; West, P.C.; Foley, J.A. Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e66428, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066428.
9. Furbank, R.T.; Tester, M. Phenomics - Technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck. Trends Plant Sci. 2011, 16, 635-644.
10. Afari-Sefa, V.; Tenkouano, A.; Ojiewo, C.O.; Keatinge, J.D.H.; Hughes, J.D.A. Vegetable breeding in Africa: Constraints, complexity and contributions toward achieving food and nutritional security. Food Secur. 2012, 4, 115-127.
11. Dzanku, F.M.; Jirström, M.; Marstorp, H. Yield gap-based poverty gaps in rural sub-Saharan Africa. World Dev. 2015, 67, 336-362.
12. Grafton, R.Q.; Williams, J.; Jiang, Q. Food and water gaps to 2050: Preliminary results from the global food and water system (GFWS) platform. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 209-220.
13. Rivers, J.; Warthmann, N.; Pogson, B.J.; Borevitz, J.O. Genomic breeding for food, environment and livelihoods. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 375-382.
14. Koning, N.B.J.; van Ittersum, M.K.; Becx, G.A.; van Boekel, M.A.J.S.; Brandenburg, W.A.; van den Broek, J.A.; Goudriaan, J.; van Hofwegen, G.; Jongeneel, R.A.; Schiere, J.B.; et al. Long-term global availability of food: Continued abundance or new scarcity. NJAS Wagening. J. Life Sci. 2008, 55, 229-292.
15. Koning, N.; van Ittersum, M.K. Will the world have enough to eat? Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2009, 1, 77-82.
16. McKenzie, F.C.; Williams, J. Sustainable food production: Constraints, challenges and choices by 2050. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 221-233.
17. Bruinsma, J. The Resource Outlook to 2050: By How Much do Land, Water and Crop Yields Need to Increase by 2050? FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2009.
18. Eshel, G.; Shepon, A.; Makov, T.; Milo, R. Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 11996-12001.
19. Sumner, A. Where Do The Poor Live? World Dev. 2012, 40, 865-877.
20. Edward, P.; Sumner, A. Estimating the scale and geography of global poverty now and in the future: How much difference do method and assumptions make? World Dev. 2014, 58, 67-82.
21. Bruinsma, J. The resources outlook: By how much do land, water and crop yields need to increase by 2050? In Looking Ahead in World Food and Agriculture: Perspectives to 2050; Conforti, P., Ed.; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2011.
22. FAO. The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW): Managing Systems at Risk; FAO: Rome, Italy; Earthscan: London, UK, 2011.
23. Zheng, C.; Liu, J.; Cao, G.; Kendy, E.; Wang, H.; Jia, Y. Can China cope with its water crisiš - Perspectives from the North China Plain. Ground Water 2010, 48, 350-354.
24. Biemans, H.; Speelman, L.H.; Ludwig, F.; Moors, E.J.; Wiltshire, A.J.; Kumar, P.; Gerten, D.; Kabat, P. Future water resources for food production in five South Asian river basins and potential for adaptation - A modeling study. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 468, S117-S131.
25. Karthe, D.; Chalov, S.; Borchardt, D. Water resources and their management in central Asia in the early twenty first century: Status, challenges and future prospects. Environ. Earth Sci. 2014, 73, 487-499.
26. De Fraiture, C.; Molden, D.; Wichelns, D. Investing in water for food, ecosystems, and livelihoods: An overview of the comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 495-501.
27. De Fraiture, C.; Wichelns, D. Satisfying future water demands for agriculture. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 502-511.
28. Springer, N.P.; Duchin, F. Feeding nine billion people sustainably: Conserving land and water through shifting diets and changes in technologies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 4444-4451.
29. Liu, L.; Xu, X.; Chen, X. Assessing the impact of urban expansion on potential crop yield in China during 1990-2010. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 33-43.
30. Qadir, M.; Wichelns, D.; Raschid-Sally, L.; McCornick, P.G.; Drechsel, P.; Bahri, A.; Minhas, P.S. The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 561-568.
31. Kim, M.; Lee, H.; Kim, M.; Kang, D.; Kim, D.; Kim, Y.; Lee, S. Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages. Water Sci. Technol. 2014, 70, 1961-1968.
32. Murray, A.; Cofie, O.; Drechsel, P. Efficiency indicators for waste-based business models: Fostering private-sector participation in wastewater and faecal-sludge management. Water Int. 2011, 36, 505-521.
