Mapping the cortical representation of speech sounds in a syllable repetition task

NeuroImage

Volumn 141, Issue , 2016, Pages 174-190

  Markiewicz, Christopher J ^a   Bohland, Jason W ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

fMRI; MVPA; Phonological processing; Speech; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN MAPPING; CENTRAL SULCUS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER; PHONEME; PHONETICS; PREDICTION; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; SOUND; SPEECH; SUPERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS; SYLLABLE REPETITION TASK; TASK PERFORMANCE; WORKING MEMORY; BRAIN CORTEX; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PHYSIOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PROCEDURES; REPETITION PRIMING; SEMANTICS; SPEECH PERCEPTION; TEMPORAL LOBE;

ADULT; BRAIN MAPPING; CEREBRAL CORTEX; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE NET; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REPETITION PRIMING; SEMANTICS; SPEECH; SPEECH PERCEPTION; TEMPORAL LOBE;

EID: 84979581643     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: 10959572     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.023     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Abrams, D.A., Ryali, S., Chen, T., Balaban, E., Levitin, D.J., Menon, V., Multivariate activation and connectivity patterns discriminate speech intelligibility in Wernicke's, Broca's, and Geschwind's areas. Cereb. Cortex 23 (2013), 1703–1714, 10.1093/cercor/bhs165.
2. Adank, P., The neural bases of difficult speech comprehension and speech production: two activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses. Brain Lang. 122 (2012), 42–54, 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.014.
3. Alario, F.X., Chainay, H., Lehericy, S., Cohen, L., The role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in word production. Brain Res. 1076 (2006), 129–143, 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.104.
4. Arsenault, J.S., Buchsbaum, B.R., Distributed neural representations of phonological features during speech perception. J. Neurosci. 35 (2015), 634–642, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2454-14.2015.
5. Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E.E., Schumacher, E.H., Koeppe, R.A., Katz, S., Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: evidence from positron emission tomography. Psychol. Sci. 7 (1996), 25–31.
6. Baayen, R.H., Piepenbrock, R., Rijn, v., The CELEX Lexical Data Base on CD-ROM. 1993, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia, PA.
7. Baldo, J.V., Katseff, S., Dronkers, N.F., Brain regions underlying repetition and auditory-verbal short-term memory deficits in aphasia: evidence from voxel-based lesion symptom mapping. Aphasiology 26 (2012), 338–354, 10.1080/02687038.2011.602391.
8. Binder, J.R., Frost, J.A., Hammeke, T.A., Rao, S., Cox, R.W., Function of the left planum temporale in auditory and linguisitic production. Brain 119 (1996), 1239–1247.
9. Boersma, P., Weenink, D., Praat: doing phonetics by computer [computer program]. (Version 5.3.16, retrieved May 12, 2012, from) http://www.praat.org/.
10. Bohland, J.W., Guenther, F.H., An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production. NeuroImage 32 (2006), 821–841, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.173.
11. Bohland, J.W., Bullock, D., Guenther, F.H., Neural representations and mechanisms for the performance of simple speech sequences. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22 (2010), 1504–1529, 10.1162/jocn.2009.21306.
12. Bonte, M., Hausfeld, L., Scharke, W., Valente, G., Formisano, E., Task-dependent decoding of speaker and vowel identity from auditory cortical response patterns. J. Neurosci. 34 (2014), 4548–4557, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4339-13.2014.
13. Britton, B., Blumstein, S.E., Myers, E.B., Grindrod, C., The role of spectral and durational properties on hemispheric asymmetries in vowel perception. Neuropsychologia 47 (2009), 1096–1106, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.033.
14. Buchsbaum, B.R., Baldo, J., Okada, K., Berman, K.F., Dronkers, N., D'Esposito, M., Hickok, G., Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory — an aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data. Brain Lang. 119 (2011), 119–128, 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001.
15. Carreiras, M., Mechelli, A., Price, C.J., Effect of word and syllable frequency on activation during lexical decision and reading aloud. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27 (2006), 963–972, 10.1002/hbm.20236.
