Prognostic Determinants of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Anatomy, Physiology, or Morphology?

Circulation Research

Volumn 119, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 317-329

  Ahmadi, Amir ^a,c   Stone, Gregg W ^b   Leipsic, Jonathon ^c   Shaw, Leslee J ^d   Villines, Todd C ^e   Kern, Morton J ^f   Hecht, Harvey ^a   Erlinge, David ^g   Ben Yehuda, Ori ^h   Maehara, Akiko ^b   Arbustini, Eloisa ⁱ   Serruys, Patrick ^j   Garcia Garcia, Hector M ^k   Narula, Jagat ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Department of Medicine   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

ⁱ FONDAZIONE IRCCS POLICLINICO SAN MATTEO   (Italy)

^j IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^k Leesburg Regional Medical Centre   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

coronary artery disease; fractional flow reserve; multidetector computed tomography; myocardial ischemia; plaque, atherosclerotic

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY VESSELS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84978154344     PISSN: 00097330     EISSN: 15244571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308952     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Ahmadi A, Leipsic J, Blankstein R, Taylor C, Hecht H, Stone GW, Narula J, Do plaques rapidly progress prior to myocardial infarction? The interplay between plaque vulnerability and progression. Circ Res 2015 117 99 104. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305637
2. Califf RM, Phillips HR 3rd, Hindman MC, Mark DB, Lee KL, Behar VS, Johnson RA, Pryor DB, Rosati RA, Wagner GS, Prognostic value of a coronary artery jeopardy score. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985 5 1055 1063
3. Chow BJ, Small G, Yam Y, CONFIRM Investigators Incremental prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography in coronary artery disease using CONFIRM: COroNary computed tomography angiography evaluation for clinical outcomes: an InteRnational Multicenter registry. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011 4 463 472. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.964155
4. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, COURAGE Trial Research Group Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2007 356 1503 1516. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070829
5. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, BARI 2D Study Group A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009 360 2503 2515. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805796
6. Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS, Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 2003 107 2900 2907. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072790.23090.41
7. Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ, Stone GW, Thomson LE, Friedman JD, Hayes SW, Cohen I, Germano G, Berman DS, Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J 2011 32 1012 1024. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq500
8. Moroi M, Yamashina A, Tsukamoto K, Nishimura T, J-ACCESS Investigators Coronary revascularization does not decrease cardiac events in patients with stable ischemic heart disease but might do in those who showed moderate to severe ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2012 158 246 252. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.040
9. Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van' t Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrøm T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, Fearon WF, FAME Study Investigators Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 2009 360 213 224. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0807611
10. Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, Siebert U, Ikeno F, Bornschein B, van't Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrøm T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, De Bruyne B, FAME Study Investigators Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 56 177 184. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.012
11. De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B, FAME 2 Trial Investigators Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2012 367 991 1001. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1205361
12. De Bruyne B, Fearon WF, Pijls NH, FAME 2 Trial Investigators Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI for stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2014 371 1208 1217. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408758
13. Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Weber DK, Kutys R, Finn AV, Gold HK, Pathologic assessment of the vulnerable human coronary plaque. Heart 2004 90 1385 1391. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.041798
14. Motoyama S, Kondo T, Sarai M, Sugiura A, Harigaya H, Sato T, Inoue K, Okumura M, Ishii J, Anno H, Virmani R, Ozaki Y, Hishida H, Narula J, Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 50 319 326. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.044
15. Maurovich-Horvat P, Hoffmann U, Vorpahl M, Nakano M, Virmani R, Alkadhi H, The napkin-ring sign: CT signature of high-risk coronary plaques? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010 3 440 444. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.02.003
