Second generation bioethanol production: A critical review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 66, Issue , 2016, Pages 631-653

  Aditiya, H B ^a,b   Mahlia, T M I ^a,e   Chong, W T ^b   Nur, Hadi ^c   Sebayang, A H ^b,d  

^a Universiti Tenaga Nasional   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^c UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^d Politeknik Negeri Medan   (Indonesia)

^e UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM   (Brunei Darussalam)

Author keywords

Agricultural waste; Bioethanol production; Lignocellulosic biomass; Second generation; Starch biomass

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL WASTES; AIR QUALITY; BIOMASS; CRUDE OIL; DISTILLATION; ETHANOL; FEEDSTOCKS; FORESTRY; PROVEN RESERVES;

BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION; BIO-ETHANOLS; CRITICAL REVIEW; CRUDE OIL RESERVES; GLOBAL TEMPERATURES; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; SECOND GENERATION; SECOND GENERATION BIOETHANOL; STARCH BIOMASS; WEATHER CHANGE;

BIOETHANOL;

EID: 84983475395     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.015     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. [1] IEA. Key world energy statistics 2008. Paris, 2008.
2. [2] Goldemberg J. Environmental and ecological dimensions of biofuels. In: Proceedings of the conference on the ecological dimensions of biofuels. Washington DC, 2008.
3. [3] Balat, M., Balat, H., Recent trends in global production and utilization of bioethanol fuel. Appl Energy 86 (2009), 2273–2282.
4. [4] Statistics Do. Compendium of Environment Statistics. In: Statistics Do, editor. Malaysia, 2013. p. 20–21.
5. [5] Silitonga, A.S., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Ong, H.C., Chong, W.T., Boosroh, M.H., Overview properties of biodiesel diesel blends from edible and non-edible feedstock. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 22 (2013), 346–360.
6. [6] Silitonga, A.S., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Ong, H.C., Atabani, A.E., Chong, W.T., A global comparative review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas using different homogeneous acid and alkaline catalysts: Study of physical and chemical properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 24 (2013), 514–533.
7. [7] Silitonga, A.S., Atabani, A.E., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Badruddin, I.A., Mekhilef, S., A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 3733–3756.
8. [8] Ong, H.C., Silitonga, A.S., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Chong, W.T., Boosroh, M.H., Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils: Jatropha curcas, Sterculia foetida and Ceiba pentandra. Energy Convers Manag 73 (2013), 245–255.
9. [9] Ong, H.C., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Silitonga, A.S., Chong, W.T., Yusaf, T., Engine performance and emissions using Jatropha curcas, Ceiba pentandra and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in a CI diesel engine. Energy 69 (2014), 427–445.
10. [10] Silitonga, A.S., Ong, H.C., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Chong, W.T., Biodiesel conversion from high FFA crude Jatropha curcas, Calophyllum inophyllum and Ceiba pentandra Oil. Energy Procedia 61 (2014), 480–483.
11. [11] Ong, H.C., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Silitonga, A.S., Chong, W.T., Leong, K.Y., Optimization of biodiesel production and engine performance from high free fatty acid Calophyllum inophyllum oil in CI diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 81 (2014), 30–40.
12. [12] de Almeida, V.F., García-Moreno, P.J., Guadix, A., Guadix, E.M., Biodiesel production from mixtures of waste fish oil, palm oil and waste frying oil: Optimization of fuel properties. Fuel Process Technol 133 (2015), 152–160.
13. [13] Adewale, P., Dumont, M.-J., Ngadi, M., Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45 (2015), 574–588.
14. [14] OECD-FAO, Agricultural outlook 2011–2020. 2012, Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development.
15. [15] Balat, M., New biofuel production technologies. Energy Educ Sci Technol, 2009, 147–161.
16. [16] Balat, M., Global biofuel processing and production trends. Energu Explor Exploit 25 (2007), 195–218.
17. [17] Krylova, A.Y., Kozyukov, E.A., Lapidus, A.L., Ethanol and diesel fuel from plant raw materials: a review. Solid Fuel Chem, 2008, 358–364.
18. [18] Lashinky A, Schwartz ND. How to beat the high cost of gasoline. Fortune, 2006.
19. [19] Sebayang, A.H., Masjuki, H.H., Ong, H.C., Dharma, S., Silitonga, A.S., Mahlia, T.M.I., et al. A perspective on bioethanol production from biomass as alternative fuel for spark ignition engine. RSC Adv 6 (2016), 14964–14992.
20. [20] MA Hassan, Y. Shirai Palm oil biomass utilization in Malaysia for the production of bioplastic. 2003.
21. [21] Goh, C.S., Lee, K.T., Second-generation biofuel (SGB) in Southeast Asia via lignocellulosic biorefinery: Penny-foolish but pound-wise. Renew Sust Energy Rev 15 (2011), 2714–2718.
22. [22] Silitonga, A.S., Ong, H.C., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Chong, W.T., Characterization and production of Ceiba pentandra biodiesel and its blends. Fuel. 108 (2013), 855–858.
