메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-414

Intellectual property rights and the life science industries: Past, present and future, 2nd edition

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84973598016     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/6917     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (74)

References (495)
  • 1
    • 0038567706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The trips agreement, access to medicines, and the wto doha ministerial conference
    • Abbott, F.M. (2002) ‘The TRIPS Agreement, access to medicines, and the WTO Doha Ministerial Conference’. Journal of World Intellectual Property5 (1): 15-52.
    • (2002) Journal of World Intellectual Property , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-52
    • Abbott, F.M.1
  • 3
    • 23244452163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The wto medicines decision: World pharmaceutical trade and the protection of public health
    • Abbott, F.M. (2005) ‘The WTO medicines decision: World pharmaceutical trade and the protection of public health’. American Journal of International Law99: 317-358.
    • (2005) American Journal of International Law , vol.99 , pp. 317-358
    • Abbott, F.M.1
  • 5
    • 33645578025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The political economy of medicines regulation in europe
    • H. Lawton-Smith (Ed.), Basingstoke: Palgrave
    • Abraham, J. (2002) ‘The political economy of medicines regulation in Europe’, in H. Lawton-Smith (Ed.), The Regulation of Science and Technology.Basingstoke: Palgrave.
    • (2002) The Regulation of Science and Technology
    • Abraham, J.1
  • 8
    • 38248999235 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of technological innovation: The sector of antibacterial medicines
    • Achilladelis, B. (1993) ‘The dynamics of technological innovation: The sector of antibacterial medicines’. Research Policy22: 279-308.
    • (1993) Research Policy , vol.22 , pp. 279-308
    • Achilladelis, B.1
  • 10
    • 33646466801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patent battle could hold up tests for cancer gene
    • Aldhous, P. (1996) ‘Patent battle could hold up tests for cancer gene’. New Scientist13 January: 8.
    • (1996) New Scientist , vol.8
    • Aldhous, P.1
  • 11
    • 36148955127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems biology: A disruptive biopharmaceutical research paradigm
    • Allarakhia, M. and A. Wensley (2007) ‘Systems biology: A disruptive biopharmaceutical research paradigm’. Technological Forecasting and Social Change74: 1643-1660.
    • (2007) Technological Forecasting and Social Change , vol.74 , pp. 1643-1660
    • Allarakhia, M.1    Wensley, A.2
  • 12
    • 84881745072 scopus 로고
    • Report of the committee on patents and trademarks of the american pharmaceutical association, august 1919
    • American Pharmaceutical Association (1919) ‘Report of the Committee on Patents and Trademarks of the American Pharmaceutical Association, August 1919’. Journalofthe Patent Office Society2(1): 76-82.
    • (1919) Journalofthe Patent Office Society , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-82
  • 17
    • 0024722081 scopus 로고
    • Patenting university research: Harry steenbock and the wisconsin alumni research foundation
    • Apple, R. (1989) ‘Patenting university research: Harry Steenbock and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation’. ISIS80(3): 375-394.
    • (1989) ISIS , vol.80 , Issue.3 , pp. 375-394
    • Apple, R.1
  • 19
    • 0035904286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do patents for antiretroviral drugs constrain access to aids treatment in africa?
    • Attaran, A. and L. Gillespie-White (2001) ‘Do patents for antiretroviral drugs constrain access to AIDS treatment in Africa?’Journal of the American Medical Association286(15): 1886-1892.
    • (2001) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.286 , Issue.15 , pp. 1886-1892
    • Attaran, A.1    Gillespie-White, L.2
  • 20
    • 84973593729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colo. Ag sues 3 firms over drug
    • Austin, M. (2001) ‘Colo. AG sues 3 firms over drug’. Denver Post 28 September (http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,1002,33%257E161679,00.html).
    • (2001) Denver Post
    • Austin, M.1
  • 21
    • 84973591699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life, but not as we know it
    • Ball, P. (2007) ‘Life, but not as we know it’. Prospect August 44-47.
    • (2007) Prospect , pp. 44-47
    • Ball, P.1
  • 25
    • 0042000343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new approach to worldwide harmonization of patent law
    • Bardehle, H. (1999) ‘A new approach to worldwide harmonization of patent law’. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society81 (4): 303-310.
    • (1999) Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society , vol.81 , Issue.4 , pp. 303-310
    • Bardehle, H.1
  • 27
    • 0025965402 scopus 로고
    • Patenting life
    • Barton, J.H. (1991) ‘Patenting life’. Scientific American264(3): 40-46.
    • (1991) Scientific American , vol.264 , Issue.3 , pp. 40-46
    • Barton, J.H.1
  • 29
    • 3843067212 scopus 로고
    • Coal tar dye manufacture and the origins of the modern industrial research laboratory
    • Beer, J.J. (1958) ‘Coal tar dye manufacture and the origins of the modern industrial research laboratory’. ISIS49(2): 123-131.
    • (1958) ISIS , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-131
    • Beer, J.J.1
  • 36
    • 0005861019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life science companies: Can they combine seeds, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals?
    • Bijman, J. (1999) ‘Life science companies: Can they combine seeds, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals?’Biotechnology and Development Monitor40: 14-19.
    • (1999) Biotechnology and Development Monitor , vol.40 , pp. 14-19
    • Bijman, J.1
  • 37
    • 0026756155 scopus 로고
    • Steroid hormones and the luftwaffe. A venture into fundamental strategic research and some of its consequences: The birch reduction becomes a birth reduction
    • Birch, A. (1992) ‘Steroid hormones and the Luftwaffe. A venture into fundamental strategic research and some of its consequences: The Birch reduction becomes a birth reduction’. Steroids 57: 363-377.
    • (1992) Steroids , vol.57 , pp. 363-377
    • Birch, A.1
  • 43
    • 0006909124 scopus 로고
    • The human genome project: Patenting human genes and biotechnology. Is the human genome patentable?
    • Borson, D.B. (1995) ‘The Human Genome Project: Patenting human genes and biotechnology. Is the human genome patentable?’IDEA-The Journal of Law and Technology35(4): 461-496.
    • (1995) Idea-The Journal of Law and Technology , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 461-496
    • Borson, D.B.1
  • 45
    • 0009213890 scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing “products of nature from products derived from nature’
    • Bozicevic, K. (1987) ‘Distinguishing “products of nature” from products derived from nature’. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society69(8): 415-426.
    • (1987) Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society , vol.69 , Issue.8 , pp. 415-426
    • Bozicevic, K.1
  • 46
    • 33845527142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayer agrees to charge government a lower price for anthrax medicine
    • Bradsher, K. (2001) ‘Bayer agrees to charge government a lower price for anthrax medicine’. New York Times 25 October.
    • (2001) New York Times 25 October
    • Bradsher, K.1
  • 49
    • 0034716486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
    • Breedveld, F.C. (2000) ‘Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies’. The Lancet355: 735-740.
    • (2000) The Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 735-740
    • Breedveld, F.C.1
  • 51
    • 0002823778 scopus 로고
    • Richerche su di un nuovo antibiotico
    • Brotzu, G. (1948) ‘Richerche su di un nuovo antibiotico’. Lavori dell’Istituto d’Igiene di Cagliari: 4-18. Downloadable from http://pacs.unica.it/brotzu/brotzu.pdf. English translation:http://pacs.unica.it/brotzu/brotzuen.pdf.