16. Carreiras, M., Riba, J., Vergara, M., Heldmann, M., Münte, T.F., Syllable congruency and word frequency effects on brain activation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30 (2009), 3079–3088, 10.1002/hbm.20730.
17. Caspers, S., Geyer, S., Schleicher, A., Mohlberg, H., Amunts, K., Zilles, K., The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. NeuroImage 33 (2006), 430–448, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.054.
18. Catani, M., Jones, D.K., Ffytche, D.H., Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Ann. Neurol. 57 (2005), 8–16, 10.1002/ana.20319.
19. Celsis, P., Boulanouar, K., Doyon, B., Ranjeva, J.P., Berry, I., Nespoulous, J.L., Chollet, F., Differential fMRI responses in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and left supramarginal gyrus to habituation and change detection in syllables and tones. NeuroImage 9 (1999), 135–144, 10.1006/nimg.1998.0389.
20. Chen, Y., Namburi, P., Elliott, L.T., Heinzle, J., Soon, C.S., Chee, M.W.L., Haynes, J.D., Cortical surface-based searchlight decoding. NeuroImage 56 (2011), 582–592, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.035.
21. Cogan, G.B., Thesen, T., Carlson, C., Doyle, W., Devinsky, O., Pesaran, B., Sensory-motor transformations for speech occur bilaterally. Nature 507 (2014), 94–98, 10.1038/nature12935.
22. Corfield, D.R., Murphy, K., Josephs, O., Fink, G.R., Frackowiak, R.S.J., Guz, A., Adams, L., Turner, R., Cortical and subcortical control of tongue movement in humans: a functional neuroimaging study using fMRI. J. Appl. Phycol. (Bethesda, Md.: 1985) 86 (1999), 1468–1477.
23. Correia, J.M., Jansma, B.M.B., Bonte, M., Decoding articulatory features from fMRI responses in dorsal speech regions. J. Neurosci. 35 (2015), 15015–15025, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0977-15.2015.
24. Dale, A.M., Fischl, B., Sereno, M.I., Cortical surface-based analysis. NeuroImage 194 (1999), 179–194.
25. D'Ausilio, A., Pulvermüller, F., Salmas, P., Bufalari, I., Begliomini, C., Fadiga, L., The motor somatotopy of speech perception. Curr. Biol. 19 (2009), 381–385, 10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.017.
26. Davis, T., Poldrack, R.A., Measuring neural representations with fMRI: practices and pitfalls. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1296 (2013), 108–134, 10.1111/nyas.12156.
27. Davis, T., LaRocque, K.F., Mumford, J.A., Norman, K.A., Wagner, A.D., Poldrack, R.A., What do differences between multi-voxel and univariate analysis mean? How subject-, voxel-, and trial-level variance impact fMRI analysis. NeuroImage 97 (2014), 271–283, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.037.
28. Dell, G.S., Burger, L.K., Svec, W.R., Language production and serial order: a functional analysis and a model. Psychol. Rev. 104 (1997), 123–147, 10.1037/0033-295X.104.1.123.
29. Deschamps, I., Tremblay, P., Sequencing at the syllabic and supra-syllabic levels during speech perception: an fMRI study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8 (2014), 1–14, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00492.
30. Desikan, R.S., et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage 31 (2006), 968–980, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021.
31. Dijkstra, E.W., A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numer. Math. 1 (1959), 269–271, 10.1007/BF01386390.
32. Du, Y., Buchsbaum, B.R., Grady, C.L., Alain, C., Noise differentially impacts phoneme representations in the auditory and speech motor systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111 (2014), 7126–7131, 10.1073/pnas.1318738111.
33. Eden, G.F., Joseph, J.E., Brown, H.E., Brown, C.P., Zeffiro, T.A., Utilizing hemodynamic delay and dispersion to detect fMRI signal change without auditory interference: the behavior interleaved gradients technique. Magn. Reson. Med. 41 (1999), 13–20, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199901)41:1<13::AID-MRM4>3.0.CO;2-T.