23. [23] Ong, H.C., Silitonga, A.S., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Chong, W.T., Investigation of biodiesel production from Cerbera manghas biofuel sources. Energy Procedia 61 (2014), 436–439.
24. [24] Demirbas, A., Bioethanol from cellulosic materials: a renewable motor fuel from biomass. Energy Sources Part A 27 (2005), 327–337.
25. [25] Haghighi Mood, S., Hossein Golfeshan, A., Tabatabaei, M., Salehi Jouzani, G., Najafi, G.H., Gholami, M., et al. Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 27 (2013), 77–93.
26. [26] Graf, A., Koehler, T., Oregon cellulose-ethanol study: an evaluation of the potential for ethanol production in Oregon using cellulosebased feedstocks. 2000, Oregon Dept Of Energy, Salem, Oregon, USA.
27. [27] Mosier, N., Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Holtzapple, Y., Ladisch, M., Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol, 2005, 96.
28. [28] Patel, S., Onkarappa, R., Ks, S., Funkal pretreatment studies on rice husk and bagasse for ethanol production. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 6 (2007), 1921–1926.
29. [29] Sanchez, Ó., Cardona, C., Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 99 (2008), 5270–5295.
30. [30] Gupta, A., Verma, J.P., Sustainable bio-ethanol production from agro-residues: areview. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2015 (2014), 550–567.
31. [31] Silverstein, R., A Comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for converting cotton stalks to ethanol, 2004, North Carolina State University.
32. [32] Refaat, A.A., 5.13 – Biofuels from waste materials. Sayigh, A., (eds.) Comprehensive renewable energy, 2012, Elsevier, Oxford, 217–261.
33. [33] Sun, Y., Cheng, J., Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour. Technol 98 (2002), 673–686.
34. [34] Prasad, S., Singh, A., Joshi, H., Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resour Conserv Recycl, 2007, 50.
35. [35] Sarkar, N., Ghosh, S., Bannerjee, S., Aikat, K., Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: an overview. Renew Energy 37 (2012), 19–27.
36. [36] Sanchez, C., Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. Biotechnol Adv. 27 (2009), 185–194.
37. [37] Deswal, D., Gupta, R., Nandal, P., Kuhad, R.C., Fungal pretreatment improves amenability of lignocellulosic material for its saccharification to sugars. Carbohyd Polym 99 (2013), 264–269.
38. [38] Millati R, Mustikaningrum G, Yuliana A, Cahyanto MN, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ. 2nd Generation ethanol by zygomycetes fungi at elevated temperature. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on alternative energy in developing countries and emerging economies (2013 AEDCEE). Bangkok, Thailand, 2013. p. 104–109.
39. [39] Singh, P., Suman, A., Tiwari, P., Biological pretreatment of sugarcane trash for its conversion to fermentable sugars. World J Microb Biot. 24 (2008), 667–673.
40. [40] Wan, C., Li, Y., Microbial pretreatment of corn stover with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. Bioresource Technol 101 (2010), 6398–6403.
41. [41] Wan, C., Li, Y., Microbial delignification of corn stover by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for improving cellulose digestibility. Enzyme Microb Tech 47 (2010), 31–36.
42. [42] Yang, X., Ma, F., Zeng, Y., Structure alteration of lignin in corn stover degraded by white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus CD2. Int Biodeter Biodegr 64 (2010), 119–123.
43. [43] Yang, X., Zeng, Y., Ma, F., Effect of biopretreatment on thermogravimetric and chemical characteristics of corn stover by different white-rot fungi. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 5475–5479.
44. [44] Li, L., Li, X.-Z., Tang, W.-Z., Screening of a fungus capable of powerful and selective delignification on wheat straw. Lett Appl Microbiol 47 (2008), 415–420.
45. [45] Yu, H., Guo, G., Zhang, X., Yan, K., Xu, C., The effect of biological pretreatment with the selective white-rot fungus Echinodontium taxodii on enzymatic hydrolysis of softwoods and hardwoods. Bioresource Technol 100 (2009), 5170–5175.
46. [46] Bak, J., Ko, J., Choi, I.-G., Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulose by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to produce ethanol from rice straw. Biotechnol Bioeng 104 (2009), 471–482.
47. [47] Kuhar, S., Nair, L., Kuhad, R., Pretreatment of lignocellulosic material with fungi capable of higher lignin degradation and lower carbohydrate degradation improves substrate acid hydrolysis and eventual conversion to ethanol. Can J Microbiol 54 (2008), 305–313.
48. [48] Shi, J., Chinn, M., Sharma-Shivappa, R., Microbial pretreatment of cotton stalks by solid state cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Bioresource Technol 99 (2009), 6556–6564.
49. [49] Lu, C., Wang, H., Luo, Y., Guo, L., An efficient system for pre-delignification of gramineous biofuel feedstock in vitro: application of a laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus H275. Process Biochem 45 (2010), 1141–1147.
50. [50] Yu, J., Zhang, J., He, J., Combination of mild physical or chemical pretreatment with biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice hull. Bioresour Technol 100 (2008), 903–908.