16. Nishio M, Ueda Y, Matsuo K, Asai M, Nemoto T, Hirata A, Kashiwase K, Kodama K, Detection of disrupted plaques by coronary CT: comparison with angioscopy. Heart 2011 97 1397 1402. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2011.227181
17. Otsuka K, Fukuda S, Tanaka A, Nakanishi K, Taguchi H, Yoshikawa J, Shimada K, Yoshiyama M, Napkin-ring sign on coronary CT angiography for the prediction of acute coronary syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013 6 448 457. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.09.016
18. Rogers IS, Tawakol A, Imaging of coronary inflammation with FDG-PET: feasibility and clinical hurdles. Curr Cardiol Rep 2011 13 138 144. doi: 10.1007/s11886-011-0168-3
19. Rosa GM, Bauckneht M, Masoero G, Mach F, Quercioli A, Seitun S, Balbi M, Brunelli C, Parodi A, Nencioni A, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F, The vulnerable coronary plaque: update on imaging technologies. Thromb Haemost 2013 110 706 722. doi: 10.1160/TH13-02-0121
20. Prati F, Regar E, Mintz GS, Arbustini E, Di Mario C, Jang IK, Akasaka T, Costa M, Guagliumi G, Grube E, Ozaki Y, Pinto F, Serruys PW, Expert's OCT Review Document Expert review document on methodology, terminology, and clinical applications of optical coherence tomography: physical principles, methodology of image acquisition, and clinical application for assessment of coronary arteries and atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2010 31 401 415. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp433
21. Tearney GJ, Yabushita H, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, Kauffman CR, Shishkov M, Halpern EF, Bouma BE, Quantification of macrophage content in atherosclerotic plaques by optical coherence tomography. Circulation 2003 107 113 119
22. Yabushita H, Bouma BE, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, Kauffman CR, Shishkov M, Kang DH, Halpern EF, Tearney GJ, Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography. Circulation 2002 106 1640 1645
23. Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, de Bruyne B, Cristea E, Mintz GS, Mehran R, McPherson J, Farhat N, Marso SP, Parise H, Templin B, White R, Zhang Z, Serruys PW, PROSPECT Investigators A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011 364 226 235. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002358
24. Calvert PA, Obaid DR, O'Sullivan M, Shapiro LM, McNab D, Densem CG, Schofield PM, Braganza D, Clarke SC, Ray KK, West NE, Bennett MR, Association between IVUS findings and adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: the VIVA (VH-IVUS in Vulnerable Atherosclerosis) Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011 4 894 901. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.05.005
25. Yun KH, Mintz GS, Farhat N, Marso SP, Taglieri N, Verheye S, Foster MC, Margolis MP, Templin B, Xu K, Dressler O, Mehran R, Stone GW, Maehara A, Relation between angiographic lesion severity, vulnerable plaque morphology and future adverse cardiac events (from the Providing Regional Observations to Study Predictors of Events in the Coronary Tree study). Am J Cardiol 2012 110 471 477. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.018
26. Narula J, Nakano M, Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Petersen R, Newcomb R, Malik S, Fuster V, Finn AV, Histopathologic characteristics of atherosclerotic coronary disease and implications of the findings for the invasive and noninvasive detection of vulnerable plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013 61 1041 1051. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.054
27. Motoyama S, Sarai M, Harigaya H, Anno H, Inoue K, Hara T, Naruse H, Ishii J, Hishida H, Wong ND, Virmani R, Kondo T, Ozaki Y, Narula J, Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 54 49 57. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.068
28. Min JK, Dunning A, Lin FY, CONFIRM Investigators Age-and sex-related differences in all-cause mortality risk based on coronary computed tomography angiography findings results from the International Multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry) of 23,854 patients without known coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 58 849 860. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.074
29. Lin FY, Shaw LJ, Dunning AM, Labounty TM, Choi JH, Weinsaft JW, Koduru S, Gomez MJ, Delago AJ, Callister TQ, Berman DS, Min JK, Mortality risk in symptomatic patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a prospective 2-center study of 2,583 patients undergoing 64-detector row coronary computed tomographic angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 58 510 519. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.078
30. Mancini GB, Hartigan PM, Shaw LJ, Predicting outcome in the COURAGE trial (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation): coronary anatomy versus ischemia. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014 7 195 201. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.10.017