33. Wichelns, D.; Drechsel, P. Meeting the challenge of wastewater irrigation: Economics, finance, business opportunities and methodological constraints. Water Int. 2011, 36, 415-419.
34. Scott, C.A.; Raschid-Sally, L. The global commodification of wastewater. Water Int. 2012, 37, 147-155.
35. Otoo, M.; Drechsel, P.; Hanjra, M.A. Business models and economic approaches for nutrient recovery from wastewater and fecal sludge. In Wastewater: Economic Asset in an Urbanizing World; Drechsel, P., Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; Chapter 13, pp. 247-270.
36. Murray, A.; Mekala, G.D.; Chen, X. Evolving policies and the roles of public and private stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. Water Int. 2011, 36, 491-504.
37. Amerasinghe, P.; Bhardwaj, R.M.; Scott, C.; Jella, K.; Marshall, F. Urban wastewater and agricultural reuse challenges in India. IWMI Res. Rep. 2013, 147, 1-28.
38. FAO. FAOSTAT; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2015.
39. Tscharntke, T.; Clough, Y.; Wanger, T.C.; Jackson, L.; Motzke, I.; Perfecto, I.; Vandermeer, J.; Whitbread, A. Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biol. Conserv. 2012, 151, 53-59.
40. High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE). Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food Security. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security; High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE): Rome, Italy, 2013.
41. Masters, W.A.; Djurfeldt, A.A.; de Haan, C.; Hazell, P.; Jayne, T.; Jirström, M.; Reardon, T. Urbanization and farm size in Asia and Africa: Implications for food security and agricultural research. Glob. Food Secur. 2013, 2, 156-165.
42. Hazell, P. Comparative Study of Trends in Urbanization and Changes in Farm Size in Africa and Asia: Implications for Agricultural research. A Foresight Study of the Independent Science and Partnership Council. Available online: http://ispc.cgiar.org/publications/search?field- publication-date-value-1[value][year]=2013&combine=Changes+in+Farm+Size (accessed on 3 February 2015).
43. Bekunda, M.; Sanginga, N.; Woomer, P.L. Restoring soil fertility in sub-saharan Africa. Adv. Agron. 2010, 108, 183-236.
44. Kamau, M.; Smale, M.; Mutua, M. Farmer demand for soil fertility management practices in Kenya's grain basket. Food Secur. 2014, 6, 793-806.
45. Sanchez, P.A.; Swaminathan, M.S. Hunger in Africa: The link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils. Lancet 2005, 365, 442-444.
46. Zwart, S.J.; Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agric. Water Manag. 2004, 69, 115-133.
47. Tolk, J.A.; Howell, T.A. Field water supply: Yield relationships of grain sorghum grown in three USA Southern Great Plains soils. Agric. Water Manag. 2008, 95, 1303-1313.
48. Steduto, P.; Hsiao, T.C.; Raes, D.; Fereres, E. AquaCrop - The FAO crop model to simulate yield response to water: I. Concepts and underlying principles. Agron. J. 2009, 101, 426-437.
49. Clemmens, A.J.; Allen, R.G.; Burt, C.M. Technical concepts related to conservation of irrigation and rainwater in agricultural systems. Water Resour. Res. 2008, 44, W00E03, doi:10.1029/ 2007WR006095.
50. Ayars, J.E.; Shouse, P.; Lesch, S.M. In situ use of groundwater by alfalfa. Agric. Water Manag. 2009, 96, 1579-1586.
51. Satchithanantham, S.; Krahn, V.; Sri Ranjan, R.; Sager, S. Shallow groundwater uptake and irrigation water redistribution within the potato root zone. Agric. Water Manag. 2014, 132, 101-110.
52. FAO. Save and Grow: A Policy Maker's Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2011.
53. Roudier, P.; Sultan, B.; Quirion, P.; Berg, A. The impact of future climate change on West African crop yields: What does the recent literature say? Glob. Environ. Chang. 2011, 21, 1073-1083.
54. Kang, Y.; Khan, S.; Ma, X. Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security - A review. Prog. Nat. Sci. 2009, 19, 1665-1674.
55. Gerardeaux, E.; Giner, M.; Ramanantsoanirina, A.; Dusserre, J. Positive effects of climate change on rice in Madagascar. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2012, 32, 619-627.