51. [51] Dias, A.A., Freitas, G.S., Marques, G.S.M., Sampaio, A., Fraga, I.S., Rodrigues, M.A.M., Enzymatic saccharification of biologically pre treated wheat straw with white rot fungi. Bioresour Technol, 2010, 101.
52. [52] Taniguchi, M., Suzuki, H., Watanable, D., Sakai, K., Hoshino, K., Tanaka, T., Evaluation of pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng 100 (2005), 637–643.
53. [53] Zhang, X., Yu, H., Huang, H., Liu, Y., Evaluation of biological pretreatment with white rot fungi for the enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo culms. Int Biodeter Biodegr 60 (2007), 159–164.
54. [54] Sims, R.E.H., Mabee, W., Saddler, J.N., Taylor, M., An overview of second generation biofuel technologies. Bioresource Technol 101 (2009), 1570–1580.
55. [55] Balat, M., Balat, H., Oz, C., Progress in bioethanol processing. Prog Energy Combust. 34 (2008), 551–573.
56. [56] Iranmahboob, J., Nadim, F., Monemi, S., Optimizing acid-hydrolysis: A critical step for production of ethanol from mixed wood chips. Biomass Bioenerg 22 (2002), 401–404.
57. [57] Laureano-Perez, L., Teymouri, F., Alizadeh, H., Dale, B., Understanding factors that limit enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass: Characterization of pretreated corn stover. Appl Biochem Biotech 124 (2005), 1081–1099.
58. [58] Sun, Y., Cheng, J., Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 96 (2005), 1599–1606.
59. [59] Guo, G., Chen, W., Chen, W., Men, L., Hwang, W., Characterization of dilute acid pretreatment of silvergrass for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol, 2008, 99.
60. [60] HB Aditiya, KP Sing, M Hanif, TMI. Mahlia effect of acid pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis in bioethanol production from rice straw, 2015.
61. [61] Aditiya HB, Chong WT, Ghazali KA, Mahlia TMI. Acid pre treatment of durian seed to improve glucose yield as second generation bioethanol. REEGETECH Proceeding. Bandung, Indonesia, 2014. p. 100–105.
62. [62] Toquero, C., Bolado, S., Effect of four pretreatments on enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of wheat straw. Influence of inhibitors and washing. Bioresour Technol 157 (2014), 68–76.
63. [63] Eliana, C., Jorge, R., Juan, P., Luis, R., Effects of the pretreatment method on enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentability of the cellulosic fraction from elephant grass. Fuel 118 (2014), 41–47.
64. [64] Cheng, Y.-S., Zheng, Y., Yu, C., Evaluation of high solids alkaline pretreatment of rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 162 (2010), 1768–1784.
65. [65] Xu, J., Cheng, J., Shama-Shivappa, R., Burns, J., Lime pretreatment of switchgrass at mild temperatures for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 2900–2903.
66. [66] Saha, B.C., Cotta, M.A., Lime pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of rice hulls to ethanol. Biomass Bioenergy 32 (2008), 971–977.
67. [67] Sierra, R., Granda, C., Holtzapple, M., Short term lime pretreatment of poplar wood. Biotechnol Prog 25 (2009), 323–332.
68. [68] Kim, T., Taylor, F., Hicks, K., Bioethanol production from barley hull using SAA (soaking in aqueous ammonia) pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 99 (2008), 5694–5702.
69. [69] Kang, K.E., Jeong, G.T., Park, D.H., Pretreatment of rapeseed straw by sodium hydroxide. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 35 (2012), 705–713.
70. [70] Shen, G., Tao, H., Zhao, M., Effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. J Food Process Eng, 2011, 34.
71. [71] Gupta, R., Lee, Y., Pretreatment of corn stover and hybrid poplar by sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. Biotechnol Prog 26 (2010), 1180–1186.
72. [72] Zhao, X.B., Wang, L., Liu, D.H., Effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis. J Chem Technol Biot 82 (2007), 1115–1121.
73. [73] García-Cubero, M., González-Benito, G., Indacoechea, I., Effect of ozonolysis pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility of wheat and rye st. Bioresour Technol 100 (2009), 1608–1613.
74. [74] Zhao, X., Cheng, K., Liu, D., Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biot 82 (2009), 815–827.
75. [75] Li, H., Kim, N.-J., Jiang, M., Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic residues pretreated with phosphoric acid–acetone for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 100 (2009), 3245–3251.
76. [76] Swatloski, R., Spear, S., Holbrey, J., Rogers, R., Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 124 (2002), 4974–4975.
77. [77] Vitz, J., Erdmenger, T., Haensch, C., Schubert, U., Extended dissolution studies of cellulose in imidazolium based ionic liquids. Green Chem 11 (2009), 417–424.
78. [78] Li, C., Knierim, B., Manisseri, C., Comparison of dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass: biomass recalcitrance, delignification and enzymatic saccharification. Bioresource Technol 101 (2010), 4900–4906.
79. [79] da Silva, A., Inoue, H., Endo, T., Yano, S., Bon, E., Milling pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and straw for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 7402–7409.
