Association of cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid disease in children and adults: Case-control study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2016, Pages

  Ting, Wei Hsin ^a,c,e   Chien, Ming Nan ^b,c,d,e   Lo, Fu Sung ^f,g   Wang, Chao Hung ^b   Huang, Chi Yu ^a,c   Lin, Chiung Ling ^h   Lin, Wen Shan ^h   Chang, Tzu Yang ^h   Yang, Horng Woei ^h   Chen, Wei Fang ^h   Lien, Ya Ping ^h   Cheng, Bi Wen ^h   Lin, Chao Hsu ^h   Chen, Chia Ching ⁱ   Wu, Yi Lei ^j   Hung, Chen Mei ^k   Li, Hsin Jung ^l   Chan, Chon In ^a   Lee, Yann Jinn ^a,c,h,m  

^a MACKAY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism   (Taiwan)

^c MACKAY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Taiwan)

^d NATIONAL TAIPEI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Taiwan)

^e NURSING AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE   (Taiwan)

^f CHANG GUNG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^g CHANG GUNG UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (Taiwan)

^h MACKAY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

ⁱ CHIA YI CHRISTIAN HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^j CHANGHUA CHRISTIAN HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^k CATHAY GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^l St Martin De Porres Hospitals   (Taiwan)

^m TAIPEI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; CTLA4 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALLELE; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; CTLA4 GENE; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; GRAVES DISEASE; HAN CHINESE; HAPLOTYPE; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; ETHNOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PATHOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALLELES; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CTLA-4 ANTIGEN; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GRAVES DISEASE; HAPLOTYPES; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMANS; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC;