    • (1948) Lavori dell’Istituto d’Igiene Di Cagliari , pp. 4-18
    • Brotzu, G.1
  • 53
    • 0002653466 scopus 로고
    • Patent row splits breast cancer researchers
    • Brown, P. and K. Kleiner (1994) ‘Patent row splits breast cancer researchers’. New Scientist143: 4.
    • (1994) New Scientist , vol.143 , pp. 4
    • Brown, P.1    Kleiner, K.2
  • 56
    • 40749116810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upheaval in the moral economy of science? Patenting, teamwork and the world war ii experience of penicillin
    • Bud, R. (2008) ‘Upheaval in the moral economy of science? Patenting, teamwork and the World War II experience of penicillin’. History and Technology24 (2): 173-190.
    • (2008) History and Technology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-190
    • Bud, R.1
  • 57
    • 84972681871 scopus 로고
    • Biotechnology, plant breeding, and intellectual property: Social and ethical dimensions
    • Buttel, F.H. and J. Belsky (1987) ‘Biotechnology, plant breeding, and intellectual property: Social and ethical dimensions’. Science, Technology, and Human Values12(1): 31-49.
    • (1987) Science, Technology, and Human Values , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-49
    • Buttel, F.H.1    Belsky, J.2
  • 59
    • 10844239694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic patenting and the utility requirement
    • Calvert, J. (2004) ‘Genomic patenting and the utility requirement’. New Genetics and Society 23(3): 301-312.
    • (2004) New Genetics and Society , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-312
    • Calvert, J.1
  • 62
    • 40749128797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patenting in the public interest: Administration of insulin patents by university of toronto’
    • Cassier, M. and C. Sinding (2008) “‘Patenting in the public interest”: Administration of insulin patents by University of Toronto’. History and Technology24(2): 153-171.
    • (2008) History and Technology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-171
    • Cassier, M.1    Sinding, C.2
  • 63
    • 0037047595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cdna: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template
    • Cello, J., A.V. Paul and E. Wimmer (2002) ‘Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template’. Science297: 1016-1018.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 1016-1018
    • Cello, J.1    Paul, A.V.2    Wimmer, E.3
  • 69
    • 33845364358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From international ethics to european union policy: A case study on biopiracy in the eus biotechnology directive’
    • Cloatre, E. (2006) ‘From international ethics to European Union policy: A case study on biopiracy in the EU’s Biotechnology Directive’. Law and Policy 28(3): 345-367.
    • (2006) Law and Policy , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 345-367
    • Cloatre, E.1
  • 70
    • 84959793236 scopus 로고
    • Applications for gene patents “thrown on bonfire
    • 19 February
    • Coghlan, A. (1994) ‘Applications for gene patents “thrown on bonfire”’. New Scientist 19 February: 4-5.
    • (1994) New Scientist , pp. 4-5
    • Coghlan, A.1
  • 71
    • 0027092590 scopus 로고
    • Steroids and “the pill: Early steroid research at searle’
    • Colton, F. (1992) ‘Steroids and “the pill”: Early steroid research at Searle’. Steroids57: 624-630.
    • (1992) Steroids , vol.57 , pp. 624-630
    • Colton, F.1
  • 76
    • 0035854420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patents, secrecy, and dna
    • Cook-Deegan, R. and S.J. McCormack (2001) ‘Patents, secrecy, and DNA’. Science293: 217.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 217
    • Cook-Deegan, R.1    McCormack, S.J.2
  • 77
    • 84973668764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uk scientists responsible for third of genome project
    • Cookson, C. (2001) ‘UK scientists responsible for third of genome project’. Financial Times, 13 February: 2.
    • (2001) Financial Times , vol.2
    • Cookson, C.1
  • 83
    • 33845696223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilateralism in intellectual property: Defeating the wto system for access to medicines
    • Correa, C.M. (2004) ‘Bilateralism in intellectual property: Defeating the WTO system for access to medicines’. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law36: 79.
    • (2004) Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law , vol.36 , pp. 79
    • Correa, C.M.1
  • 84
    • 33846902753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting test data for pharmaceutical and agrochemical products under free trade agreements
    • P. Roffe, G. Tansey and D. Vivas-Eugui (Eds.), London: Earthscan
    • Correa, C.M. (2006) ‘Protecting test data for pharmaceutical and agrochemical products under free trade agreements’, in P. Roffe, G. Tansey and D. Vivas-Eugui (Eds.), NegotiatingHealth: Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines.London: Earthscan.
    • (2006) Negotiatinghealth: Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines
    • Correa, C.M.1
  • 85
    • 0037067589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active poliovirus baked from scratch
    • Couzin, J. (2002) ‘Active poliovirus baked from scratch’. Science297: 174-175.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 174-175
    • Couzin, J.1
  • 86
  • 89
    • 0036500834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse engineering of biological complexity
    • Csete, M.E. and J.C. Doyle (2002) ‘Reverse engineering of biological complexity’. Science295: 1664-1669.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1664-1669
    • Csete, M.E.1    Doyle, J.C.2
  • 90
    • 84973612646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anomoly identification and resolution for the central dogma of molecular biology
    • Max Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Preprint, Berlin: MPIWG
    • Darden, L. (2006) ‘Anomoly identification and resolution for the central dogma of molecular biology’, in Max Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, History and Epistemology of Molecular Biology and Beyond: Problems and Perspectives (Preprint 310). Berlin: MPIWG, 127-139.
    • (2006) History and Epistemology of Molecular Biology and Beyond: Problems and Perspectives , vol.310 , pp. 127-139
    • Darden, L.1
  • 96
    • 34548324706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of biopharmaceutical r&d: Is biotech different?
    • DiMasi, J.A. and H.G. Grabowski (2007) ‘The cost of biopharmaceutical R&D: Is biotech different?’Managerial and Decision Economics28: 469-479.
    • (2007) Managerial and Decision Economics , vol.28 , pp. 469-479
    • DiMasi, J.A.1    Grabowski, H.G.2
  • 97
    • 0021417836 scopus 로고
    • A steroid autobiography
    • Djerassi, C. (1984) ‘A steroid autobiography’. Steroids43(4): 351-361.
    • (1984) Steroids , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 351-361
    • Djerassi, C.1
  • 101
    • 0032076895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotechnology: The patenting of dna
    • Doll, J. (1998) ‘Biotechnology: The patenting of DNA’. Science280: 689-690.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 689-690
    • Doll, J.1
  • 103
    • 84945799998 scopus 로고
    • Global property rights in information: The story of trips at the gatt
    • Drahos, P. (1995) ‘Global property rights in information: The story of TRIPS at the GATT’. Prometheus13(1): 6-19.
    • (1995) Prometheus , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-19
    • Drahos, P.1
  • 104
    • 52649117200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • States and intellectual property: The past, the present and the future
    • D. Saunders and B. Sherman (Eds.), Brisbane: Australian Key Centre for Cultural and Media Policy and Impart Corporation
    • Drahos, P. (1997) ‘States and intellectual property: The past, the present and the future’, in D. Saunders and B. Sherman (Eds.), From Berne to Geneva: Recent Developments in Copyright and Neighbouring Rights.Brisbane: Australian Key Centre for Cultural and Media Policy and Impart Corporation.