34. Edmister, W.B., Talavage, T.M., Ledden, P.J., Weisskoff, R.M., Improved auditory cortex imaging using clustered volume acquisitions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 7 (1999), 89–97, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:2<89::AID-HBM2>3.0.CO;2-N.
35. Etzel, J.A., Zacks, J.M., Braver, T.S., Searchlight analysis: promise, pitfalls, and potential. NeuroImage 78 (2013), 261–269, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.041.
36. Evans, S., Davis, M.H., Hierarchical organization of auditory and motor representations in speech perception: evidence from searchlight similarity analysis. Cereb. Cortex 25 (2015), 4772–4788, 10.1093/cercor/bhv136.
37. Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., New insights on sensorimotor integration: from hand action to speech perception. Brain Cogn. 53 (2003), 514–524, 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00212-4.
38. Fiez, J.A., Raife, E.A., Balota, D.A., Schwarz, J.P., Raichle, M.E., Petersen, S.E., A positron emission tomography study of the short-term maintenance of verbal information. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996), 808–822.
39. Fischl, B., FreeSurfer. NeuroImage 62 (2012), 774–781, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021.
40. Flinker, A., Chang, E.F., Kirsch, H.E., Barbaro, N.M., Crone, N.E., Knight, R.T., Single-trial speech suppression of auditory cortex activity in humans. J. Neurosci. 30 (2010), 16643–16650, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1809-10.2010.
41. Formisano, E., De Martino, F., Bonte, M., Goebel, R., “Who” is saying “what”? Brain-based decoding of human voice and speech. Science 322 (2008), 970–973, 10.1126/science.1164318.
42. Friston, K.J., Williams, S., Howard, R., Frackowiak, R.S.J., Turner, R., Movement-related effects in fMRI time-series. Magn. Reson. Med. 35 (1996), 346–355, 10.1002/mrm.1910350312.
43. Gathercole, S.E., Is nonword repetition a test of phonological memory or long-term knowledge? It all depends on the nonwords. Mem. Cogn. 23 (1995), 83–94, 10.3758/BF03210559.
44. Goldrick, M., Rapp, B., Lexical and post-lexical phonological representations in spoken production. Cognition 102 (2007), 219–260, 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.12.010.
45. Gorgolewski, K., Burns, C.D., Madison, C., Clark, D., Halchenko, Y.O., Waskom, M.L., Ghosh, S.S., Nipype: a flexible, lightweight and extensible neuroimaging data processing framework in Python. Front. Neuroimform., 5:13, 2011, 10.3389/fninf.2011.00013.
46. Graves, W.W., Grabowski, T.J., Mehta, S., Gupta, P., The left posterior superior temporal gyrus participates specifically in accessing lexical phonology. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20 (2008), 1698–1710, 10.1162/jocn.2008.20113.
47. Guenther, F.H., Ghosh, S.S., Tourville, J.A., Neural modeling and imaging of the cortical interactions underlying syllable production. Brain Lang. 96 (2006), 280–301, 10.1016/j.bandl.2005.06.001 (arXiv:NIHMS150003).
48. Hall, D.A., Haggard, M.P., Akeroyd, M.A., Palmer, A.R., Summerfield, A.Q., Elliott, M.R., Gurney, E.M., Bowtell, R.W., ‘Sparse’ temporal sampling in auditory fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 7 (1999), 213–223, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:3<213::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-N.
49. Hanke, M., Halchenko, Y.O., Sederberg, P.B., Hanson, S.J., Haxby, J.V., Pollmann, S., PyMVPA: a python toolbox for multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data. Neuroinformatics 7 (2009), 37–53, 10.1007/s12021-008-9041-y.
50. Hanley, J.R., Dell, G., Kay, J., Baron, R., Evidence for the involvement of a nonlexical route in the repetition of familiar words: a comparison of single and dual route models of auditory repetition. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 21 (2004), 147–158, 10.1080/02643290342000339.