EID: 84977637020     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154394     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Brown RS. The Thyroid. In: Charles G.D. Brook, Peter E. Clayton, Brown RS, editors. Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology 6th Edition. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. p. 250-82.
2. Jaksic J, Dumic M, Filipovic B, Ille J, Cvijetic M, Gjuric G. Thyroid diseases in a school population with thyromegaly. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 103-6. PMID: 8129428.
3. McGrogan A, Seaman HE, Wright JW, de Vries CS. The incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69: 687-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265. 2008.03338.x PMID: 18673466
4. Tomer Y. Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease: past, present, and future. Thyroid 2010; 20: 715-25. doi: 10.1089/thy.2010.1644 PMID: 20604685
5. Tomer Y, Huber A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: a story of genes and environment. J Autoimmun 2009; 32: 231-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.02.007 PMID: 19307103
6. Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Lai A, Lombardi V, Dalle Mule I, Liparulo L, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity and environment. Horm Metab Res 2009; 41: 436-42. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1215568 PMID: 19343619
7. Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Corrado A, Di Domenicantonio A, Fallahi P. Autoimmune thyroid disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14: 174-80. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.016 PMID: 25461470
8. Stenszky V, Kozma L, Balazs C, Rochlitz S, Bear JC, Farid NR. The genetics of Graves' disease: HLA and disease susceptibility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61: 735-40. PMID: 3861611
9. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, Hegedus L. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 930-4. PMID: 11158069
10. Brix TH, Hegedus L. Twins as a tool for evaluating the influence of genetic susceptibility in thyroid autoimmunity. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2011; 72: 103-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2011.03.013 PMID: 21511236
11. Kolar P, Knieke K, Hegel JK, Quandt D, Burmester GR, Hoff H, et al. CTLA-4 (CD152) controls homeostasis and suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells in mice. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 123-32. doi: 10.1002/art.24181 PMID: 19116935
12. Fife BT, Bluestone JA. Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. Immunol Rev 2008; 224: 166-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00662.x PMID: 18759926
13. Rudd CE. The reverse stop-signal model for CTLA4 function. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 153-60. doi: 10.1038/nri2253 PMID: 18219311
14. Schneider H, Downey J, Smith A, Zinselmeyer BH, Rush C, Brewer JM, et al. Reversal of the TCR stop signal by CTLA-4. Science 2006; 313: 1972-5. 1131078 PMID: 16931720
15. Deichmann K, Heinzmann A, Bruggenolte E, Forster J, Kuehr J. An Mse I RFLP in the human CTLA4 promotor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 225: 817-8. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1256 PMID: 8780695
16. Harper K, Balzano C, Rouvier E, Mattei MG, Luciani MF, Golstein P. CTLA-4 and CD28 activated lymphocyte molecules are closely related in both mouse and human as to sequence, message expression, gene structure, and chromosomal location. J Immunol 1991; 147: 1037-44. PMID: 1713603
17. Dariavach P, Mattei MG, Golstein P, Lefranc MP. Human Ig superfamily CTLA-4 gene: chromosomal localization and identity of protein sequence between murine and human CTLA-4 cytoplasmic domains. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18: 1901-5. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830181206 PMID: 3220103
18. Ueda H, Howson JM, Esposito L, Heward J, Snook H, Chamberlain G, et al. Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Nature 2003; 423: 506-11. doi: 10. 1038/nature01621 PMID: 12724780
19. Furugaki K, Shirasawa S, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Kubota S, Kuma K, et al. Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroid disease in the Japanese. J Hum Genet 2004; 49: 166-8. doi: 10.1007/s10038-003-0120-5 PMID: 14986169
20. Heward JM, Allahabadia A, Armitage M, Hattersley A, Dodson PM, Macleod K, et al. The development of Graves' disease and the CTLA-4 gene on chromosome 2q33. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2398-401. PMID: 10404810
21. Nistico L, Buzzetti R, Pritchard LE, Van der Auwera B, Giovannini C, Bosi E, et al. The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5: 1075-80. PMID: 8817351
22. Orozco G, Torres B, Nunez-Roldan A, Gonzalez-Escribano MF, Martin J. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4-CT60 polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis. Tissue Antigens 2004; 64: 667-70. doi: 10.1111/j. 1399-0039.2004.00318.x PMID: 15546339
23. Ban Y, Concepcion ES, Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF, Tomer Y. Analysis of immune regulatory genes in familial and sporadic Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4562-8. doi: 10. 1210/jc.2003-031693 PMID: 15356063
24. Torres B, Aguilar F, Franco E, Sanchez E, Sanchez-Roman J, Jimenez Alonso J, et al. Association of the CT60 marker of the CTLA4 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 2211-5. doi: 10.1002/art.20347 PMID: 15248219
25. Wang PW, Liu RT, Juo SH, Wang ST, Hu YH, Hsieh CJ, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 polymorphism and relapse of Graves' hyperthyroidism after antithyroid withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 169-73. PMID: 14715845
26. Vaidya B, Pearce S. The emerging role of the CTLA-4 gene in autoimmune endocrinopathies. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150: 619-26. PMID: 15132716
27. Tomer Y, Greenberg DA, Barbesino G, Concepcion E, Davies TF. CTLA-4 and not CD28 is a susceptibility gene for thyroid autoantibody production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1687-93. PMID: 11297604