    • (1997) From Berne to Geneva: Recent Developments in Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
    • Drahos, P.1
  • 105
    • 0000688603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotechnology patents, markets and morality
    • Drahos, P. (1999a) ‘Biotechnology patents, markets and morality’. European Intellectual Property Review21(9): 441-449.
    • (1999) European Intellectual Property Review , vol.21 , Issue.9 , pp. 441-449
    • Drahos, P.1
  • 106
    • 84973612639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing institutions in the information society
    • S. Macdonald and J. Nightingale (Eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
    • Drahos, P. (1999b) ‘Designing institutions in the information society’, in S. Macdonald and J. Nightingale (Eds.), Information and Organization: A Tribute to the Work of Don Lamberton.Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
    • (1999) Information and Organization: A Tribute to the Work of Don Lamberton
    • Drahos, P.1
  • 107
    • 84973612632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody therapy for leukemia and lymphoma
    • Drug and Market Development (1998) ‘Monoclonal antibody therapy for leukemia and lymphoma’. Drug and Market Development9(100): 264.
    • (1998) Drug and Market Development , vol.9 , Issue.100 , pp. 264
  • 110
  • 111
    • 84956052600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To copy is to steal: Trips, (un)free trade agreements & thenew intellectual property fundamentalism’
    • Dutfield, G. (2006a) “‘To copy is to steal”: TRIPS, (un)free trade agreements & thenew intellectual property fundamentalism’. Journal of Information, Law & Technology1.
    • (2006) Journal of Information, Law & Technology , pp. 1
    • Dutfield, G.1
  • 113
    • 84881819580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge diplomacy and the new intellectual property fundamentalism
    • J. Malbon and C. Lawson (Eds.), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
    • Dutfield, G. (2008) ‘Knowledge diplomacy and the new intellectual property fundamentalism’, in J. Malbon and C. Lawson (Eds.), Interpreting and Implementing the TRIPS Agreement: Is it Fair? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
    • (2008) Interpreting and Implementing the TRIPS Agreement: Is It Fair?
    • Dutfield, G.1
  • 114
    • 20944434491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmonisation or differentiation in intellectual property protection? The lessons of history
    • Dutfield, G. and U. Suthersanen (2005) ‘Harmonisation or differentiation in intellectual property protection? The lessons of history’. Prometheus23 (2): 131-147.
    • (2005) Prometheus , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-147
    • Dutfield, G.1    Suthersanen, U.2
  • 116
    • 30744450342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeking freedom in new england
    • Dyer, G. (2002) ‘Seeking freedom in New England’. Financial Times 8 May: 13.
    • (2002) Financial Times , pp. 13
    • Dyer, G.1
  • 119
    • 0141604347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special patent provisions for pharmaceuticals: Have they outlived their usefulness? a political, legislative and legal history of us law and observations for the future
    • Engelberg, A.B. (1999) ‘Special patent provisions for pharmaceuticals: Have they outlived their usefulness? A political, legislative and legal history of US law and observations for the future’. IDEA-The Journal of Law and Technology 39(3): 389-425.
    • (1999) Idea-The Journal of Law and Technology , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 389-425
    • Engelberg, A.B.1
  • 120
    • 33847281513 scopus 로고
    • A gatt intellectual property code
    • Enyart, J.R. (1990) ‘A GATT intellectual property code’. Les Nouvelles June: 53-56.
    • (1990) Les Nouvelles , pp. 53-56
    • Enyart, J.R.1
  • 122
    • 12944330310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization, inc. Concentration in corporate power: The unmentioned agenda
    • ETC Group (2001) ‘Globalization, Inc. concentration in corporate power: The unmentioned agenda’. ETC Group Communiqué (71).
    • (2001) ETC Group Communiqué (71)
  • 124
    • 77952946646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brussels: European Commission
    • European Commission-Directorate-General for Research (2007) ‘Synthetic Biology: A NEST Pathfinder initiative’. Brussels: European Commission.
    • (2007) Synthetic Biology: A NEST Pathfinder Initiative
  • 126
    • 84881808829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brussels: EFPIA
    • European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations(1999) ‘Position paper-WTO Millennium Round’. Brussels: EFPIA.
    • (1999) Position Paper-Wto Millennium Round
  • 129
    • 85046911667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteins rule
    • Ezzell, C. (2002) ‘Proteins rule’. Scientific American286(4): 26-33.
    • (2002) Scientific American , vol.286 , Issue.4 , pp. 26-33
    • Ezzell, C.1
  • 130
    • 13744255304 scopus 로고
    • Synthetic dyes before 1860
    • Farrar, W.V. (1974) ‘Synthetic dyes before 1860’. Endeavour33: 149-155.
    • (1974) Endeavour , vol.33 , pp. 149-155
    • Farrar, W.V.1
  • 132
    • 0015237263 scopus 로고
    • Indomethacin and aspirin abolish prostaglandin release from the spleen
    • Ferreira, S.H., S. Moncadaand J.R. Vane
    • Ferreira, S.H., S. Moncadaand J.R. Vane (1971) ‘Indomethacin and aspirin abolish prostaglandin release from the spleen’. Nature New Biology231: 237-239.
    • (1971) Nature New Biology , vol.231 , pp. 237-239
  • 133
    • 84881779564 scopus 로고
    • Are patents on medicinal discoveries and on foods in the public interest?
    • Fishbein, M. (1937a) ‘Are patents on medicinal discoveries and on foods in the public interest?’Journal of the Patent Office Society19(12): 891-904.
    • (1937) Journal of the Patent Office Society , vol.19 , Issue.12 , pp. 891-904
    • Fishbein, M.1
  • 135
    • 0000378637 scopus 로고
    • On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of b. Influenzae
    • Fleming, A. (1929) ‘On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. Influenzae’. British Journal of Experimental PathologyX(3): 226-236.
    • (1929) British Journal of Experimental Pathology , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 226-236
    • Fleming, A.1
  • 136
    • 84973595317 scopus 로고
    • Convention on biological diversity and related resolutions
    • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1993) ‘Convention on Biological Diversity and related resolutions’. Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, Fifth session, Rome, 19-23 April 1993 (CPGR/93/Inf.3).
    • (1993) Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, Fifth Session , vol.1993
  • 137
    • 33847384406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of business practices, licensing, and intellectual property on development and dissemination of the polymerase chain reaction: Case study
    • Fore J., I.R. Wiechersand, R. Cook-Deegan (2006) ‘The effects of business practices, licensing, and intellectual property on development and dissemination of the polymerase chain reaction: Case study’. Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration1(7): 1-17.
    • (2006) Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration , vol.1 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-17
    • Fore, J.1    Wiechersand, I.R.2    Cook-Deegan, R.3
  • 140
    • 84973627855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visions of future technologies: Government, globalisation, and universities in japanese biotechnology
    • M. Fransman (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Fransman, M. and S. Tanaka (1999) ‘Visions of future technologies: Government, globalisation, and universities in Japanese biotechnology’, in M. Fransman (Ed.), Visions of Innovation: The Firm and Japan.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1999) Visions of Innovation: The Firm and Japan
    • Fransman, M.1    Tanaka, S.2
  • 143
    • 84973647838 scopus 로고
    • New drug era begins as tagamet patent expires
    • Freudenheim, M. (1994) ‘New drug era begins as Tagamet patent expires’. New York Times 17 May.