51. Hartley, T., Houghton, G., A linguistically constrained model of short-term memory for nonwords. J. Mem. Lang. 35 (1996), 1–31, 10.1006/jmla.1996.0001.
52. Haxby, J.V., Gobbini, M.I., Furey, M.L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J.L., Pietrini, P., Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science 293 (2001), 2425–2430, 10.1126/science.1063736.
53. Hester, R., D'Esposito, M., Cole, M.W., Garavan, H., Neural mechanisms for response selection: comparing selection of responses and items from working memory. NeuroImage 34 (2007), 446–454, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.001.
54. Hickok, G., Poeppel, D., Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 (2000), 131–138 (doi: 10740277).
55. Hickok, G., Poeppel, D., Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. Cognition 92 (2004), 67–99, 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011.
56. Hickok, G., Poeppel, D., The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (2007), 393–402, 10.1038/nrn2113.
57. Hickok, G., Erhard, P., Kassubek, J., Helms-Tillery, A.K., Naeve-Velguth, S., Strupp, J.P., Strick, P.L., Ugurbil, K., A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in speech production: implications for the explanation of conduction aphasia. Neurosci. Lett. 287 (2000), 156–160.
58. Hickok, G., Houde, J., Rong, F., Sensorimotor integration in speech processing: computational basis and neural organization. Neuron 69 (2011), 407–422, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.019.
59. Houde, J.F., Nagarajan, S.S., Sekihara, K., Merzenich, M.M., Modulation of the auditory cortex during speech: an MEG study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14 (2002), 1125–1138, 10.1162/089892902760807140.
60. Hynd, G.W., Hynd, C.R., Dyslexia: neuroanatomical/neurolinguistic perspectives. Read. Res. Q. 19 (1984), 482–498.
61. Jacquemot, C., Dupoux, E., Bachoud-Lévi, A.C., Breaking the Mirror: Asymmetrical Disconnection Between the Phonological Input and Output Codes. 2007, 10.1080/02643290600683342.
62. Jefferies, E., Crisp, J., Ralph, M.A.L., The impact of phonological or semantic impairment on delayed auditory repetition: evidence from stroke aphasia and semantic dementia. Aphasiology 20 (2006), 963–992, 10.1080/02687030600739398.
63. Jonas, S., The supplementary motor region and speech emission. J. Commun. Disord. 14 (1981), 349–373, 10.1016/0021-9924(81)90019-8.
64. Jonides, J., Schumacher, E.H., Smith, E.E., Koeppe, R.A., Awh, E., Reuter-Lorenz, P.A., Marshuetz, C., Willis, C.R., The role of parietal cortex in verbal working memory. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998), 5026–5034.
65. Kilian-Hütten, N., Valente, G., Vroomen, J., Formisano, E., Auditory cortex encodes the perceptual interpretation of ambiguous sound. J. Neurosci. 31 (2011), 1715–1720, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4572-10.2011.
66. Kriegeskorte, N., Goebel, R., Bandettini, P., Information-based functional brain mapping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006), 3863–3868, 10.1073/pnas.0600244103.
67. Kriegeskorte, N., Mur, M., Bandettini, P., Representational similarity analysis - connecting the branches of systems neuroscience. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 2, 2008, 4, 10.3389/neuro.06.004.2008.
68. Lee, Y.S., Turkeltaub, P., Granger, R., Raizada, R.D.S., Categorical speech processing in Broca's area: an fMRI study using multivariate pattern-based analysis. J. Neurosci. 32 (2012), 3942–3948, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3814-11.2012.
69. Levelt, W.J.M., Wheeldon, L., Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary?. Cognition 50 (1994), 239–269, 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90030-2.
70. Liberman, A.M., Cooper, F.S., Shankweiler, D.P., Studdert-Kennedy, M., Perception of the speech code. Psychol. Rev. 74 (1967), 431–461, 10.1037/h0020279.