56. Zhou, L.; Turvey, C.G. Climate change, adaptation and China's grain production. China Econ. Rev. 2014, 28, 72-89.
57. Jaggard, K.W.; Qi, A.; Ober, S. Possible changes to arable crop yields by 2050. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2010, 365, 2835-2851.
58. Chauhan, B.S.; Prabhjyot, K.; Mahajan, G.; Randhawa, R.K.; Singh, H.; Kang, M.S. Global warming and its possible impact on agriculture in India. Adv. Agron. 2014, 123, 65-121.
59. Wei, T.; Cherry, T.L.; Glomrød, S.; Zhang, T. Climate change impacts on crop yield: Evidence from China. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 499, 133-140.
60. Xiong, W.; Holman, I.; Lin, E.; Conway, D.; Jiang, J.; Xu, Y.; Li, Y. Climate change, water availability and future cereal production in China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2010, 135, 58-69.
61. Thornton, P.K.; van de Steeg, J.; Notenbaert, A.; Herrero, M. The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know. Agric. Syst. 2009, 101, 113-127.
62. Herrero, M.; Thornton, P.K. Livestock and global change: Emerging issues for sustainable food systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 20878-20881.
63. Godber, O.F.; Wall, R. Livestock and food security: Vulnerability to population growth and climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20, 3092-3102.
64. Headey, D.; Taffesse, A.S.; You, L. Diversification and development in pastoralist Ethiopia. World Dev. 2014, 56, 200-213.
65. Nardone, A.; Ronchi, B.; Lacetera, N.; Ranieri, M.S.; Bernabucci, U. Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livest. Sci. 2010, 130, 57-69.
66. Nielsen, A.; Steinheim, G.; Mysterud, A. Do different sheep breeds show equal responses to climate fluctuationš Basic Appl. Ecol. 2013, 14, 137-145.
67. Megersa, B.; Markemann, A.; Angassa, A.; Ogutu, J.O.; Piepho, H.-P.; Valle Zaráte, A. Impacts of climate change and variability on cattle production in southern Ethiopia: Perceptions and empirical evidence. Agric. Syst. 2014, 130, 23-34.
68. Morignat, E.; Perrin, J.-B.; Gay, E.; Vinard, J.; Calavas, D.; Hénaux, V. Assessment of the impact of the 2003 and 2006 heat waves on cattle mortality in France. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e93176, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093176.
69. High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE). Food Security and Climate Change. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security; High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE): Rome, Italy, 2012.
70. Turral, H.; Burke, J.; Faurès, J.M. Climate Change, Water and Food Security. FAO Water Reports 36; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2011.
71. Lobell, D.B. Climate change adaptation in crop production: Beware of illusions. Glob. Food Secur. 2014, 3, 72-76.
72. Kløve, B.; Ala-Aho, P.; Bertrand, G.; Gurdak, J.J.; Kupfersberger, H.; Kværner, J.; Muotka, T.; Mykrä, H.; Preda, E.; Rossi, P.; et al. Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems. J. Hydrol. 2014, 518, 250-266.
73. Kurylyk, B.L.; MacQuarrie, K.T.B.; McKenzie, J.M. Climate change impacts on groundwater and soil temperatures in cold and temperate regions: Implications, mathematical theory, and emerging simulation tools. Earth Sci. Rev. 2014, 138, 313-334.
74. Siebert, S.; Henrich, V.; Frenken, K.; Burke, J. Update of the Global Map of Irrigation Areas to Version 5; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2013.
75. Menberg, K.; Blum, P.; Kurylyk, B.L.; Bayer, P. Observed groundwater temperature response to recent climate change. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2014, 18, 4453-4466.
76. Van Lanen, H.A.J.; Wanders, N.; Tallaksen, L.M.; van Loon, A.F. Hydrological drought across the world: Impact of climate and physical catchment structure. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2013, 17, 1715-1732.
77. Van Loon, A.F.; Tijdeman, E.; Wanders, N.; van-Lanen, H.A.J.; Teuling, A.J.; Uijlenhoet, R. How climate seasonality modifies drought duration and deficit. J. Geophys. Res. 2014, 119, 4640-4656.
78. Wanders, N.; van Lanen, H.A.J. Future discharge drought across climate regions around the world modelled with a synthetic hydrological modelling approach forced by three general circulation models. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2015, 15, 487-504.