    • (1994) New York Times
    • Freudenheim, M.1
  • 147
    • 31044447971 scopus 로고
    • Information transfer in the living cell
    • Gamow, G. (1955) ‘Information transfer in the living cell’. Scientific American193: 70-78.
    • (1955) Scientific American , vol.193 , pp. 70-78
    • Gamow, G.1
  • 149
    • 40749127498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professional or industrial order? Patents, biological drugs, and pharmaceutical capitalism in early twentieth century germany
    • Gaudilliere, J.-P. (2008) ‘Professional or industrial order? Patents, biological drugs, and pharmaceutical capitalism in early twentieth century Germany’. History and Technology24(2): 107-133.
    • (2008) History and Technology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-133
    • Gaudilliere, J.-P.1
  • 151
    • 0142231860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unseen genome: Gems among the junk
    • Gibbs, W.W. (2003) ‘The unseen genome: Gems among the junk’. Scientific American289(5): 26-33.
    • (2003) Scientific American , vol.289 , Issue.5 , pp. 26-33
    • Gibbs, W.W.1
  • 154
    • 0031786224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The discovery and early use of cortisone
    • Glyn, J. (1998) ‘The discovery and early use of cortisone’. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine91(10): 513-517.
    • (1998) Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , vol.91 , Issue.10 , pp. 513-517
    • Glyn, J.1
  • 155
    • 84883735957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montreal: The Innovation Partnership and McGill University Centre for Intellectual Property Policy
    • Gold, E.R. and J. Carbone (2008) ‘Myriad: In the eye of the policy storm’. Montreal: The Innovation Partnership and McGill University Centre for Intellectual Property Policy.
    • (2008) Myriad: In the Eye of the Policy Storm
    • Gold, E.R.1    Carbone, J.2
  • 156
    • 27644561365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding human diversity
    • Goldstein, D.B. and G.L. Cavalleri (2005) ‘Understanding human diversity’. Nature437: 1241-1242.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 1241-1242
    • Goldstein, D.B.1    Cavalleri, G.L.2
  • 157
    • 33847125884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceutical industry
    • R. Cooter and J. Pickstone (Eds.), London: Routledge
    • Goodman, J. (2003) ‘Pharmaceutical industry’, in R. Cooter and J. Pickstone (Eds.), Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century.London: Routledge.
    • (2003) Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century
    • Goodman, J.1
  • 161
    • 84897129375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (PhD thesis). Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley
    • Graff, G. (2002) ‘The sources of biological innovation for agriculture’ (PhD thesis). Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley.
    • (2002) The Sources of Biological Innovation for Agriculture
    • Graff, G.1
  • 163
    • 84973660186 scopus 로고
    • The relative progress ofthe coal-tar colour industry in england and germany during the past fifteen years
    • W.M. Gardner (Ed.), London: Williams and Norgate
    • Green, A.G. (1915 [1901]) ‘The relative progress ofthe coal-tar colour industry in England and Germany during the past fifteen years’, in W.M. Gardner (Ed.), The British Coal-Tar Industry: Its Origin, Development and Decline.London: Williams and Norgate.
    • (1915) The British Coal-Tar Industry: Its Origin, Development and Decline
    • Green, A.G.1
  • 164
    • 84881675312 scopus 로고
    • The lesson of the german-owned us chemical patents
    • Greenberg, A.S. (1926) ‘The lesson of the German-owned US chemical patents’. Journal ofthe Patent Office Society9(1): 19-35.
    • (1926) Journal Ofthe Patent Office Society , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-35
    • Greenberg, A.S.1
  • 168
    • 84973648066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A patently negative view of industry
    • Grubb, P.W. (2003) ‘A patently negative view of industry’. Nature Biotechnology21(12): 1439-1440.
    • (2003) Nature Biotechnology , vol.21 , Issue.12 , pp. 1439-1440
    • Grubb, P.W.1
  • 171
    • 0038482723 scopus 로고
    • Derivatives of cephalosporin c formed with certain heterocyclic tertiary bases
    • Hale, C.W., G.G.F. Newton and E.P. Abraham (1961) ‘Derivatives of cephalosporin C formed with certain heterocyclic tertiary bases’. Biochemical Journal79: 403-408.
    • (1961) Biochemical Journal , vol.79 , pp. 403-408
    • Hale, C.W.1    Newton, G.G.F.2    Abraham, E.P.3
  • 172
    • 0001814852 scopus 로고
    • Coercion and distribution in a supposedly non-coercive state
    • Hale, R.J. (1923) ‘Coercion and distribution in a supposedly non-coercive state’. Political Science Quarterly38(3): 470-494.
    • (1923) Political Science Quarterly , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 470-494
    • Hale, R.J.1
  • 176
    • 0038413642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organizing regulatory space
    • R. Baldwin, C. Scott and C. Hood (Eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Hancher, L. and M. Moran (1998) ‘Organizing regulatory space’, in R. Baldwin, C. Scott and C. Hood (Eds.), A Reader on Regulation.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) A Reader on Regulation
    • Hancher, L.1    Moran, M.2
  • 181
    • 33751013018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic biology-putting engineering into biology
    • Heinemann, M. and S. Panke (2006) ‘Synthetic biology-Putting engineering into biology’. Bioinformatics22: 2790-2799.
    • (2006) Bioinformatics , vol.22 , pp. 2790-2799
    • Heinemann, M.1    Panke, S.2
  • 182
    • 0032076909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research
    • Heller, M.A. and R.S. Eisenberg (1998) ‘Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research’. Science280: 698-701.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 698-701
    • Heller, M.A.1    Eisenberg, R.S.2
  • 183
  • 184
    • 33646473985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer unit fights us gene patent
    • 8 September
    • Henley, J. (2001) ‘Cancer unit fights US gene patent’. The Guardian8 September.
    • (2001) The Guardian
    • Henley, J.1
  • 185
    • 33846103332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innovations et droits de propriété intellectuelle: Quells enjeux pour les biotechnologies? paris: Rapport du conseil d’analyse economique
    • Henry, C., M. Trommetter and L. Tubiana (2003) ‘Innovations et droits de propriété intellectuelle: Quells enjeux pour les biotechnologies?’ Paris: Rapport du Conseil d’Analyse Economique.La Documentation Française:49-112.
    • (2003) La Documentation Française , pp. 49-112
    • Henry, C.1    Trommetter, M.2    Tubiana, L.3
  • 186
    • 0027097972 scopus 로고
    • A history of significant steroid discoveries and developments originating at the schering corporation (Usa) since 1948
    • Herzog, H. and E.P. Oliveto (1992) ‘A history of significant steroid discoveries and developments originating at the Schering Corporation (USA) since 1948’. Steroids57: 617-623.