71. Lichtheim, L., On aphasia. Brain 7 (1885), 433–484, 10.1093/brain/7.4.433.
72. Lotze, M., Seggewies, G., Erb, M., Grodd, W., Birbaumer, N., The representation of articulation in the primary sensorimotor cortex. Neuroreport 11 (2000), 2985–2989, 10.1097/00001756-200009110-00032.
73. MacNeilage, P.F., The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production. Behav. Brain Sci. 21 (1998), 499–511, 10.1017/S0140525X98001265.
74. Markiewicz, C.J., Philips-Cdas v0.1. 2016, 10.5281/zenodo.49853.
75. Martin, R.C., Breedin, S.D., Damian, M.F., The relation of phoneme discrimination, lexical access, and short-term memory: a case study and interactive activation account. Brain Lang. 70 (1999), 437–482, 10.1006/brln.1999.2184.
76. Martuzzi, R., Ramani, R., Qiu, M., Rajeevan, N., Constable, R.T., Functional connectivity and alterations in baseline brain state in humans. NeuroImage 49 (2010), 823–834, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.028.
77. McGettigan, C., Warren, J.E., Eisner, F., Marshall, C.R., Shanmugalingam, P., Scott, S.K., Neural correlates of sublexical processing in phonological working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23 (2011), 1–17, 10.1162/jocn.2010.21491.
78. Mei, L., et al. Artificial language training reveals the neural substrates underlying addressed and assembled phonologies. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e93548, 10.1371/journal.pone.0093548.
79. Meister, I.G., Wilson, S.M., Deblieck, C., Wu, A.D., Iacoboni, M., The essential role of premotor cortex in speech perception. Curr. Biol. 17 (2007), 1692–1696, 10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.064.
80. Menenti, L., Segaert, K., Hagoort, P., The neuronal infrastructure of speaking. Brain Lang. 122 (2012), 71–80, 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.012.
81. Merrill, J., Sammler, D., Bangert, M., Goldhahn, D., Lohmann, G., Turner, R., Friederici, A.D., Perception of words and pitch patterns in song and speech. Front. Psychol. 3 (2012), 1–13, 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00076.
82. Molnar-Szakacs, I., Iacoboni, M., Koski, L., Mazziotta, J.C., Functional segregation within pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus: evidence from fMRI studies of imitation and action observation. Cereb. Cortex 15 (2005), 986–994, 10.1093/cercor/bhh199.
83. Mumford, J.A., Turner, B.O., Ashby, F.G., Poldrack, R.A., Deconvolving BOLD activation in event-related designs for multivoxel pattern classification analyses. NeuroImage 59 (2012), 2636–2643, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.076.
84. Myers, E.B., Dissociable effects of phonetic competition and category typicality in a phonetic categorization task: an fMRI investigation. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007), 1463–1473, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.005.
85. Myers, E.B., Blumstein, S.E., Walsh, E., Eliassen, J., Inferior frontal regions underlie the perception of phonetic category invariance. Psychol. Sci. 20 (2009), 895–903, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02380.x.
86. Norman, K.A., Polyn, S.M., Detre, G.J., Haxby, J.V., Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10 (2006), 424–430, 10.1016/j.tics.2006.07.005.
87. Nozari, N., Dell, G.S., How damaged brains repeat words: a computational approach. Brain Lang. 126 (2013), 327–337, 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.07.005.
88. Numminen, J., Salmelin, R., Hari, R., Subject's own speech reduces reactivity of the human auditory cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 265 (1999), 119–122, 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00218-9.
89. Okada, K., Hickok, G., Left posterior auditory-related cortices participate both in speech perception and speech production: neural overlap revealed by fMRI. Brain Lang. 98 (2006), 112–117, 10.1016/j.bandl.2006.04.006.
90. Okada, K., Smith, K.R., Humphries, C., Hickok, G., Word length modulates neural activity in auditory cortex during covert object naming. Neuroreport, 14, 2003, 10.1097/01.wnr.0000094104.16607.
91. Oosterhof, N.N., Wiestler, T., Downing, P.E., Diedrichsen, J., A comparison of volume-based and surface-based multi-voxel pattern analysis. NeuroImage 56 (2011), 593–600, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.270.