79. Ferguson, I.M.; Maxwell, R.M. Human impacts on terrestrial hydrology: Climate change versus pumping and irrigation. Environ. Res. Lett. 2012, 7, 044022, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044022.
80. Tiwari, V.M.; Wahr, J.; Swenson, S. Dwindling groundwater resources in northern India, from satellite gravity observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36, L18401, doi:10.1029/2009GL039401.
81. Glazer, A.N.; Likens, G.E. The water table: The shifting foundation of life on land. Ambio 2012, 41, 657-669.
82. Shah, T. The groundwater economy of south Asia: An assessment of size, significance and socio-ecological impacts. In The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution: Opportunities and Threats to Development; Giordano, M., Villholth, K., Eds.; CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 2007.
83. Qiu, J. China to spend billions cleaning up groundwater. Science 2011, 334, 745, doi:10.1126/ science.334.6057.745.
84. Khan, M.R.; Voss, C.I.; Yu, W.; Michael, H.A. Water resources management in the Ganges basin: A comparison of three strategies for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Water Resour. Manag. 2014, 28, 1235-1250.
85. Wada, Y.; van Beek, L.P.H.; van Kempen, C.M.; Reckman, J.W.T.M.; Vasak, S.; Bierkens, M.F.P. Global depletion of groundwater resources. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L20402, doi:10.1029/ 2010GL044571.
86. Qureshi, A.S.; McCornick, P.G.; Qadir, M.; Aslam, Z. Managing salinity and waterlogging in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. Agric. Water Manag. 2008, 95, 1-10.
87. Shah, T. Climate change and groundwater: India's opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 1-13.
88. Zhang, L.; Wang, J.; Huang, J.; Huang, Q.; Rozelle, S. Access to groundwater and agricultural production in China. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 1609-1616.
89. Green, T.R.; Taniguchi, M.; Kooi, H.; Gurdak, J.J.; Allen, D.M.; Hiscock, K.M.; Treidel, H.; Aureli, A. Beneath the surface of global change: Impacts of climate change on groundwater. J. Hydrol. 2011, 405, 532-560.
90. Shi, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Fei, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, F.; Chen, J.; Qian, Y. Assessment of deep groundwater over-exploitation in the North China Plain. Geosci. Front. 2011, 2, 593-598.
91. Grogan, D.S.; Zhang, F.; Prusevich, A.; Lammers, R.B.; Wisser, D.; Glidden, S.; Li, C.; Frolking, S. Quantifying the link between crop production and mined groundwater irrigation in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 511, 161-175.
92. Shah, T.; Giordano, M.; Mukherji, A. Political economy of the energy-groundwater nexus in India: Exploring issues and assessing policy options. Hydrogeol. J. 2012, 20, 995-1006.
93. Shah, T. Towards a managed aquifer recharge strategy for Gujarat, India: An economist's dialogue with hydro-geologists. J. Hydrol. 2014, 518, 94-107.
94. Singh, A. Conjunctive use of water resources for sustainable irrigated agriculture. J. Hydrol. 2014, 519, 1688-1697.
95. Siderius, C.; Boonstra, H.; Munaswamy, V.; Ramana, C.; Kabat, P.; van Ierland, E.; Hellegers, P. Climate-smart tank irrigation: A multi-year analysis of improved conjunctive water use under high rainfall variability. Agric. Water Manag. 2015, 148, 52-62.
96. Shah, T. India's master plan for groundwater recharge: An assessment and some suggestions for revision. Econ. Political Wkly. 2008, 43, 41-49.
97. Kazmi, S.I.; Ertsen, M.W.; Asi, M.R. The impact of conjunctive use of canal and tube well water in Lagar irrigated area, Pakistan. Phys. Chem. Earth 2012, 47, 86-98.
98. Frappart, F.; Seoane, L.; Ramillien, G. Validation of GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage from a regional approach over South America. Remote Sens. Environ. 2013, 137, 69-83.
99. Jin, S.; Feng, G. Large-scale variations of global groundwater from satellite gravimetry and hydrological models, 2002-2012. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2013, 106, 20-30.
100. Lenk, O. Satellite based estimates of terrestrial water storage variations in Turkey. J. Geodyn. 2013, 67, 106-110.
101. Famiglietti, J.S.; Rodell, M. Water in the balance. Science 2013, 340, 1300-1301.
102. Voss, K.A.; Famiglietti, J.S.; Lo, M.; de Linage, C.; Rodell, M.; Swenson, S.C. Groundwater depletion in the Middle East from GRACE with implications for transboundary water management in the Tigris-Euphrates-Western Iran region. Water Resour. Res. 2013, 49, 904-914.