31. Sedlis SP, Hartigan PM, Teo KK, Maron DJ, Spertus JA, Mancini GB, Kostuk W, Chaitman BR, Berman D, Lorin JD, Dada M, Weintraub WS, Boden WE, COURAGE Trial Investigators Effect of PCI on long-term survival in patients with stable ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 2015 373 1937 1946. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505532
32. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, STICHES Investigators Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2016 374 1511 1520. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602001
33. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R, Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet 1994 344 563 570
34. Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2010 31 2501 2555. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq277
35. Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS); European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Kolh P, Wijns W, Danchin N, Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS); European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010 38 suppl S1 S52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.08.019
36. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Physicians; American Association for Thoracic Surgery; Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012 60 e44 e164. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013
37. Phillips LM, Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Lessons learned from MPI and physiologic testing in randomized trials of stable ischemic heart disease: COURAGE, BARI 2D, FAME, and ISCHEMIA. J Nucl Cardiol 2013 20 969 975. doi: 10.1007/s12350-013-9773-4
38. Shaw LJ, Weintraub WS, Maron DJ, Baseline stress myocardial perfusion imaging results and outcomes in patients with stable ischemic heart disease randomized to optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 2012 164 243 250. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.05.018
39. Shaw LJ, Hage FG, Berman DS, Hachamovitch R, Iskandrian A, Prognosis in the era of comparative effectiveness research: where is nuclear cardiology now and where should it be? J Nucl Cardiol 2012 19 1026 1043. doi: 10.1007/s12350-012-9593-y
40. Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Picard MH, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored ISCHEMIA Trial Investigators Comparative definitions for moderate-severe ischemia in stress nuclear, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014 7 593 604. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.10.021
41. Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, COURAGE Investigators Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy. Circulation 2008 117 1283 1291. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743963
42. Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Hayes SW, Thomson LE, Germano G, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS, Predicting therapeutic benefit from myocardial revascularization procedures: are measurements of both resting left ventricular ejection fraction and stress-induced myocardial ischemia necessary? J Nucl Cardiol 2006 13 768 778. doi: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.08.017
43. Stone GW, Hochman JS, Williams DO, Boden WE, Ferguson TB Jr, Harrington RA, Maron DJ, Medical therapy with versus without revascularization in stable patients with moderate and severe ischemia: the case for community equipoise. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016 67 81 99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.056
44. Gada H, Kirtane AJ, Kereiakes DJ, Bangalore S, Moses JW, Généreux P, Mehran R, Dangas GD, Leon MB, Stone GW, Meta-analysis of trials on mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention compared with medical therapy in patients with stable coronary heart disease and objective evidence of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 2015 115 1194 1199. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.01.556
45. ISCHEMIA
46. Gould KL, Lipscomb K, Calvert C, Compensatory changes of the distal coronary vascular bed during progressive coronary constriction. Circulation 1975 51 1085 1094
47. Park SJ, Kang SJ, Ahn JM, Shim EB, Kim YT, Yun SC, Song H, Lee JY, Kim WJ, Park DW, Lee SW, Kim YH, Lee CW, Mintz GS, Park SW, Visual-functional mismatch between coronary angiography and fractional flow reserve. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012 5 1029 1036. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.07.007
48. Tonino PA, Fearon WF, De Bruyne B, Oldroyd KG, Leesar MA, Ver Lee PN, Maccarthy PA, Van't Veer M, Pijls NH, Angiographic versus functional severity of coronary artery stenoses in the FAME study fractional flow reserve versus angiography in multivessel evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55 2816 2821. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.096
49. Johnson NP, Kirkeeide RL, Gould KL, Coronary anatomy to predict physiology: fundamental limits. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013 6 817 832. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000373
50. Kern MJ, Samady H, Current concepts of integrated coronary physiology in the catheterization laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55 173 185. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.062