    • (1992) Steroids , vol.57 , pp. 617-623
    • Herzog, H.1    Oliveto, E.P.2
  • 187
    • 0030221234 scopus 로고
    • Between basic and applied research: Ciba’s involvement in the steroids in the 1950s and 1960s
    • Heusler, K. and Kalvoda J. (1992) ‘Between basic and applied research: Ciba’s involvement in the steroids in the 1950s and 1960s. Steroids61: 492-503.
    • (1992) Steroids , vol.61 , pp. 492-503
    • Heusler, K.1    Kalvoda, J.2
  • 188
    • 0027015374 scopus 로고
    • The cortisone era: Aspects of its impact. Some contributions of the merck laboratories
    • Hirschmann, R. (1992) ‘The cortisone era: Aspects of its impact. Some contributions of the Merck Laboratories. Steroids57: 579-592.
    • (1992) Steroids , vol.57 , pp. 579-592
    • Hirschmann, R.1
  • 189
    • 84904781480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Chatham House report prepared for the project Impacts of the IPR Rules on Sustainable Development (IPDEV), funded by the European Commission under its 6th Framework Programme, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs
    • Hoare, A.L. and R.G. Tarasofsky (2006) ‘Disclosure of origin in IPR applications: Options and perspectives of users and providers of genetic resources’. A Chatham House report prepared for the project Impacts of the IPR Rules on Sustainable Development (IPDEV), funded by the European Commission under its 6th Framework Programme. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
    • (2006) Disclosure of Origin in IPR Applications: Options and Perspectives of Users and Providers of Genetic Resources
    • Hoare, A.L.1    Tarasofsky, R.G.2
  • 190
    • 41849135103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asking and telling: Can “disclosure of origin requirements in patent applications make a difference?’
    • Hoare, A.L. and R.G. Tarasofsky (2007) ‘Asking and telling: Can “disclosure of origin” requirements in patent applications make a difference?’Journal of World Intellectual Property10(2): 149-169.
    • (2007) Journal of World Intellectual Property , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 149-169
    • Hoare, A.L.1    Tarasofsky, R.G.2
  • 191
    • 0039826117 scopus 로고
    • The x-ray analysis of the structure of cephalosporin c
    • Hodgkin, D.C. and E.N. Maslen (1961) ‘The X-ray analysis of the structure of cephalosporin C’. Biochemical Journal79: 393-402.
    • (1961) Biochemical Journal , vol.79 , pp. 393-402
    • Hodgkin, D.C.1    Maslen, E.N.2
  • 192
    • 36949062699 scopus 로고
    • The crystal structure of the hexacarboxylic acid derived from b12 and the molecular structure of the vitamin
    • Hodgkin, D.C. and E.N. Maslen, J. Pickworth, J.H. Robertson, K.N. Trueblood, R.J. Prosen and J.G. White (1955) ‘The crystal structure of the hexacarboxylic acid derived from B12 and the molecular structure of the vitamin’. Nature176: 325-328.
    • (1955) Nature , vol.176 , pp. 325-328
    • Hodgkin, D.C.1    Maslen, E.N.2    Pickworth, J.3    Robertson, J.H.4    Trueblood, K.N.5    Prosen, R.J.6    White, J.G.7
  • 193
    • 0027050071 scopus 로고
    • Steroids, the steroid community, and upjohn in perspective: A profile of innovation
    • Hogg, J.A. (1992) ‘Steroids, the steroid community, and Upjohn in perspective: a profile of innovation’. Steroids57: 593-616.
    • (1992) Steroids , vol.57 , pp. 593-616
    • Hogg, J.A.1
  • 194
    • 84972482635 scopus 로고
    • The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870-1900
    • Homburg, E. (1992) ‘The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870-1900’. British Journal for the History of Science25: 91-111.
    • (1992) British Journal for the History of Science , vol.25 , pp. 91-111
    • Homburg, E.1
  • 196
    • 84972457373 scopus 로고
    • From process to plant: Innovation in the early artificial dye industry
    • Hornix, WJ. (1992) ‘From process to plant: Innovation in the early artificial dye industry’. British Journal for the History of Science25: 65-90.
    • (1992) British Journal for the History of Science , vol.25 , pp. 65-90
    • Hornix, W.J.1
  • 197
    • 84973607487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The industry evolves within a political, social, and public policy context: A brief look at britain, germany, japan, and the united states
    • A. Arora, R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (Eds.), New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore and Toronto: John Wiley
    • Horstmeyer, M. (1998) ‘The industry evolves within a political, social, and public policy context: A brief look at Britain, Germany, Japan, and the United States’, in A. Arora, R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Chemicals and Long-term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry.New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore and Toronto: John Wiley.
    • (1998) Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry
    • Horstmeyer, M.1
  • 199
    • 84973648842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the approach of the european, japanese and united states patent offices to patenting partial dna sequences (Ests)
    • Howlett, M.J. and A.F. Christie (2004) ‘An analysis of the approach of the European, Japanese and United States patent offices to patenting partial DNA sequences (ESTs)’. University of Melbourne Faculty of Law Legal Studies Research Paper 82.
    • (2004) University of Melbourne Faculty of Law Legal Studies Research Paper , pp. 82
    • Howlett, M.J.1    Christie, A.F.2
  • 200
    • 0035468423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making dollars out of dna: The first major patent in biotechnology and the commercialization of molecular biology, 1974-1980
    • Hughes, S.S. (2001) ‘Making dollars out of DNA: The first major patent in biotechnology and the commercialization of molecular biology, 1974-1980’. ISIS92(3): 541-575.
    • (2001) ISIS , vol.92 , Issue.3 , pp. 541-575
    • Hughes, S.S.1
  • 201
    • 0012785515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington DC: National Institute of Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation
    • Hunt, M. (2002)Changing Patterns of Pharmaceutical Innovation.Washington DC: National Institute of Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation.
    • (2002) Changing Patterns of Pharmaceutical Innovation
    • Hunt, M.1
  • 203
    • 70749103216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montreal: The Innovation Partnership and McGill University Centre for Intellectual Property Policy
    • International Expert Group on Biotechnology, Innovation and Intellectual Property of the Innovation Partnership (2008) ‘Toward a new era of intellectual property: from confrontation to negotiation’. Montreal: The Innovation Partnership and McGill University Centre for Intellectual Property Policy.
    • (2008) Toward a New Era of Intellectual Property: From Confrontation to Negotiation
  • 204
    • 79959524146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A haplotype map of the human genome
    • International HapMap Consortium (2005) ‘A haplotype map of the human genome’. Nature437: 1299-1320.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 1299-1320
  • 205
    • 2042437650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome
    • International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) ‘Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome’. Nature409: 860-921.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 860-921
  • 209
    • 0039240094 scopus 로고
    • On the author effect: Contemporary copyright and collective creativity
    • Jaszi, P. (1992) ‘On the author effect: Contemporary copyright and collective creativity’. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal10(2): 293-320.
    • (1992) Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 293-320
    • Jaszi, P.1
  • 212
    • 20944451406 scopus 로고
    • Hofmanns role in reshaping the academic-industrial alliance in german chemistry’
    • C. Meinel and H. Scholz (Eds.), Weinheim, New York, Cambridge and Basel: VCH
    • Johnson, J.A. (1992) ‘Hofmann’s role in reshaping the academic-industrial alliance in German chemistry’, in C. Meinel and H. Scholz (Eds.), Die Allianz von Wissenschaft und Industrie August Wilhelm Hofmann (1818-1892). Weinheim, New York, Cambridge and Basel: VCH.