103. Ahmed, M.; Sultan, M.; Wahr, J.; Yan, E. The use of GRACE data to monitor natural and anthropogenic induced variations in water availability across Africa. Earth Sci. Rev. 2014, 136, 289-300.
104. Castle, S.L.; Thomas, B.F.; Reager, J.T.; Rodell, M.; Swenson, S.C.; Famiglietti, J.S. Groundwater depletion during drought threatens future water security of the Colorado River Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 5904-5911.
105. Chen, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Ni, S. Long-term groundwater variations in Northwest India from satellite gravity measurements. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2014, 116, 130-138.
106. Wang, H.; Guan, H.; Gutiérrez-Jurado, H.A.; Simmons, C.T. Examination of water budget using satellite products over Australia. J. Hydrol. 2014, 511, 546-554.
107. Castellanos, M.T.; Tarquis, A.M.; Ribas, F.; Cabello, M.J.; Arce, A.; Cartagena, M.C. Nitrogen fertigation: An integrated agronomic and environmental study. Agric. Water Manag. 2013, 120, 46-55.
108. Chai, Q.; Gan, Y.; Turner, N.C.; Zhang, R.-Z.; Yang, C.; Niu, Y.; Siddique, K.H.M. Water-saving innovations in Chinese agriculture. Adv. Agron. 2014, 126, 149-201.
109. Gheysari, M.; Loescher, H.W.; Sadeghi, S.H.; Mirlatif, S.M.; Zareian, M.J.; Hoogenboom, G. Water-yield relations and water use efficiency of maize under nitrogen fertigation for semiarid environments: Experiment and synthesis. Adv. Agron. 2015, 130, 175-229.
110. Biazin, B.; Sterk, G.; Temesgen, M.; Abdulkedir, A.; Stroosnijder, L. Rainwater harvesting and management in rainfed agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Phys. Chem. Earth 2012, 47, 139-151.
111. Wright, B.D. Grand missions of agricultural innovation. Research Policy 2012, 41, 1716-1728.
112. Stevenson, J.R.; Villoria, N.; Byerlee, D.; Kelley, T.; Maredia, M. Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 8363-8368.
113. Alston, J.M.; Pardey, P.G. Agriculture in the global economy. J. Econ. Perspect. 2014, 28, 121-146.
114. Qaim, M.; Kouser, S. Genetically modified crops and food security. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, 1-7.
115. Fahmi, A. Benefits of new tools in biotechnology to developing countries in South Asia: A perspective from UNESCO. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 156, 364-369.
116. Lagoda, P.J.L. Use of tissue culture and mutation inductIon to improve banana productIon for smallholders in Sri Lanka. In Biotechnologies at Work for Smallholders: Case Studies from Developing Countries in Crops, Livestock and Fish; Ruane, J., Dargie, J.D., Mba, C., Boettcher, P., Makkar, H.P.S., Bartley, D.M., Sonnino, A., Eds.; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2013.
117. Kabunga, N.S.; Dubois, T.; Qaim, M. Impact of tissue culture banana technology on farm household income and food security in Kenya. Food Policy 2014, 45, 25-34.
118. Ruane, J.; Sonnino, A. Agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries and their possible contribution to food security. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 156, 356-363.
119. Turral, H.; Svendsen, M.; Faurès, J.M. Investing in irrigation: Reviewing the past and looking to the future. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 551-560.
120. FAO. AQUASTAT, FAO's Global Water Information System; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2015.
121. Monjardino, M.; McBeath, T.M.; Brennan, L.; Llewellyn, R.S. Are farmers in low-rainfall cropping regions under-fertilising with nitrogen? A risk analysis. Agric. Syst. 2013, 116, 37-51.
122. Karpouzoglou, T.; Barron, J. A global and regional perspective of rainwater harvesting insub-Saharan Africa's rainfed farming systems. Phys. Chem. Earth 2014, 72, 43-53.
123. Kurothe, R.S.; Kumar, G.; Singh, R.; Tiwari, S.P.; Vishwakarma, A.K.; Sena, D.R.; Pande, V.C. Effect of tillage and cropping systems on runoff, soil loss and crop yields under semiarid rainfed agriculture in India. Soil Tillage Res. 2014, 140, 126-134.