80. [80] Talebnia, F., Karakashev, D., Angelidaki, I., Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 4744–4753.
81. [81] Qi, B., Aldrich, C., Lorenzen, L., Wolfaardt, G., Acidogenic fermentation of lignocellulosic substrate with activated sludge. Chem Eng Commun 192 (2005), 1221–1242.
82. [82] Zeng, M., Mosier, N., Huang, C.-P., et al. Microscopic examination of changes of plant cell structure in corn stover due to hot water pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 97 (2007), 265–278.
83. [83] Hendriks, A., Zeeman, G., Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 100 (2009), 10–18.
84. [84] Aden, A., Ruth, M., Ibsen, K., Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis for corn stover. 2002, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA.
85. [85] Zhan, X., Wang, D., Bean, S., et al. Ethanol production from supercritical fluid extrusion cooked sorghum. Ind Crop Prod 23 (2006), 304–310.
86. [86] Karunanithy, C., Muthukumarappan, K., Influence of extruder temperature and screw speed on pretreatment of corn stover while varying enzymes and their ratios. Appl Biochem Biotech 162 (2010), 264–279.
87. [87] Lee, S.H., Teramoto, Y., Endo, T., Enzymatic saccharification of woody biomass micro/nanofibrillated by continuous extrusion process I – effect of additives with cellulose affinity. Bioresour Technol 100 (2009), 275–279.
88. [88] Ma, H., Liu, W.-W., Chen, X., et al. Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of rice straw by microwave pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 100 (2009), 1279–1284.
89. [89] Thangavelu, S.K., Ahmed, A.S., Ani, F.N., Bioethanol production from sago pith waste using microwave hydrothermal hydrolysis accelerated by carbon dioxide. Appl Energ 128 (2014), 277–283.
90. [90] Alvira, P., Tomas Pejo, E., Ballesteros, M., Negro, M., Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. Bioresource Technol 101 (2010), 4851–4861.
91. [91] Neves, M., Kimura, T., Shimizu, N., Nakajima, M., State of the art and future trends of bioethanol production, dynamic biochemistry, process biotechnology and molecular biology. 2007, Global Science Books, 1–13.
92. [92] Hamelinck, C., Hooijdonk, G., Faaij, A., Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno economic performance in short, middle and long term. Biomass Bioenerg 28 (2005), 384–410.
93. [93] Avellar, B., Glasser, W., Steam-assisted biomass fractionation. I. Process considerations and economic evaluation. Biomass Bioenerg 14 (1998), 205–218.
94. [94] Garcia-Aparicio, M., Ballesteros, I., Gónzalez, A., Effect of inhibitors released during steam-explosion pretreatment of barley straw on enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotech 129 (2006), 278–288.
95. [95] Chundawat, S., Vismeh, R., Sharma, L., Multifaceted characterization of cell wall decomposition products formed during ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and dilute acid based pretreatments. Bioresource Technol 101 (2010), 8429–8438.
96. [96] Yoon, H., Wu, Z., Lee, Y., Ammonia-recycled percolation process for pretreatment of biomass feedstock. Appl Biochem Biotech 51–52 (1995), 5–19.
97. [97] Kim, J.S., Kim, H., Lee, J.S., Pretreatment characteristics of waste oak wood by ammonia percolation. Appl Biochem Biotech 148 (2008), 15–22.
98. [98] Kim, J.S., Lee, Y.Y., Park, S.C., Pretreatment of wastepaper and pulp mill sludge by aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. Appl Biochem Biotech 84–86 (2000), 129–139.
99. [99] Banerjee, S., Sen, R., Pandey, R., Evaluation of wet air oxidation as a pretreatment strategy for bioethanol production from rice husk and process optimization. Biomass Bioenerg 33 (2009), 1680–1686.
100. [100] Martín, C., Thomsen, M., Hauggaard, H., Thomsem, A., Wet oxidation pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of clover–ryegrass mixtures. Bioresour Technol 99 (2008), 8777–8782.
101. [101] Zheng, Y., Lin, H.-M., Tsao, G., Pretreatment for cellulose hydrolysis by carbon dioxide explosion. Biotechnol Prog 14 (1998), 890–896.
102. [102] Mosier, N., Ladisch, C., Ladisch, M., Characterization of acid catalytic domains for cellulose hydrolysis and glucose degradation. Biotechnol Bioeng 79 (2002), 610–618.
103. [103] Ferreira, S., Durate, A., Ribeiro, M., Queiroz, J., Domingues, F., Response surface optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of Cistus ladanifer and Cytisus striatus for bioethanol production. Biochem Eng J 45 (2009), 192–200.
104. [104] Yang, B., Dai, Z., Ding, S.-Y., Wyman, C.E., Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Biofuels 2 (2011), 421–450.
105. [105] MetaCyc. MetaCyc Reaction: 3.2.1.4. 2014.
106. [106] MetaCyc. MetaCyc Reaction: 3.2.1.91. 2014.
107. [107] Kaiser, B., Janeen, R., Johnson, T., Biofuels as a sustainable energy source: an update of the applications of proteomics in bioenergy crops and algae. J Proteomics 93 (2013), 234–244.