51. Spaan JA, Piek JJ, Hoffman JI, Siebes M, Physiological basis of clinically used coronary hemodynamic indices. Circulation 2006 113 446 455. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.587196
52. Kern MJ, Coronary physiology revisited: practical insights from the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Circulation 2000 101 1344 1351
53. Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, Van Der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek J Koolen JJ, Koolen JJ, Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. N Engl J Med 1996 334 1703 1708. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199606273342604
54. de Bruyne B, Bartunek J, Sys SU, Pijls NH, Heyndrickx GR, Wijns W, Simultaneous coronary pressure and flow velocity measurements in humans. Feasibility, reproducibility, and hemodynamic dependence of coronary flow velocity reserve, hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index, and fractional flow reserve. Circulation 1996 94 1842 1849
55. Pijls NH, van Schaardenburgh P, Manoharan G, Boersma E, Bech JW, van't Veer M, Bär F, Hoorntje J, Koolen J, Wijns W, de Bruyne B, Percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally nonsignificant stenosis: 5-year follow-up of the DEFER Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 49 2105 2111. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.087
56. Hamilos M, Muller O, Cuisset T, Ntalianis A, Chlouverakis G, Sarno G, Nelis O, Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, Wyffels E, Barbato E, Heyndrickx GR, Wijns W, De Bruyne B, Long-term clinical outcome after fractional flow reserve-guided treatment in patients with angiographically equivocal left main coronary artery stenosis. Circulation 2009 120 1505 1512. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.850073
57. Fearon WF, Bornschein B, Tonino PA, Gothe RM, Bruyne BD, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation (FAME) Study Investigators Economic evaluation of fractional flow reserve-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel disease. Circulation 2010 122 2545 2550. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.925396
58. De Bruyne B, Fearon WF, Pijls NH, Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI for stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2014 371 1208 1217
59. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 58 e44 122. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.007
60. Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines; Document Reviewers 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2013 34 2949 3003. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht296
61. Yang HM, Tahk SJ, Lim HS, Yoon MH, Choi SY, Choi BJ, Jin XJ, Hwang GS, Park JS, Shin JH, Relationship between intravascular ultrasound parameters and fractional flow reserve in intermediate coronary artery stenosis of left anterior descending artery: intravascular ultrasound volumetric analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014 83 386 394. doi: 10.1002/ccd.25088
62. Koo BK, Yang HM, Doh JH, Optimal intravascular ultrasound criteria and their accuracy for defining the functional significance of intermediate coronary stenoses of different locations. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011 4 803 811. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2011.03.013
63. Park SJ, Ahn JM, Kang SJ, Paradigm shift to functional angioplasty: new insights for fractional flow reserve-and intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2011 124 951 957. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.012344
64. Waksman R, Legutko J, Singh J, Orlando Q, Marso S, Schloss T, Tugaoen J, DeVries J, Palmer N, Haude M, Swymelar S, Torguson R, FIRST: Fractional Flow Reserve and Intravascular Ultrasound Relationship Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013 61 917 923. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.012
65. Davies JE, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP, Manisty CH, Aguado-Sierra J, Willson K, Foale RA, Malik IS, Hughes AD, Parker KH, Mayet J, Evidence of a dominant backward-propagating "suction" wave responsible for diastolic coronary filling in humans, attenuated in left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2006 113 1768 1778. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.603050
66. Sen S, Escaned J, Malik IS, Development and validation of a new adenosine-independent index of stenosis severity from coronary wave-intensity analysis: results of the ADVISE (ADenosine Vasodilator Independent Stenosis Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012 59 1392 1402. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.003
67. Jeremias A, Maehara A, Généreux P, Multicenter core laboratory comparison of the instantaneous wave-free ratio and resting Pd/Pa with fractional flow reserve: the RESOLVE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 63 1253 1261. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.060
68. Petraco R, Park JJ, Sen S, Hybrid iFR-FFR decision-making strategy: implications for enhancing universal adoption of physiology-guided coronary revascularisation. EuroIntervention 2013 8 1157 1165. doi: 10.4244/EIJV8I10A179