124. Affholder, F.; Poeydebat, C.; Corbeels, M.; Scopel, E.; Tittonell, P. The yield gap of major food crops in family agriculture in the tropics: Assessment and analysis through field surveys and modelling. Field Crops Res. 2013, 143, 106-118.
125. Waddington, S.R.; Li, X.; Dixon, J.; Hyman, G.; de Vicente, M.C. Getting the focus right: Production constraints for six major food crops in Asian and African farming systems. Food Secur. 2010, 2, 27-48.
126. Sumberg, J. Mind the (yield) gap(s). Food Policy 2012, 4, 509-518.
127. Grassini, P.; Eskridge, K.M.; Cassman, K.G. Distinguishing between yield advances and yield plateaus in historical crop production trends. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2918, doi:10.1038/ ncomms3918.
128. Jat, M.L.; Bijay-Singh; Gerard, B. Nutrient management and use efficiency in wheat systems of South Asia. Adv. Agron. 2014, 125, 171-259.
129. Spiertz, H. Avenues to meet food security. The role of agronomy on solving complexity in food production and resource use. Eur. J. Agron. 2012, 43, 1-8.
130. Pasuquin, J.M.; Pampolino, M.F.; Witt, C.; Dobermann, A.; Oberthür, T.; Fisher, M.J.; Inubushi, K. Closing yield gaps in maize production in Southeast Asia through site-specific nutrient management. Field Crops Res. 2014, 156, 219-230.
131. Lobell, D.B.; Cassman, K.G.; Field, C.B. Crop yield gaps: Their importance, magnitudes, and causes. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2009, 34, 179-204.
132. Kassie, B.T.; van Ittersum, M.K.; Hengsdijk, H.; Asseng, S.; Wolf, J.; Rötter, R.P. Climate-induced yield variability and yield gaps of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Field Crops Res. 2014, 160, 41-53.
133. Bryan, B.A.; King, D.; Zhao, G. Influence of management and environment on Australian wheat: Information for sustainable intensification and closing yield gaps. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 044005, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044005.
134. Connor, D.J.; Mínguez, M.I. Evolution not revolution of farming systems will best feed and green the world. Glob. Food Secur. 2012, 1, 106-113.
135. Li, K.; Yang, X.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, T.; Lu, S.; Liu, Y. Low yield gap of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Eur. J. Agron. 2014, 59, 1-12.
136. Bruce, T.J.A. Tackling the threat to food security caused by crop pests in the new millennium. Food Secur. 2010, 2, 133-141.
137. Powell, N.; Ji, X.; Ravash, R.; Edlington, J.; Dolferus, R. Yield stability for cereals in a changing climate. Funct. Plant Biol. 2012, 39, 539-552.
138. Blum, A. Drought resistance is it really a complex trait? Funct. Plant Biol. 2011, 38, 753-757.
139. Blum, A. Heterosis, stress, and the environment: A possible road map towards the general improvement of crop yield. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64, 4829-4837.
140. Cabello, J.V.; Lodeyro, A.F.; Zurbriggen, M.D. Novel perspectives for the engineering of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2014, 26, 62-70.
141. Dolferus, R. To grow or not to grow: A stressful decision for plants. Plant Sci. 2014, 229, 247-261.
142. Rothschild, M.F.; Plastow, G.S. Applications of genomics to improve livestock in the developing world. Livest. Sci. 2014, 166, 76-83.
143. Vadez, V.; Palta, J.; Berger, J. Developing drought tolerant crops: Hopes and challenges in an exciting journey. Funct. Plant Biol. 2014, 41, v-vi.
144. Langridge, P.; Reynolds, M.P. Genomic tools to assist breeding for drought tolerance. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2015, 32, 130-135.
145. Hall, A.J.; Richards, R.A. Prognosis for genetic improvement of yield potential and water-limited yield of major grain crops. Field Crops Res. 2013, 143, 18-33.
146. Anthony, V.M.; Ferroni, M. Agricultural biotechnology and smallholder farmers in developing countries. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, 23, 278-285.
147. Spiertz, H. Agricultural sciences in transition from 1800 to 2020: Exploring knowledge and creating impact. Eur. J. Agron. 2014, 59, 96-106.