108. [108] Herrera, S., Bonkers about biofuels. Nat Biotechnol 24 (2006), 755–760.
109. [109] RE Quiroz Castañeda, JL. Folch Mallol Hydrolysis of biomass mediated by cellulases for the production of sugars. 2013.
110. [110] Brenda. Reaction catalyzed by beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.21), Sulfolobus solfataricus beta-glycosidase (3.2.1.B26), Pyrococcus furiosus beta-glycosidase (3.2.1.B28), glucan 1,4-beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.74), lactase (3.2.1.108). 2015.
111. [111] Sixta, H., Handbook of pulp. 2006, Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. Kgaa, Weinheim, Germany.
112. [112] MetaCyc. MetaCyc Reaction: 3.2.1.8. 2014.
113. [113] MetaCyc. MetaCyc Reaction: 3.2.1.37. 2014.
114. [114] Biely, P., Xylanolytic enzymes. Whitaker, J.R., Voragen, A., Wong, D., (eds.) Handbook of Food enzymology, 2003, Marcel Dekker Inc., NY, 879–916.
115. [115] Wyman, C., Dale, B., Elander, R., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M., Lee, Y., Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies. Bioresour Technol 96 (2005), 1959–1966.
116. [116] Yang, B., Wyman, C., BSA treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in lignin containing substrates. Biotechnol Bioeng 94 (2006), 611–617.
117. [117] Kawamoto, H., Nakatsubo, F., Murakami, K., Protein-adsorbing capacities of lignin samples. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 38 (1992), 81–84.
118. [118] Lu, Y., Yang, B., Gregg, D., Saddler, J., Mansfield, S., Cellulase adsorption and an evaluation of enzyme recycle during hydrolysis of steam-exploded softwood residues. Appl Biochem Biotech 98 (2002), 641–654.
119. [119] Jeoh, T., Ishizawa, C., Davis, M., Himmel, M., Adney, W., Johnson, D., Cellulase digestibility of pretreated biomass is limited by cellulose accessibility. Biotechnol Bioeng. 98 (2007), 112–122.
120. [120] Yuldashev, B., Rabinovich, M., Rakhimov, M., Comparative study of cellulase behavior on the cellulose and lignocellulose surface during enzymic hydrolysis. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1993, 29.
121. [121] Ximenes, E., Kim, Y., Mosier, N., Dien, B., Ladisch, M., Deactivation of cellulases by phenols. Enzyme Microb Tech 48 (2011), 54–60.
122. [122] Xiao, Z., Zhang, X., Gregg, David J., Saddler, John N., Effects of sugar inhibition on cellulases and b-glucosidase during enzymatic hydrolysis of softwood substrates. Appl Biochem Biotech 113–116 (2004), 1115–1126.
123. [123] Horváthová, V., Janeèek, S., Sturdík, E., Amylolytic enzymes: their specicities, origins and properties. Biologia 6 (2000), 605–615.
124. [124] Maarel, M.J.E.Cvd, Veen, Bvd, Uitdehaag, J.C.M., Leemhuis, H., Dijkhuizen, L., Properties and applications of starch converting enzymes of the α-amylase family. J Biotechnol 94 (2001), 137–155.
125. [125] LHS. Guimarães Carbohydrates from biomass: sources and transformation by microbial enzymes. Carbohydrates comprehensive studies on glycobiology and glycotechnology, 2012.
126. [126] MetaCyc. MetaCyc Reaction: 3.2.1.1. 2014.
127. [127] Kennedy, J., Cabral, J., Sá-Correira, I., White, C., Starch biomass: a chemical feedstock for enzyme and fermentation processes. Galliard, T., (eds.) Starch: properties and potential, 1987, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
128. [128] MetaCyc. MetaCyc Reaction: 3.2.1.20. 2015.
129. [129] Brenda. Reaction catalyzed by glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase (3.2.1.3). 2015.
130. [130] Brenda. Reaction catalyzed by glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase (3.2.1.3), cyclomaltodextrinase (3.2.1.54). 2015.
131. [131] Brenda. Reaction catalyzed by glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase (3.2.1.3), sucrose alpha-glucosidase (3.2.1.48). 2015.
132. [132] Pandey, A., Nigam, P., Soccol, C.R., Soccol, V.Y., Singh, D., Mohan, R., Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 31 (2000), 135–152.
133. [133] Demirbas, A., Ethanol from cellulosic biomass resources. J Green Ener 1 (2004), 79–87.
134. [134] Hettenhaus, J., Ethanol fermentation strains: present and future requirements for biomass to ethanol commercialization. 1998, United States Department Of Energy And National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
135. [135] Aminifarshidmehr, N., The management of chronic suppurative otitis media with acid media solution. Am J Otol 17 (1996), 24–25.
136. [136] Mohagheghi, A., Evans, K., Chou, Y., Zhang, M., Cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose by genomic DNA–integrated xylose/arabinose fermenting strain of zymomonas mobilis AX101. Appl Biochem Biotech 98–100 (2002), 885–898.