28. Kucharska AM, Wisniewska A, Popko K, Demkow U. Association between the polymorphism A/G at position 49 of exon 1 of the CTLA-4 gene and antithyroid antibody production in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Horm Res Paediatr 2012; 78: 67-72. doi: 10.1159/000338997 PMID: 22922453
29. Daroszewski J, Pawlak E, Karabon L, Frydecka I, Jonkisz A, Slowik M, et al. Soluble CTLA-4 receptor an immunological marker of Graves' disease and severity of ophthalmopathy is associated with CTLA-4 Jo31 and CT60 gene polymorphisms. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 161: 787-93. doi: 10.1530/EJE-09-0600 PMID: 19734241
30. Han S, Zhang S, Zhang W, Li R, Li Y, Wang Z, et al. CTLA4 Polymorphisms and Ophthalmopathy in Graves' Disease Patients: Association Study and Meta-Analysis. Hum Immunol 2006; 67: 618-26. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.05.003 PMID: 16916658
31. Weng YC, Wu MJ, Lin WS. CT60 single nucleotide polymorphism of the CTLA-4 gene is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease in the Taiwanese population. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2005; 35: 259-64. PMID: 16081581
32. Terauchi M, Yanagawa T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Fukazawa T, Maruyama H, et al. Interactions of HLA-DRB4 and CTLA-4 genes influence thyroid function in Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Japanese population. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26: 1208-12. doi: 10.1007/BF03349159 PMID: 15055474
33. Tomoyose T, Komiya I, Takara M, Yabiku K, Kinjo Y, Shimajiri Y, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 gene polymorphisms and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 infection: their associations with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Japanese patients. Thyroid 2002; 12: 673-7. doi: 10.1089/105072502760258640 PMID: 12225635
34. Qiu H, Tang W, Yin P, Cheng F, Wang L. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 polymorphism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2013. doi: 10.1007/s12020-013-9985-z PMID: 23677500
35. Du L, Yang J, Huang J, Ma Y, Wang H, Xiong T, et al. The associations between the polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 gene and the risk of Graves' disease in the Chinese population. BMC Med Genet 2013; 14: 46. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-46 PMID: 23597029
36. Si X, Zhang X, Tang W, Luo Y. Association between the CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism and Graves' disease: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4: 538-44. doi: 10.3892/etm.2012.618 PMID: 23181132
37. Brandstaetter A, Zhao S- X, Pan C- M, Cao H- M, Han B, Shi J- Y, et al. Association of the CTLA4 Gene with Graves' Disease in the Chinese Han Population. PLoS One 2010; 5: e9821. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0009821 PMID: 20352109
38. Kavvoura FK, Akamizu T, Awata T, Ban Y, Chistiakov DA, Frydecka I, et al. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen 4 Gene Polymorphisms and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2007; 92: 3162-70. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-0147 PMID: 17504905
39. Tsai ST, Huang CY, Lo FS, Chang YT, Tanizawa T, Chen CK, et al. Association of CT60 polymorphism of the CTLA4 gene with Graves' disease in Taiwanese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2008; 21: 665-72. PMID: 18780601
40. Yesilkaya E, Koc A, Bideci A, Camurdan O, Boyraz M, Erkal O, et al. CTLA4 gene polymorphisms in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Genet Test 2008; 12: 461-4. doi: 10. 1089/gte.2008.0053 PMID: 18752454
41. Namo Cury A, Longui CA, Kochi C, Calliari LE, Scalissi N, Salles JE, et al. Graves' disease in Brazilian children and adults: lack of genetic association with CTLA-4 +49A>G polymorphism. Horm Res 2008; 70: 36-41. doi: 10.1159/000129676 PMID: 18493148
42. Iwama S, Ikezaki A, Kikuoka N, Kim HS, Matsuoka H, Yanagawa T, et al. Association of HLA-DR, -DQ genotype and CTLA-4 gene polymorphism with Graves' disease in Japanese children. Horm Res 2005; 63: 55-60. 83137 PMID: 15640608
43. Yung E, Cheng PS, Fok TF, Wong GW. CTLA-4 gene A-G polymorphism and childhood Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56: 649-53. PMID: 12030917
44. Barlow AB, Wheatcroft N, Watson P, Weetman AP. Association of HLA-DQA1 0501 with Graves' disease in English Caucasian men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 44: 73-7. PMID: 8706297
45. Susan J. Mandel, P. Reed Larsen, Davies TF. Thyrotoxicosis. In: Shlomo Melmed M, Kenneth S. Polonsky M, P. Reed Larsen M, FACP, FRCP, Henry M. Kronenberg M, editors. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 12th Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011. p. 362-405.
46. LeFranchi S. Hypothyroidism. In: Robert M. Kliegman, Bonita F. Stanton, Joseph W. St. Geme, Nina F. Schor, Behrman RE, editors. NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, NINETEENTH EDITION. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011. p. 1895-903.
47. Donner H, Braun J, Seidl C, Rau H, Finke R, Ventz M, et al. Codon 17 polymorphism of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Addison's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 4130-2. PMID: 9398726
48. Ligers A, Teleshova N, Masterman T, Huang WX, Hillert J. CTLA-4 gene expression is influenced by promoter and exon 1 polymorphisms. Genes Immun 2001; 2: 145-52. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363752 PMID: 11426323
49. Su TH, Chang TY, Lee YJ, Chen CK, Liu HF, Chu CC, et al. CTLA-4 gene and susceptibility to human papillomavirus-16-associated cervical squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwanese women. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28: 1237-40. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgm043 PMID: 17341658
50. Purcell S, Cherny SS, Sham PC. Genetic Power Calculator: design of linkage and association genetic mapping studies of complex traits. Bioinformatics 2003; 19: 149-50. PMID: 12499305
51. Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ. Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 2005; 21: 263-5. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457 PMID: 15297300
52. Lee YJ, Chen MR, Chang WC, Lo FS, Huang FY. A freely available statistical program for testing associations. MD Comput 1998; 15: 327-30. PMID: 9753980
53. Svejgaard A, Ryder LP. HLA and disease associations: detecting the strongest association. Tissue Antigens 1994; 43: 18-27. PMID: 8023317
54. Ohashi J, Yamamoto S, Tsuchiya N, Hatta Y, Komata T, Matsushita M, et al. Comparison of statistical power between 2 2 allele frequency and allele positivity tables in case-control studies of complex disease genes. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 197-206. PMID: 11434330
55. Nyholt DR. Genetic case-control association studies-correcting for multiple testing. Hum Genet 2001; 109: 564-7. doi: 10.1007/s00439-001-0611-4 PMID: 11735033
56. Huang CY, Ting WH, Lo FS, Wu YL, Chang TY, Chan HW, et al. The IL18 gene and Hashimoto thyroiditis in children. Hum Immunol 2013; 74: 120-4. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.10.005 PMID: 23073298
57. Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, Moore JM, Roy J, Blumenstiel B, et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 2002; 296: 2225-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1069424 PMID: 12029063
58. Wang XB, Zhao X, Giscombe R, Lefvert AK. A CTLA-4 gene polymorphism at position -318 in the promoter region affects the expression of protein. Genes Immun 2002; 3: 233-4. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene. 6363869 PMID: 12058260
59. Chong KK, Chiang SW, Wong GW, Tam PO, Ng TK, Hu YJ, et al. Association of CTLA-4 and IL-13 gene polymorphisms with Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy in Chinese children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 2409-15. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1433 PMID: 18296657
60. Vaidya B, Oakes EJ, Imrie H, Dickinson AJ, Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, et al. CTLA4 gene and Graves' disease: association of Graves' disease with the CTLA4 exon 1 and intron 1 polymorphisms, but not with the promoter polymorphism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 58: 732-5. PMID: 12780750
61. Braun J, Donner H, Siegmund T, Walfish PG, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. CTLA-4 promoter variants in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Tissue Antigens 1998; 51: 563-6. PMID: 9672157
62. Zhang Q, Yang YM, Lv XY. Association of Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy with the polymorphisms in promoter and exon 1 of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 gene. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7: 887-91. doi: 10.1631/jzus.2006.B0887 PMID: 17048303
63. Butty V, Roy M, Sabeti P, Besse W, Benoist C, Mathis D. Signatures of strong population differentiation shape extended haplotypes across the human CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS costimulatory genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 570-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610124104 PMID: 17197413
64. Anjos S, Nguyen A, Ounissi-Benkalha H, Tessier MC, Polychronakos C. A common autoimmunity predisposing signal peptide variant of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 results in inefficient glycosylation of the susceptibility allele. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 46478-86. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206894200 PMID: 12244107
65. Kouki T, Sawai Y, Gardine CA, Fisfalen ME, Alegre ML, DeGroot LJ. CTLA-4 gene polymorphism at position 49 in exon 1 reduces the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 and contributes to the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6606-11. PMID: 11086105
66. Ban Y, Davies TF, Greenberg DA, Kissin A, Marder B, Murphy B, et al. Analysis of the CTLA-4, CD28, and inducible costimulator (ICOS) genes in autoimmune thyroid disease. Genes Immun 2003; 4: 586-93. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364018 PMID: 14647199
67. Purohit S, Podolsky R, Collins C, Zheng W, Schatz D, Muir A, et al. Lack of correlation between the levels of soluble cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and the CT-60 genotypes. J Autoimmune Dis 2005; 2: 8. doi: 10.1186/1740-2557-2-8 PMID: 16259622
68. Saverino D, Brizzolara R, Simone R, Chiappori A, Milintenda-Floriani F, Pesce G, et al. Soluble CTLA-4 in autoimmune thyroid diseases: relationship with clinical status and possible role in the immune response dysregulation. Clin Immunol 2007; 123: 190-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.01.003 PMID: 17321799
69. Oaks MK, Hallett KM. Cutting edge: a soluble form of CTLA-4 in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Immunol 2000; 164: 5015-8. PMID: 10799854
70. Bicek A, Zaletel K, Gaberscek S, Pirnat E, Krhin B, Stopar TG, et al. 49A/G and CT60 polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. Hum Immunol 2009; 70: 820-4. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.06.016 PMID: 19559744
71. Ni J, Qiu LJ, Zhang M, Wen PF, Ye XR, Liang Y, et al. CTLA-4 CT60 (rs3087243) polymorphism and autoimmune thyroid diseases susceptibility: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Endocr Res 2014. doi: 10.3109/07435800.2013.879167 PMID: 24697361
72. Feng M, Zhang FB, Deng HR. The CTLA4 +49A/G polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Asian but not Caucasian populations: an updated meta-analysis. Endocrine 2013; 44: 350-8. doi: 10.1007/s12020-013-0014-z PMID: 23860622
73. Lee HJ, Li CW, Hammerstad SS, Stefan M, Tomer Y. Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015; 64: 82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.009 PMID: 26235382
74. Pastuszak-Lewandoska D, Sewerynek E, Domanska D, Gladys A, Skrzypczak R, Brzezianska E. CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and their influence on predisposition to autoimmune thyroid diseases (Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Arch Med Sci 2012; 8: 415-21. doi: 10.5114/aoms. 2012.28593 PMID: 22851994