148. McDermott, J.; Aït-Aïssa, M.; Morel, J.; Rapando, N. Agriculture and household nutrition security: Development practice and research needs. Food Secur. 2013, 5, 667-678.
149. Herrero, M.; Thornton, P.K.; Gerber, P.; Reid, R.S. Livestock, livelihoods and the environment: Understanding the trade-offs. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2009, 1, 111-120.
150. Tiwari, R.; Dileep Kumar, H.; Dutt, T.; Singh, B.P.; Pachaiyappan, K.; Dhama, K. Future challenges of food security and sustainable livestock production in India in the changing climatic scenario. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2014, 9, 367-384.
151. Campbell, B.M.; Thornton, P.; Zougmoré, R.; van Asten, P.; Lipper, L. Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture? Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2014, 8, 39-43.
152. Godfray, H.C.J. The debate over sustainable intensification. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 199-208.
153. Uphoff, N. Systems thinking on intensification and sustainability: Systems boundaries, processes and dimensions. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2014, 8, 89-100.
154. Garnett, T.; Appleby, M.C.; Balmford, A.; Bateman, I.J.; Benton, T.G.; Bloomer, P.; Burlingame, B.; Dawkins, M.; Dolan, L.; Fraser, D.; et al. Sustainable intensification in agriculture: Premises and policies. Science 2013, 341, 33-34.
155. Hanspach, J.; Abson, D.J.; Loos, J.; Tichit, M.; Chappell, M.J.; Fischer, J. Develop, then intensify. Science 2013, 341, 713, doi:10.1126/science.341.6147.713-a.
156. Vanlauwe, B.; Coyne, D.; Gockowski, J.; Hauser, S.; Huising, J.; Masso, C.; Nziguheba, G.; Schut, M.; van Asten, P. Sustainable intensification and the African smallholder farmer. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2014, 8, 15-22.
157. Kuyper, T.W.; Struik, P.C. Epilogue: Global Food Security, Rhetoric, and the Sustainable Intensification Debate. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2014, 8, 71-79.
158. Struik, P.C.; Kuyper, T.W.; Brussaard, L.; Leeuwis, C. Deconstructing and unpacking scientific controversies in intensification and sustainability: Why the tensions in concepts and valueš Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2014, 8, 80-88.
159. Habel, J.C.; Teucher, M.; Hornetz, B.; Jaetzold, R.; Kimatu, J.N.; Kasili, S.; Mairura, Z.; Mulwa, R.K.; Eggermont, H.; Weisser, W.W.; et al. Real-world complexity of food security and biodiversity conservation. Biodivers. Conserv. 2015, 24, doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0866-z.
160. Johnston, A.E.; Poulton, P.R.; Fixen, P.E.; Curtin, D. Phosphorus: Its efficient use in agriculture. Adv. Agron. 2014, 123, 177-228.
161. Lott, J.N.A.; Kolasa, J.; Batten, G.D.; Campbell, L.C. The critical role of phosphorus in world production of cereal grains and legume seeds. Food Secur. 2011, 3, 451-462.
162. Ryan, J.; Ibrikci, H.; Delgado, A.; Torrent, J.; Sommer, R.; Rashid, A. Significance of phosphorus for agriculture and the environment in the West Asia and North Africa region. Adv. Agron. 2012, 114, 91-153.
163. Cordell, D.; White, S. Life's bottleneck: Sustaining the world's phosphorus for a food secure future. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2014, 39, 161-188.
164. Cordell, D.; White, S. Tracking phosphorus security: Indicators of phosphorus vulnerability in the global food system. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 337-350.
165. Ziadi, N.; Whalen, J.K.; Messiga, A.J.; Morel, C. Assessment and modeling of soil available phosphorus in sustainable cropping systems. Adv. Agron. 2013, 122, 85-126.
166. Hanjra, M.A.; Blackwell, J.; Carr, G.; Zhang, F.; Jackson, T.M. Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2012, 215, 255-269.
167. Keraita, B.; Medlicott, K.; Drechsel, P.; Mateo-Sagasta Dávila, J. Health risks and cost-effective health risk management in wastewater use systems. In Wastewater: Economic Asset in an Urbanizing World; Drechsel, P., Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; Chapter 3, pp. 39-54.
168. Béné, C.; Barange, M.; Subasinghe, R.; Pinstrup-Andersen, P.; Merino, G.; Hemre, G.-I.; Williams, M. Feeding 9 billion by 2050 - Putting fish back on the menu. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 261-274.