69. van de Hoef TP, Siebes M, Spaan JA, Piek JJ, Fundamentals in clinical coronary physiology: why coronary flow is more important than coronary pressure. Eur Heart J 2015 36 3312 9a. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv235
70. Johnson NP, Gould KL, Di Carli MF, Taqueti VR, Invasive FFR and noninvasive CFR in the evaluation of ischemia: what is the future? J Am Coll Cardiol 2016 67 2772 2788. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.584
71. Davies MJ, Woolf N, Robertson WB, Pathology of acute myocardial infarction with particular reference to occlusive coronary thrombi. Br Heart J 1976 38 659 664
72. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, Golden MS, Lang HT, Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1980 303 897 902. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198010163031601
73. Arbustini E, Dal Bello B, Morbini P, Burke AP, Bocciarelli M, Specchia G, Virmani R, Plaque erosion is a major substrate for coronary thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction. Heart 1999 82 269 272
74. Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL, Liang TY, Mannan P, Smialek J, Virmani R, Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation 1996 93 1354 1363
75. Falk E, Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 47 C7 12. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.068
76. Narula J, Garg P, Achenbach S, Motoyama S, Virmani R, Strauss HW, Arithmetic of vulnerable plaques for noninvasive imaging. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008 5 Suppl 2 S2 10. doi: 10.1038/ncpcardio1247
77. Falk E, Nakano M, Bentzon JF, Finn AV, Virmani R, Update on acute coronary syndromes: the pathologists' view. Eur Heart J 2013 34 719 728. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs411
78. Quillard T, Croce K, Jaffer FA, Weissleder R, Libby P, Molecular imaging of macrophage protease activity in cardiovascular inflammation in vivo. Thromb Haemost 2011 105 828 836. doi: 10.1160/TH10-09-0589
79. Fuentes QE, Fuentes QF, Andres V, Pello OM, Font de Mora J, Palomo GI, Role of platelets as mediators that link inflammation and thrombosis in atherosclerosis. Platelets 2013 24 255 62
80. Kodama T, Narula N, Agozzino M, Arbustini E, Pathology of plaque haemorrhage and neovascularization of coronary artery. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2012 13 620 627. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e328356a5f2
81. Michel JB, Virmani R, Arbustini E, Pasterkamp G, Intraplaque haemorrhages as the trigger of plaque vulnerability. Eur Heart J 2011 32 1977 85, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr054
82. Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, de Boer SP, Kardys I, Heo JH, Akkerhuis KM, Oemrawsingh RM, van Domburg RT, Ligthart J, Witberg KT, Regar E, Serruys PW, van Geuns RJ, Boersma E, In vivo detection of high-risk coronary plaques by radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound and cardiovascular outcome: results of the ATHEROREMO-IVUS study. Eur Heart J 2014 35 639 647. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht484
83. Gardner CM, Tan H, Hull EL, Lisauskas JB, Sum ST, Meese TM, Jiang C, Madden SP, Caplan JD, Burke AP, Virmani R, Goldstein J, Muller JE, Detection of lipid core coronary plaques in autopsy specimens with a novel catheter-based near-infrared spectroscopy system. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008 1 638 648. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.06.001
84. Madder RD, Smith JL, Dixon SR, Goldstein JA, Composition of target lesions by near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with acute coronary syndrome versus stable angina. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012 5 55 61. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.963934
85. Nabel EG, Braunwald E, A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2012 366 54 63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1112570
86. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012 380 2095 2128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
87. Takarada S, Imanishi T, Kubo T, Tanimoto T, Kitabata H, Nakamura N, Tanaka A, Mizukoshi M, Akasaka T, Effect of statin therapy on coronary fibrous-cap thickness in patients with acute coronary syndrome: assessment by optical coherence tomography study. Atherosclerosis 2009 202 491 497. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.014
88. Libby P, Pasterkamp G, Requiem for the 'vulnerable plaque'. Eur Heart J 2015 36 2984 2987. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv349
89. Kubo T, Maehara A, Mintz GS, The dynamic nature of coronary artery lesion morphology assessed by serial virtual histology intravascular ultrasound tissue characterization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 55 1590 1597. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.078
90. Zhao Z, Witzenbichler B, Mintz GS, Jaster M, Choi SY, Wu X, He Y, Margolis MP, Dressler O, Cristea E, Parise H, Mehran R, Stone GW, Maehara A, Dynamic nature of nonculprit coronary artery lesion morphology in STEMI: a serial IVUS analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013 6 86 95. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.08.010