137. [137] Hahn-ha¨gerdal, B., Karhumaa, K., Fonseca, C., Spencer-martins, I., Gorwagrauslund, M.F., Towards industrial pentose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl Microbiol Biot 74 (2007), 937–953.
138. [138] Buaban, B., Inoue, H., Yano, S., Tanapongpipat, S., Ruanglek, V., Champreda, V., et al. Bioethanol production from ball milled bagasse using an on-site produced fungal enzyme cocktail and xylose-fermenting Pichia stipitis. J Biosci Bioeng 110 (2010), 18–25.
139. [139] Abbi, M., Kuhad, R., Singh, A., Fermentation of xylose and rice straw hydrolysate to ethanol by Candida shehatae NCL-3501. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 17 (1996), 20–23.
140. [140] Davis, L., Jeon, Y.-J., Svenson, C., Rogers, P., Pearce, J., Peiris, P., Evaluation of wheat stillage for ethanol production by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis. Biomass Bioenerg 29 (2005), 49–59.
141. [141] Deng, Y., Olson, D.G., Zhou, J., Herring, C.D., Joe Shaw, A., Lynd, L.R., Redirecting carbon flux through exogenous pyruvate kinase to achieve high ethanol yields in Clostridium thermocellum. Metab Eng 15 (2013), 151–158.
142. [142] Georgieva, T.I., Mikkelsen, M.J., Ahring, B.K., Ethanol production from wet-exploded wheat straw hydrolysate by thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BG1L1 in a continuous immobilized reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 145 (2008), 99–110.
143. [143] Kuyper, M., Toirkens, M.J., Diderich, J.A., Winkler, A.A., van Dijken, J.P., Pronk, J.T., Evolutionary engineering of mixed-sugar utilization by a xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. FEMS Yeast Res 5 (2005), 925–934.
144. [144] Lawford, H., Rousseau, J., Performance testing of zymomonas mobilis metabolically engineered for cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose. Finkelstein, M., McMillan, J., Davison, B., (eds.) Biotechnology for fuels and chemicals, 2002, Humana Press, 429–448.
145. [145] Nichols, N.N., Hector, R.E., Saha, B.C., Frazer, S.E., Kennedy, G.J., Biological abatement of inhibitors in rice hull hydrolyzate and fermentation to ethanol using conventional and engineered microbes. Biomass Bioenerg 67 (2014), 79–88.
146. [146] Nigam, J.N., Ethanol production from wheat straw hemicellulose hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis. J Biotechnol 2001 (2001), 17–27.
147. [147] Qureshi, N., Dien, B.S., Nichols, N.N., Saha, B.C., Cotta, M.A., Genetically engineered Escherichia coli for ethanol production from xylose: substrate and product inhibition and kinetic parameters. Food Bioprod Process 84 (2006), 114–122.
148. [148] Shaw AJ, Podkaminer KK, Desai SG, Bardsley JS, Rogers SR, Thorne PG et al. Metabolic engineering of a thermophilic bacterium to produce ethanol at high yield. 2008. p. 13769–13774.
149. [149] Takahashi, C., Lima, K., Takahashi, D., Alterthum, F., Fermentation of sugar cane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate and sugar mixtures to ethanol by recombinant Escherichia coli KO11. World J Microb Biot, 2000, 16.
150. [150] Xin Qing, Z., Qian, L., Lei Yu, H., Fan, L., Wen Wen, Q., Feng Wu, B., Exploration of a natural reservoir of flocculating genes from various Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and improved ethanol fermentation using stable genetically engineered flocculating yeast strains. Process Biochem, 2011, 1612–1619.
151. [151] Tripathi, S.A., Olson, D.G., Argyros, D.A., Miller, B.B., Barrett, T.F., Murphy, D.M., Development of pyrF-based genetic system for targeted gene deletion in Clostridium thermocellum and creation of a pta mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 76 (2010), 6591–6599.
152. [152] Dien, B., Cotta, M., Jeffries, T., Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: current status. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63 (2003), 258–266.
153. [153] Chandel, A., Es, C., Rudravaram, R., Narasu, M., Rao, L., Ravindra, P., Economics and environmental impact of bioethanol production technologies: an appraisal. Biotechnol Molec Biol Rev 2 (2007), 14–32.
154. [154] Srimachai T, Thonglimp V, O-Thong S. Ethanol and methane production from oil palm frond by two stage SSF. In: Proceedings of the international conference on alternative energy in developing countries and emerging economies, 2014.
155. [155] Huang, L., Jin, B., Lant, P., Zhou, J., Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of potato starch wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus. Biochem Eng J 23 (2005), 265–276.
156. [156] Kleerebezem, R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Mixed culture biotechnology for bioenergy production. Curr Opin Biotech 18 (2007), 207–212.
157. [157] Thanakoses, P., Black, A., Holtzapple, M., Fermentation of corn stover to carboxylic acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 83 (2003), 191–200.
158. [158] Chan, W., Holtzapple, M., Conversion of municipal solid wastes to carboxylic acids by thermophilic fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotech 111 (2003), 93–112.