    • (1992) Die Allianz Von Wissenschaft Und Industrie August Wilhelm Hofmann (1818-1892)
    • Johnson, J.A.1
  • 213
    • 84886498237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Innovations and networks in biotechnology
    • Joly, P.-B. (1999) ‘Introduction: Innovations and networks in biotechnology’. International Journal of Biotechnology1(1): 1-9.
    • (1999) International Journal of Biotechnology , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Joly, P.-B.1
  • 215
    • 84942385281 scopus 로고
    • Deaths following elixir of sulfanilamide-massengill
    • Journal of the American Medical Association (editorial) (1937) ‘Deaths following Elixir of Sulfanilamide-Massengill’. Journal of the American Medical Association109(19): 1544-1545.
    • (1937) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.109 , Issue.19 , pp. 1544-1545
  • 222
    • 84970773277 scopus 로고
    • The furore over the patenting of animals: Animal legal defense fund v. Quigg
    • Kell, D. (1992) ‘The furore over the patenting of animals: Animal Legal Defense Fund v. Quigg’. European Intellectual Property Review14(8): 279-283.
    • (1992) European Intellectual Property Review , vol.14 , Issue.8 , pp. 279-283
    • Kell, D.1
  • 223
    • 0002017285 scopus 로고
    • New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons
    • Kendall, E.C. (1971)Cortisone.New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
    • (1971) Cortisone
    • Kendall, E.C.1
  • 225
    • 0028685917 scopus 로고
    • Ananda chakrabarty wins a patent: Biotechnology, law, and society, 1972-1980
    • Kevles, D.J. (1994) ‘Ananda Chakrabarty wins a patent: Biotechnology, law, and society, 1972-1980’. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences25(1): 111-135.
    • (1994) Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-135
    • Kevles, D.J.1
  • 227
    • 84858355393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding, biotechnology, and agriculture: The establishment and protection of intellectual property in animals since the late eighteenth century
    • Max Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin: MPIWG
    • Kevles, D.J. (2006) ‘Breeding, biotechnology, and agriculture: The establishment and protection of intellectual property in animals since the late eighteenth century’, in Max Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, History and Epistemology of Molecular Biology and Beyond: Problems and Perspectives(Preprint 310). Berlin: MPIWG, 69-79.
    • (2006) History and Epistemology of Molecular Biology and Beyond: Problems and Perspectives , vol.310 , pp. 69-79
    • Kevles, D.J.1
  • 228
    • 85047693030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptomycin, schatz v. Waksman, and the balance of credit for discovery
    • Kingston, W (2004a) ‘Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the balance of credit for discovery’. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences59(3): 441-462.
    • (2004) Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 441-462
    • Kingston, W.1
  • 229
    • 3142764490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removing some harm from the world trade organization
    • Kingston, W (2004b) ‘Removing some harm from the World Trade Organization’. Oxford Development Studies32(2): 309-320.
    • (2004) Oxford Development Studies , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-320
    • Kingston, W.1
  • 230
    • 25144434325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Court tightens patent rules on gene tags
    • Kintisch, E. (2005) ‘Court tightens patent rules on gene tags’. Science309: 1797.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 1797
    • Kintisch, E.1
  • 231
    • 0036500993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic biology: A brief overview
    • Kitano, H. (2008) ‘Synthetic biology: A brief overview’. Science295: 1662-1664.
    • (2008) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1662-1664
    • Kitano, H.1
  • 233
    • 0037161094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bad for your health: Are gene patents stopping patients getting the latest tests?
    • Kleiner, K. (2002) ‘Bad for your health: Are gene patents stopping patients getting the latest tests?’New Scientist 23 March: 6.
    • (2002) New Scientist , vol.6
    • Kleiner, K.1
  • 235
    • 0016756272 scopus 로고
    • Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity
    • Köhler, G. and C. Milstein (1975) ‘Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity’. Nature256: 495-497.
    • (1975) Nature , vol.256 , pp. 495-497
    • Köhler, G.1    Milstein, C.2
  • 237
    • 33645889302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhagic sweet clover disease, dicumarol, and warfarin: The work of karl paul link
    • Kresge, N., R.D. Simoni and R.L. Hill (2005) ‘Hemorrhagic sweet clover disease, dicumarol, and warfarin: The work of Karl Paul Link’. Journal of Biological Chemistry280(8): e5-e6.
    • (2005) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.280 , Issue.8 , pp. e5-e6
    • Kresge, N.1    Simoni, R.D.2    Hill, R.L.3
  • 238
    • 0033715186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment and regulation of bioengineered food products
    • Krimsky, S. (2000) ‘Risk assessment and regulation of bioengineered food products’. International Journal of Biotechnology2 (1/2/3): 231-238.
    • (2000) International Journal of Biotechnology , vol.2 , pp. 231-238
    • Krimsky, S.1
  • 240
    • 0040732717 scopus 로고
    • A reevaluation of the international patent convention
    • Kronstein, H. and I. Till (1947) ‘A reevaluation of the international patent convention’. Law and Contemporary Problems12: 765-781.
    • (1947) Law and Contemporary Problems , vol.12 , pp. 765-781
    • Kronstein, H.1    Till, I.2
  • 242
    • 84890157812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The non-patentability of plant varieties. The decision of the technical board of appeal 3.3.4 of february 21, 1995-t 356/93
    • Lange, P. (1997), ‘The non-patentability of plant varieties. The Decision of the Technical Board of Appeal 3.3.4 of February 21, 1995-T 356/93’. PlantVariety Protection83: 25-33.
    • (1997) PlantVariety Protection , vol.83 , pp. 25-33
    • Lange, P.1
  • 243
    • 0036186532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The missing link: The story of karl paul link
    • Last, J. (2002) ‘The missing Link: The story of Karl Paul Link’. Toxicological Sciences66: 4-6.
    • (2002) Toxicological Sciences , vol.66 , pp. 4-6
    • Last, J.1
  • 246
    • 84881946230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The commissions astrazeneca decision: Delaying generic entry is an abuse of a dominant position’
    • Lawrence, S. and P. Treacy (2005) ‘The Commission’s AstraZeneca decision: Delaying generic entry is an abuse of a dominant position’. Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice1 (1): 7-9.
    • (2005) Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-9
    • Lawrence, S.1    Treacy, P.2
  • 253
    • 0021554597 scopus 로고
    • Industrial r&d in pharmaceutical firms in the twentieth century
    • Liebenau, J. (1984) ‘Industrial R&D in pharmaceutical firms in the twentieth century’. Business History26(3): 329-346.
    • (1984) Business History , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-346
    • Liebenau, J.1
  • 254
    • 0002530154 scopus 로고
    • The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels
    • Link, K.P. (1959) ‘The discovery of Dicumarol and its sequels’. Circulation19: 97-107.
    • (1959) Circulation , vol.19 , pp. 97-107
    • Link, K.P.1
  • 256
    • 0036263637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philip showalter hench, 1896-1965
    • Lloyd, M. (2002) ‘Philip Showalter Hench, 1896-1965’. Rheumatology41: 582-584.