169. High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE). Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Food Security and Nutrition. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security; High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE): Rome, Italy, 2014.
170. Naylor, R.L.; Hardy, R.W.; Bureau, D.P.; Chiu, A.; Elliott, M.; Farrelle, A.P.; Forstere, I.; Gatlin, D.M.; Goldburg, R.J.; Hua, K.; et al. Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 15103-15110.
171. FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. Opportunities and Challenges; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2014.
172. De Graaf, G.; Garibaldi, L. The Value of African Fisheries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular. No. 1093; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2014; p. 76.
173. Beveridge, M.C.M.; Thilsted, S.H.; Phillips, M.J.; Metian, M.; Troell, M.; Hall, S.J. Meeting the food and nutrition needs of the poor: The role of fish and the opportunities and challenges emerging from the rise of aquaculture. J. Fish Biol. 2013, 83, 1067-1084.
174. Bezabih, M.; di Falco, S. Rainfall variability and food crop portfolio choice: Evidence from Ethiopia. Food Secur. 2012, 4, 557-567.
175. Kandulu, J.M.; Bryan, B.A.; King, D.; Connor, J.D. Mitigating economic risk from climate variability in rain-fed agriculture through enterprise mix diversification. Ecol. Econ. 2012, 79, 105-112.
176. Hazell, P.B.R.; Hess, U. Drought insurance for agricultural development and food security in dryland areas. Food Secur. 2010, 2, 395-405.
177. Haggblade, S.; Hazell, P.; Reardon, T. The rural non-farm economy: Prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Dev. 2010, 38, 1429-1441.
178. Mellor, J.W. High rural population density Africa - What are the growth requirements and who participateš Food Policy 2014, 48, 66-75.
179. Berdegué, J.A.; Ricardo Fuentealba, R. Latin America: The state of smallholders in agriculture. In Proceedings of the IFAD Conference on New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture, Rome, Italy, 24-25 January 2011; p. 38.
180. Babatunde, R.O.; Qaim, M. Impact of off-farm income on food security and nutrition in Nigeria. Food Policy 2010, 35, 303-311.
181. Kumanayake, N.S.; Estudillo, J.P.; Otsuka, K. Changing sources of household income, poverty, and sectoral inequality in Sri Lanka, 1990-2006. Dev. Econ. 2014, 52, 26-51.
182. Wossen, T.; Berger, T. Climate variability, food security and poverty: Agent-based assessment of policy options for farm households in Northern Ghana. Environ. Sci. Policy 2015, 47, 95-107.
183. Imai, K.S.; Gaiha, R.; Thapa, G. Does non-farm sector employment reduce rural poverty and vulnerability? Evidence from Vietnam and India. J. Asian Econ. 2015, 36, 47-61.
184. FAO. The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11. Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2011.
185. Ibnouf, F.O. Challenges and possibilities for achieving household food security in the Western Sudan region: The role of female farmers. Food Secur. 2011, 3, 215-231.
186. Mohapatra, S. The pillars of Africa's agriculture. Rice Today 2011, 10, 22-23.
187. Arora-Jonsson, S. Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2011, 21, 744-751.
188. Figueiredo, P.; Perkins, P.E. Women and water management in times of climate change: Participatory and inclusive processes. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 60, 188-194.
189. Ndiritu, S.W.; Kassie, M.; Shiferaw, B. Are there systematic gender differences in the adoption of sustainable agricultural intensification practiceš Evidence from Kenya. Food Policy 2014, 49, 117-127.
190. Fischer, E.; Qaim, M. Gender, agricultural commercialization, and collective action in Kenya. Food Secur. 2012, 4, 441-453.
191. Rijkers, B.; Costa, R. Gender and rural non-farm entrepreneurship. World Dev. 2012, 40, 2411-2426.
192. Ruijs, A.; Zimmermann, A.; van den Berg, M. Demand and distributional effects of water pricing policies. Ecol. Econ. 2008, 66, 506-516.
193. Dono, G.; Giraldo, L.; Severini, S. Pricing of irrigation water under alternative charging methods: Possible shortcomings of a volumetric approach. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 1795-1805.
194. Cooper, B.; Crase, L.; Pawsey, N. Best practice pricing principles and the politics of water pricing. Agric. Water Manag. 2014, 145, 92-97.