92. Papoutsi, M., de Zwart, J.A., Jansma, J.M., Pickering, M.J., Bednar, J.A., Horwitz, B., From phonemes to articulatory codes: an fMRI study of the role of Broca's area in speech production. Cereb. Cortex 19 (2009), 2156–2165, 10.1093/cercor/bhn239.
93. Paulesu, E., Frith, C.D., Frackowiak, R.S., The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362 (1993), 342–345, 10.1038/362342a0.
94. Paus, T., Modulation of cerebral blood flow in the human auditory cortex during speech: role of motor-to-sensory discharges. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 (1996), 2236–2246, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01187.x.
95. Peeva, M.G., Guenther, F.H., Tourville, J.A., Nieto-Castanon, A., Anton, J.L., Nazarian, B., Alario, F.X., Distinct representations of phonemes, syllables, and supra-syllabic sequences in the speech production network. NeuroImage 50 (2010), 626–638, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.065.
96. Perrachione, T.K., Ghosh, S.S., Optimized design and analysis of sparse-sampling fMRI experiments. Front. Neurosci., 7, 2013, 55, 10.3389/fnins.2013.00055.
97. Peterson, G.E., Barney, H.H., Control methods used in a study of the vowels. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24 (1952), 175–184.
98. Price, C.J., A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. NeuroImage 62 (2012), 816–847, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062.
99. Pugh, K.R., Mencl, W.E., Jenner, A.R., Katz, L., Frost, S.J., Lee, J.R., Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability. J. Commun. Disord. 34 (2001), 479–492, 10.1016/S0021-9924(01)00060-0.
100. Pulvermüller, F., Huss, M., Kherif, F., Moscoso del Prado Martin, F., Hauk, O., Shtyrov, Y., Motor cortex maps articulatory features of speech sounds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006), 7865–7870, 10.1073/pnas.0509989103.
101. Raizada, R.D.S., Poldrack, R.A., Selective amplification of stimulus differences during categorical processing of speech. Neuron 56 (2007), 726–740, 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.11.001.
102. Rauschecker, J.P., Scott, S.K., Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat. Neurosci. 12 (2009), 718–724, 10.1038/nn.2331.
103. Ravizza, S.M., Delgado, M.R., Chein, J.M., Becker, J.T., Fiez, J.A., Functional dissociations within the inferior parietal cortex in verbal working memory. NeuroImage 22 (2004), 562–573, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.039.
104. Riecker, A., Ackermann, H., Wildgruber, D., Dogil, G., Grodd, W., Opposite hemispheric lateralization effects during speaking and singing at motor cortex, insula and cerebellum. Neuroreport 11 (2000), 1997–2000, 10.1097/00001756-200006260-00038.
105. Roelofs, A., The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production. Cognition 64 (1997), 249–284, 10.1016/S0010-0277(97)00027-9.
106. Rogalsky, C., Poppa, T., Chen, K.H., Anderson, S.W., Damasio, H., Love, T., Hickok, G., Speech repetition as a window on the neurobiology of auditory-motor integration for speech: a voxel-based lesion symptom mapping study. Neuropsychologia 71 (2015), 18–27, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.012.
107. Rottschy, C., Langner, R., Dogan, I., Reetz, K., Laird, A.R., Schulz, J.B., Fox, P.T., Eickhoff, S.B., Modelling neural correlates of working memory: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. NeuroImage 60 (2012), 830–846, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050.
108. Saur, D., et al. Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (2008), 18035–18040, 10.1073/pnas.0805234105.
109. Schmidt, C.F., Zaehle, T., Meyer, M., Geiser, E., Boesiger, P., Jancke, L., Silent and continuous fMRI scanning differentially modulate activation in an auditory language comprehension task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29 (2008), 46–56, 10.1002/hbm.20372.
110. Stelzer, J., Chen, Y., Turner, R., Statistical inference and multiple testing correction in classification-based multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA): random permutations and cluster size control. NeuroImage 65 (2013), 69–82, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.063.