    • (2002) Rheumatology , vol.41 , pp. 582-584
    • Lloyd, M.1
  • 257
    • 0000588033 scopus 로고
    • The cephalosporin c nucleus (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) and some of its derivatives
    • Loder, B., G.G.F. Newton and E.P. Abraham (1961) ‘The cephalosporin C nucleus (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) and some of its derivatives’. Biochemical Journal79: 408-416.
    • (1961) Biochemical Journal , vol.79 , pp. 408-416
    • Loder, B.1    Newton, G.G.F.2    Abraham, E.P.3
  • 258
    • 0037022992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Software for signaling networks, electronic and cellular
    • Lok, L. (2002) ‘Software for signaling networks, electronic and cellular’. Science’s STKE122: PE11.
    • (2002) Science’s STKE , vol.122
    • Lok, L.1
  • 259
    • 84899381812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QUNO Occasional Paper, Geneva: Quaker United Nations Office
    • Macdonald, S. (2001) ‘Exploring the hidden costs of patents’. QUNO Occasional Paper 4. Geneva: Quaker United Nations Office.
    • (2001) Exploring the Hidden Costs of Patents , pp. 4
    • Macdonald, S.1
  • 262
    • 67649895412 scopus 로고
    • The patent controversy in the nineteenth century
    • Machlup, F. and E. Penrose (1950) ‘The patent controversy in the Nineteenth Century’. Journal of Economic History10(1): 1-29.
    • (1950) Journal of Economic History , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-29
    • Machlup, F.1    Penrose, E.2
  • 263
    • 50449174264 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin
    • Maclagan, T. (1876) ‘The treatment of acute rheumatism by salicin’. The Lancet4 March 1876, 342-343.
    • (1876) The Lancet , vol.4 , pp. 342-343
    • Maclagan, T.1
  • 265
    • 0003807559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London and New York: Routledge
    • Majone, G. (1996)Regulating Europe.London and New York: Routledge.
    • (1996) Regulating Europe
    • Majone, G.1
  • 266
    • 27544473123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In and out of the revolving door: Making sense of regulatory capture
    • R. Baldwin, C. Scott and C. Hood (Eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Makkai, T. and J. Braithwaite (1998) ‘In and out of the revolving door: Making sense of regulatory capture’, in R. Baldwin, C. Scott and C. Hood (Eds.), A Reader on Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) A Reader on Regulation
    • Makkai, T.1    Braithwaite, J.2
  • 270
    • 0000857127 scopus 로고
    • Patents and innovation: An empirical study
    • Mansfield, E. (1986) ‘Patents and innovation: An empirical study’. Management Science32(2): 173-181.
    • (1986) Management Science , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-181
    • Mansfield, E.1
  • 271
    • 84971135250 scopus 로고
    • The new institutionalism: Organizational factors in political life
    • March, J.G. and J.P. Olson (1984) ‘The new institutionalism: Organizational factors in political life’. American Political Science Review78: 738-749.
    • (1984) American Political Science Review , vol.78 , pp. 738-749
    • March, J.G.1    Olson, J.P.2
  • 275
    • 5744253543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hidden genetic program of complex organisms
    • Mattick, J.S. (2004) ‘The hidden genetic program of complex organisms’. Scientific American291(4): 30-37.
    • (2004) Scientific American , vol.291 , Issue.4 , pp. 30-37
    • Mattick, J.S.1
  • 278
    • 84890761278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The patent provisions in trips: Protecting reasonable remuneration for services rendered-or the latest development in western colonialism?
    • McGrath, M. (1996) ‘The patent provisions in TRIPS: Protecting reasonable remuneration for services rendered-Or the latest development in Western colonialism?’European Intellectual Property Review18(7): 398-403.
    • (1996) European Intellectual Property Review , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 398-403
    • McGrath, M.1
  • 282
    • 0842341158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Us firm may double cost of uk cancer checks
    • 17 January
    • Meek, J. (2000) ‘US firm may double cost of UK cancer checks’. The Guardian17 January.
    • (2000) The Guardian
    • Meek, J.1
  • 284
    • 0346511083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contracting into liability rules: Intellectual property rights and collective rights organizations
    • Merges, R.P. (1996) ‘Contracting into liability rules: Intellectual property rights and collective rights organizations’. California Law Review84(5): 1293-1386.
    • (1996) California Law Review , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 1293-1386
    • Merges, R.P.1
  • 286
  • 287
    • 0020188008 scopus 로고
    • The industrialization of invention: A case study from the german chemical industry
    • Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) ‘The industrialization of invention: A case study from the German chemical industry’. ISIS73: 363-381.
    • (1982) ISIS , vol.73 , pp. 363-381
    • Meyer-Thurow, G.1
  • 288
    • 0033867592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • With the benefit of hindsight
    • Milstein, C. (2000) ‘With the benefit of hindsight’. Immunology Today21(8): 359-364.
    • (2000) Immunology Today , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 359-364
    • Milstein, C.1
  • 290
    • 34547687770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnnys in the basement mixin’ up the medicine: Review of angell, avorn, and daemmrich on the modern pharmaceutical predicament’
    • Mirowski, P. (2007) ‘Johnny’s in the basement mixin’ up the medicine: Review of Angell, Avorn, and Daemmrich on the modern pharmaceutical predicament’. Social Studies of Science37 (2): 311-327.
    • (2007) Social Studies of Science , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 311-327
    • Mirowski, P.1
  • 291
    • 0003431306 scopus 로고
    • Ottawa: Canadian Council for International Cooperation and International Coalition for Development Action
    • Mooney, P.R. (1979) Seeds of the Earth: Private or Public Resource? Ottawa: Canadian Council for International Cooperation and International Coalition for Development Action.
    • (1979) Seeds of the Earth: Private Or Public Resource?
    • Mooney, P.R.1
  • 294
    • 0034832465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University patents and patent policy debates in the usa, 1925-1980
    • Mowery, D.C., N. Rosenberg and B.N. Sampat (2001) ‘University patents and patent policy debates in the USA, 1925-1980’. Industrial and Corporate Change10(3): 781-814.
    • (2001) Industrial and Corporate Change , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 781-814
    • Mowery, D.C.1    Rosenberg, N.2    Sampat, B.N.3
  • 295
    • 33646231981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fight against disease mongering: Generating knowledge for action
    • Moynihan, R. and D. Henry (2006) ‘The fight against disease mongering: Generating knowledge for action’. PLoS Medicine3 (4).
    • (2006) Plos Medicine , vol.3 , Issue.4
    • Moynihan, R.1    Henry, D.2
  • 297
    • 0025261742 scopus 로고
    • The unusual origins of the polymerase chain reaction
    • Mullis, K. (1990) ‘The unusual origins of the polymerase chain reaction’. Scientific American, April: 56-65.
    • (1990) Scientific American , pp. 56-65
    • Mullis, K.1
  • 300
    • 0008334564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the making of competitive advantage: The development of the chemical industries of britain and germany since 1850
    • A. Arora, R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (Eds.), New York: John Wiley
    • Murmann, J.P. and R. Landau (1998) ‘On the making of competitive advantage: The development of the chemical industries of Britain and Germany since 1850’, in A. Arora, R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Chemicals and Long-term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry.New York: John Wiley.