91. Meier B, Ramamurthy S, Plaque sealing by coronary angioplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1995 36 295 297
92. García-García HM, Mintz GS, Lerman A, Vince DG, Margolis MP, van Es GA, Morel MA, Nair A, Virmani R, Burke AP, Stone GW, Serruys PW, Tissue characterisation using intravascular radiofrequency data analysis: recommendations for acquisition, analysis, interpretation and reporting. EuroIntervention 2009 5 177 189
93. Bourantas CV, Papafaklis MI, Kotsia A, Effect of the endothelial shear stress patterns on neointimal proliferation following drug-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation: an optical coherence tomography study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014 7 315 324. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.05.034
94. Serruys PW, Garcia-Garcia HM, Onuma Y, From metallic cages to transient bioresorbable scaffolds: change in paradigm of coronary revascularization in the upcoming decade? Eur Heart J 2012 33 16 25b. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr384
95. Bourantas CV, Papafaklis MI, Garcia-Garcia HM, Short-and long-term implications of a bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation on the local endothelial shear stress patterns. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014 7 100 101
96. Wykrzykowska JJ, Diletti R, Gutierrez-Chico JL, Plaque sealing and passivation with a mechanical self-expanding low outward force nitinol vShield device for the treatment of IVUS and OCT-derived thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs) in native coronary arteries: report of the pilot study vShield Evaluated at Cardiac hospital in Rotterdam for Investigation and Treatment of TCFA (SECRITT). EuroIntervention 2012 8 945 954. doi: 10.4244/EIJV8I8A144
97. Bourantas CV, Papafaklis MI, Garcia-Garcia HM, Farooq V, Diletti R, Muramatsu T, Zhang Y, Kalatzis FG, Naka KK, Fotiadis DI, Onuma Y, Michalis LK, Serruys PW, Short-and long-term implications of a bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation on the local endothelial shear stress patterns. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014 7 100 101. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.01.139
98. Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Perkins LE, Okamura T, Gonzalo N, García-García HM, Regar E, Kamberi M, Powers JC, Rapoza R, van Beusekom H, van der Giessen W, Virmani R, Intracoronary optical coherence tomography and histology at 1 month and 2, 3, and 4 years after implantation of everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds in a porcine coronary artery model: an attempt to decipher the human optical coherence tomography images in the ABSORB trial. Circulation 2010 122 2288 2300. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.921528
99. Motoyama S, Ito H, Sarai M, Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 66 337 346. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.069
100. Ahmadi A, Kini A, Narula J, Discordance between ischemia and stenosis, or PINSS and NIPSS: are we ready for new vocabulary? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015 8 111 114. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.010
101. Ahmadi A, Stone GW, Leipsic J, Association of coronary stenosis and plaque morphology with fractional flow reserve and outcomes. JAMA Cardiol 2016 1 3 350 357. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0263
102. Park HB, Heo R, ó Hartaigh B, Cho I, Gransar H, Nakazato R, Leipsic J, Mancini GB, Koo BK, Otake H, Budoff MJ, Berman DS, Erglis A, Chang HJ, Min JK, Atherosclerotic plaque characteristics by CT angiography identify coronary lesions that cause ischemia: a direct comparison to fractional flow reserve. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015 8 1 10. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.002
103. Gaur S, Øvrehus KA, Dey D, Coronary plaque quantification and fractional flow reserve by coronary computed tomography angiography identify ischaemia-causing lesions. Eur Heart J 2016 37 1220 1227. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv690
104. Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ, Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1987 316 1371 1375. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198705283162204
105. Lavi S, Bae JH, Rihal CS, Prasad A, Barsness GW, Lennon RJ, Holmes DR Jr, Lerman A, Segmental coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with minimal atherosclerosis is associated with necrotic core plaques. Heart 2009 95 1525 1530. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2009.166017
106. Lavi S, McConnell JP, Rihal CS, Prasad A, Mathew V, Lerman LO, Lerman A, Local production of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine in the coronary circulation: association with early coronary atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in humans. Circulation 2007 115 2715 2721. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.671420
107. Lavi S, Yang EH, Prasad A, Mathew V, Barsness GW, Rihal CS, Lerman LO, Lerman A, The interaction between coronary endothelial dysfunction, local oxidative stress, and endogenous nitric oxide in humans. Hypertension 2008 51 127 133. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.099986