111. Todd, M.T., Nystrom, L.E., Cohen, J.D., Confounds in multivariate pattern analysis: theory and rule representation case study. NeuroImage 77 (2013), 157–165, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.039.
112. Tomasi, D., Goldstein, R.Z., Telang, F., Maloney, T., Alia-Klein, N., Caparelli, E.C., Volkow, N.D., Widespread disruption in brain activation patterns to a working memory task during cocaine abstinence. Brain Res. 1171 (2007), 83–92, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.102 (arXiv:NIHMS150003).
113. Tourville, J.A., Guenther, F.H., Automatic Cortical Labeling System for Neuroimaging Studies of Normal and Disordered Speech. Neuroscience Meeting Planner, 2012, Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA (p. 681.06).
114. Tourville, J.A., Reilly, K.J., Guenther, F.H., Neural mechanisms underlying auditory feedback control of speech. NeuroImage 39 (2008), 1429–1443, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.054 (arXiv:NIHMS150003).
115. Tremblay, P., Gracco, V.L., Contribution of the frontal lobe to externally and internally specified verbal responses: fMRI evidence. NeuroImage 33 (2006), 947–957, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.041.
116. Tremblay, P., Gracco, V.L., Contribution of the pre-SMA to the production of words and non-speech oral motor gestures, as revealed by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Brain Res. 1268 (2009), 112–124, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.076.
117. Tremblay, P., Gracco, V.L., On the selection of words and oral motor responses: evidence of a response-independent fronto-parietal network. Cortex 46 (2010), 15–28, 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.03.003.
118. Tremblay, P., Small, S.L., Motor response selection in overt sentence production: a functional MRI study. Front. Psychol. 2 (2011), 1–14, 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00253.
119. Tremblay, P., Baroni, M., Hasson, U., Processing of speech and non-speech sounds in the supratemporal plane: auditory input preference does not predict sensitivity to statistical structure. NeuroImage 66 (2013), 318–332, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.055.
120. Tremblay, P., Deschamps, I., Gracco, V.L., Regional heterogeneity in the processing and the production of speech in the human planum temporale. Cortex 49 (2013), 143–157, 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.09.004.
121. Vaden, K.I., Muftuler, L.T., Hickok, G., Phonological repetition-suppression in bilateral superior temporal sulci. NeuroImage 49 (2010), 1018–1023, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.063.
122. Wildgruber, D., Ackermann, H., Klose, U., Kardatzki, B., Grodd, W., Functional lateralization of speech production at primary motor cortex: a fMRI study. Neuroreport 7 (1996), 2791–2795.
123. Wilson, S.M., Saygin, A.P., Sereno, M.I., Iacoboni, M., Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004), 701–702, 10.1038/nn1263.
124. Wise, R.J.S., Scott, S.K., Blank, S.C., Mummery, C.J., Murphy, K., Warburton, E.A., Separate neural subsystems within ‘Wernicke's area’. Brain 124 (2001), 83–95, 10.1093/brain/124.1.83.
125. You, J., Markiewicz, C.J., Bohland, J.W., Formant Detection Scripts for “Mapping the Cortical Representation of Speech Sounds in a Syllable Repetition Task”. 2015, 10.5281/zenodo.51362.
126. Zaehle, T., Schmidt, C.F., Meyer, M., Baumann, S., Baltes, C., Boesiger, P., Jancke, L., Comparison of “silent” clustered and sparse temporal fMRI acquisitions in tonal and speech perception tasks. NeuroImage 37 (2007), 1195–1204, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.073.
127. Zhang, Q., Hu, X., Luo, H., Li, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, B., Deciphering phonemes from syllables in BOLD signals in human superior temporal gyrus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 43 (2016), 773–781, 10.1111/ejn.13164.
128. Ziegler, W., Kilian, B., Deger, K., The role of the left mesial frontal cortex in fluent speech: evidence from a case of left supplementary motor area hemorrhage. Neuropsychologia 35 (1997), 1197–1208, 10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00040-7.