159. [159] Fu, Z., Holtzapple, M., Anaerobic mixed culture fermentation of aqueous ammonia-treated sugarcane bagasse in consolidated bioprocessing. Biotechnol Bioeng 106 (2010), 216–227.
160. [160] van Zyl, W., Lynd, L., Den Haan, R., McBride, J., Consolidated bioprocessing for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Adv Biochem Eng Biot 108 (2007), 205–235.
161. [161] Carere, C., Sparling, R., Cicek, N., Levin, D., Third generation biofuels via direct cellulose fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 9 (2008), 1342–1360.
162. [162] Parisutham V, Kim, T.H., Lee, S.K., Feasibilities of consolidated bioprocessing microbes: from pretreatment to biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 161 (2014), 431–440.
163. [163] Xu, Q., Singh, A., Himmel, M., Perspectives and new directions for the production of bioethanol using consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose. Curr Opin Biotech 20 (2009), 364–371.
164. [164] Amore, A., Faraco, V., Potential of fungi as category I consolidated bioprocessing organisms for cellulosic ethanol production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16 (2012), 3286–3301.
165. [165] la Grange, D., den Haan, R., van Zyl, W., Engineering cellulolytic ability into bioprocessing organisms. Appl Microbiol Biot 87 (2010), 1195–1208.
166. [166] Elkins, J.G., Raman, B., Keller, M., Engineered microbial systems for enhanced conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Curr Opin Biotech 21 (2010), 657–662.
167. [167] Kumar, S., Singh, N., Prasad, R., Anhydrous ethanol: a renewable source of energy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14 (2010), 1830–1844.
168. [168] Benson, T., George, C., Cellulose based adsorbent materials for the dehydration of ethanol using thermal swing adsorption. Adsorption 11 (2005), 697–701.
169. [169] Treybal, R., Mass-transfer operations, 3rd ed, 1980, Mcgraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.
170. [170] Gomis, V., Pedraza, R., Frances, O., Font, A., Asensi, J., Dehydration of ethanol using azeotropic distillation with isooctane. Ind Eng Chem Res 46 (2007), 4572–4576.
171. [171] Black, C., Distillation modeling of ethanol recovery and dehydration processes for ethanol and gasohol. Chem Eng Prog 76 (1980), 78–85.
172. [172] Gomis, V., Font, A., Pedraza, R., Saquete, M., Isobaric vapour liquid and vapour liquid liquid equilibrium data for the system water+ethanol+cyclohexane. Fluid Phase Equilib 235 (2005), 7–10.
173. [173] Gomis, V., Font, A., Saquete, M., Isobaric vapour liquid and vapour liquid liquid equilibrium data for the system water+ethanol+n-heptane at 101.3 kPa. Fluid Phase Equilib 248 (2006), 206–210.
174. [174] Al Amer, A.M., Investigating polymeric entrainers for azeotropic distillation of the ethanol/water and MTBE/methanol systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 39 (2000), 3901–3906.
175. [175] Fullarton, D., Schlunder, E., Diffusion distillation a new separation process for azeotropic mixtures Part I selectivity and transfer efficiency. Chem Eng Process 20 (1986), 255–263.
176. [176] Chung, I., Song, K., Hong, W., Chang, H., Ethanol dehydration by evaporation and diffusion in an inert gas layer. Hwahak Konghak 32 (1994), 734–741.
177. [177] Kim, S., Lee, D., Hong, W., Modeling of ethanol dehydration by diffusion distillation in consideration of the sensible heat transfer. Korean J Chem Eng 13 (1996), 275–281.
178. [178] McDowell, J., Davis, J., A characterization of diffusion distillation for azeotropic separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 27 (1988), 2139–2148.
179. [179] Singh, N., Prasad, R., Fuel grade ethanol by diffusion distillation: an experimental study. J Chem Technol Biot 86 (2011), 724–730.
180. [180] Taylor, R., Krishna, R., Multicomponent mass transfer. 1993, Johnwiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
181. [181] Shenfeng, Y., Cancan, Z., Hong, Y., Zhirong, C., Wendong, Y., Study on the separation of binary azeotropicmixtures by continuous extractive distillation. Chem Eng Res Des 93 (2014), 113–119.
182. [182] Gryta, M., Effectiveness of water desalination by membrane distillation process. Membranes 2 (2012), 415–429.
183. [183] Ravagnani, M.A.S.S., Reis, M.H.M., Filho, R.M., Wolf-Maciel, M.R., Anhydrous ethanol production by extractive distillation: a solvent case study. Process Saf Environ 88 (2009), 67–73.
184. [184] Gil, I.D., Botia, D.C., Ortiz, P., Sanchez, O.F., Extractive distillation of acetone/methanol mixture using water as entrainer. Ind Eng Chem Res 48 (2009), 4858–4865.
185. [185] Lladosa, E., Monton, J.B., Burguet, M.C., Munoz, R., Phaseequilibria involved in extractive distillation of dipropylether+1-propyl alcohol using 2-ethoxyethanol as entrainer. Fluid Phase Equilibr 255 (2007), 62–69.
186. [186] Cheng, N.L., Solvent handbook. 2008, Chem Ind Press, Beijing.
187. [187] Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G., Vogel's textbook of practical organic chemistry. 5th ed., 1989, Longman Group UK Limited.
188. [188] Wolf Maciel, M., Brito, R., Evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of an extractive column for dehydration of aqueous ethanol mixtures. Comput Chem Eng 19 (1995), 405–408.
189. [189] Letha, P.M., Gregersen, M., Ethylene-glycol poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 155 (2005), 179–184.
190. [190] Ligero, E.L., Ravagnani, T.M.K., Dehydration of ethanol with salt extractive distillation a comparative analysis between processes with salt recovery. Chem Eng Process 42 (2003), 543–552.
191. [191] Barba, D., Brandani, V., Di Giacomo, G., Hyperazeotropic ethanol salted out by extractive distillation: theoretical evaluation and experimental check. Chem Eng Sci 40 (1985), 2287–2292.
192. [192] Gil, I.D., Uyazán, A.M., Aguilar, J.L., Rodriguez, G., Caicedo, L.A., Separation of ethanol and water by extractive distillation with salt and solvent as entrainer: process simulation. Braz J Chem Eng 25 (2008), 207–215.
193. [193] Soares, R.B., Pessoa, F.L.P., Mendes, M.F., Dehydration of ethanol with different salts in apacked distillation column. Process Saf Environ 2015 (2014), 147–153.
194. [194] Lei, Z., Wang, H., Zhoub, R., Duan, Z., Influence of salt added to solvent on extractive distillation. Chem Eng J, 87, 2002, 149.
195. [195] Wang, P., Chung, T.-S., Recent advances in membrane distillation processes: Membrane development, configuration design and application exploring. J Membr Sci 474 (2015), 39–56.
196. [196] Lewandowicz, G., Białas, W., Marczewski, B., Szymanowska, D., Application of membrane distillation for ethanol recovery during fuel ethanol production. J Membr Sci 375 (2011), 212–219.
197. [197] Korikov, A.P., Kosaraju, P.B., Sirkar, K.K., Interfacially polymerized hydrophilic microporous thin film composite membranes on porous polypropylene hollow fibers and flat films. J Membr Sci 279 (2006), 588–600.
198. [198] Hatti-Kaul, R., Downstream processing in industrial biotechnology. Soetaert, W., Vandamme, E.J., (eds.) Industrial biotechnology, sustainable growth and economic success, 2010, WILEY-VCH Verlag, 279–323.
199. [199] Khayet, M., Membrane distillation. Li, N.N., Fane, A.G., Ho, W.S.W., Matsuura, T., (eds.) Advanced membrane technology and applications, 2008, John Wiley & Sons, 297–371.
200. [200] Izquierdo-Gil, M.A., Jonsson, G., Factors affecting flux and ethanol separation performance in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). J Membrane Sci 214 (2003), 113–130.
201. [201] de Wit, M., Junginger, M., Lensink, S., Londo, M., Faaij, A., Competition between biofuels: modelling technological learning and cost reductions over time. Biomass Bioenerg 34 (2010), 218–226.
202. [202] IEA. Energy technology perspectives. Paris2008.
203. [203] Quintero, J.A., Moncada, J., Cardona, C.A., Techno economic analysis of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic residues in Colombia: a process simulation approach. Bioresource Technol 139 (2013), 300–307.
204. [204] Tye, Y.Y., Lee, K.T., Wan Abdullah, W.N., Leh, C.P., Second-generation bioethanol as a sustainable energy source in Malaysia transportation sector: Status, potential and future prospects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 4521–4536.
205. [205] Larson, E., Biofuel production technologies: status, prospects and implications for trade and development. 2008, United States Department of Energy, New York and Geneva.
206. [206] Limayem, A., Ricke, S.C., Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production: current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects. Prog Energy Combus Sci 38 (2012), 449–467.
207. [207] Goh, C.S., Tan, K.T., Lee, K.T., Bhatia, S., Bio-ethanol from lignocellulose: status, perspectives and challenges in Malaysia. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 4834–4841.
208. [208] Saini, J., Saini, R., Tewari, L., Lignocellulosic agriculture wastes as biomass feedstocks for second-generation bioethanol production: concepts and recent developments. 3 Biotech., 2014, 1–17.
209. [209] Plantation SD. Palm oil facts & figures. Malaysia2014.
210. [210] Aditiya, H.B., Chong, W.T., Mahlia, T.M.I., Sebayang, A.H., Berawi, M.A., Nur, H., Second generation bioethanol potential from selected Malaysia's biodiversity biomasses: a review. Waste Manag 47:Part A (2016), 46–61.
211. [211] Balat, M., Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review. Energy Convers Manag 52 (2011), 858–875.
212. [212] Tan, K.T., Lee, K.T., Mohamed, A.R., Role of energy policy in renewable energy accomplishment: The case of second-generation bioethanol. Energy Policy 36 (2008), 3360–3365.
213. [213] Poh, K.M., Kong, H.W., Renewable energy in Malaysia: a policy analysis. Energy Sustain Dev 6 (2002), 31–39.