    • (1998) Chemicals and Long-term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry
    • Murmann, J.P.1    Landau, R.2
  • 302
    • 84970774389 scopus 로고
    • From discovery to invention: The writing and rewriting of two patents
    • Myers, G. (1995) ‘From discovery to invention: The writing and rewriting of two patents’. Social Studies of Science25(1): 57-105.
    • (1995) Social Studies of Science , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-105
    • Myers, G.1
  • 306
    • 33947733712 scopus 로고
    • Names for hijacking
    • Nature (editorial) (1995) ‘Names for hijacking’. Nature373: 370.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 370
  • 307
    • 49449097973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Join the dots: Pushing biotech as thesolution” to the world’s problems is doing more harm than good’
    • Nature Biotechnology (editorial) (2008) ‘Join the dots: Pushing biotech as the”solution” to the world’s problems is doing more harm than good’. Nature Biotechnology26(8): 837.
    • (2008) Nature Biotechnology , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 837
  • 308
    • 84923432749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetic code: Foundation of life or heuristic device
    • Max Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin: MPIWG
    • Neumann-Held, E.M. (2006) ‘The genetic code: Foundation of life or heuristic device’, in Max Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, History and Epistemology of Molecular Biology and Beyond: Problems and Perspectives(Preprint 310). Berlin: MPIWG, 141-149.
    • (2006) History and Epistemology of Molecular Biology and Beyond: Problems and Perspectives , vol.310 , pp. 141-149
    • Neumann-Held, E.M.1
  • 309
    • 0042844744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002
    • Newman, D.J., G.M. Cragg and D.M. Snader (2002) ‘Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002’. Journal of Natural Products66: 1022-1037.
    • (2002) Journal of Natural Products , vol.66 , pp. 1022-1037
    • Newman, D.J.1    Cragg, G.M.2    Snader, D.M.3
  • 310
    • 0001719191 scopus 로고
    • Cephalosporin c, a new antibiotic containing sulphur and d-a-aminoadipic acid
    • Newton, G.G.F. and E.P. Abraham (1955) ‘Cephalosporin C, a new antibiotic containing sulphur and D-a-aminoadipic acid’. Nature175: 548.
    • (1955) Nature , vol.175 , pp. 548
    • Newton, G.G.F.1    Abraham, E.P.2
  • 311
    • 84973638197 scopus 로고
    • First-to-file vs. First-to-invent: A comparative study based on german and united states patent law
    • Nicolai, T.R. (1972) ‘First-to-file vs. first-to-invent: A comparative study based on German and United States patent law’. International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law3 (2): 103-139.
    • (1972) International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-139
    • Nicolai, T.R.1
  • 312
    • 33947494924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Noble, D. (2006)The Music of Life.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (2006) The Music of Life
    • Noble, D.1
  • 315
    • 0003628087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics
    • Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2002)The Ethics of Patenting DNA: A Discussion Paper.London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
    • (2002) The Ethics of Patenting DNA: A Discussion Paper
  • 316
    • 84973596507 scopus 로고
    • Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress (OTA), Washington DC: US Government Printing Office
    • Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress (OTA) (1989)New Developments in Biotechnology: Patenting Life-Special Report. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
    • (1989) New Developments in Biotechnology: Patenting Life-Special Report
  • 318
    • 79953984393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health, equity, and trade: A failure in global governance
    • G.P. Sampson (Ed.), Tokyo: United Nations University
    • Orbinski, J. (2001) ‘Health, equity, and trade: A failure in global governance’, in G.P. Sampson (Ed.), The Role of the World Trade Organization in Global Governance.Tokyo: United Nations University.
    • (2001) The Role of the World Trade Organization in Global Governance
    • Orbinski, J.1
  • 319
    • 84948280569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris: OECD
    • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1996)National Accounts 1960-1994. Vol. 2, Detailed Tables.Paris: OECD.
    • (1996) National Accounts 1960-1994 , vol.2
  • 320
    • 0025382737 scopus 로고
    • On the making of sex hormones: Research materials and the production of knowledge
    • Oudshoorn, N. (1990) ‘On the making of sex hormones: Research materials and the production of knowledge’. Social Studies of Science20(1): 5-33.
    • (1990) Social Studies of Science , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-33
    • Oudshoorn, N.1
  • 322
    • 10444219895 scopus 로고
    • Patents, the “frontiers of american invention, and the monopoly committee of 1939: Anatomy of a discourse’
    • Owens, L. (1991) ‘Patents, the “frontiers” of American invention, and the Monopoly Committee of 1939: Anatomy of a discourse’. Technology and Culture32(4): 1076-1093.
    • (1991) Technology and Culture , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 1076-1093
    • Owens, L.1
  • 323
    • 0021782304 scopus 로고
    • Industrial research comes of age: The american pharmaceutical industry, 1920-1940
    • Parascandola, J. (1985) ‘Industrial research comes of age: The American pharmaceutical industry, 1920-1940’. Pharmacy in History27(1): 12-21.
    • (1985) Pharmacy in History , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-21
    • Parascandola, J.1
  • 325
    • 15844409188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing genetic testing for breast cancer in the usa and the uk
    • Parthasarathy, S. (2005) ‘Comparing genetic testing for breast cancer in the USA and the UK’. Social Studies of Science35(1): 5-40.
    • (2005) Social Studies of Science , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-40
    • Parthasarathy, S.1
  • 326
    • 84928848086 scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property rights in the uruguay round: A disaster for the south?
    • Patel, S. (1989) ‘Intellectual property rights in the Uruguay Round: A disaster for the South?’Economic and Political Weekly24: 978-993.
    • (1989) Economic and Political Weekly , vol.24 , pp. 978-993
    • Patel, S.1
  • 327
    • 84973596516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The creation of harmonised patent protection in europe
    • H. Lawton-Smith (Ed.), Basingstoke: Palgrave
    • Paterson, G. (2002) ‘The creation of harmonised patent protection in Europe’, in H. Lawton-Smith (Ed.), The Regulation of Science and Technology.Basingstoke: Palgrave.
    • (2002) The Regulation of Science and Technology
    • Paterson, G.1
  • 329
    • 52249094198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desperately seeking new antibiotics
    • Payne, D.J. (2008) ‘Desperately seeking new antibiotics’. Science321: 1644-1645.
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1644-1645
    • Payne, D.J.1
  • 330
    • 33745314092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is a gene?
    • Pearson, H. (2006) ‘What is a gene?’Nature441: 399-401.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.441 , pp. 399-401
    • Pearson, H.1
  • 333
    • 29744461274 scopus 로고
    • Autobiography
    • Peterson, D.H. (1985) ‘Autobiography’. Steroids45(1): 1-17.
    • (1985) Steroids , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Peterson, D.H.1
  • 334
    • 84881756064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington: PhRMA
    • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) (1998) ‘Industry profile. 1998 edition’. Washington: PhRMA.
    • (1998) Industry Profile. 1998 Edition
  • 335
    • 0005708495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington: PhRMA
    • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) (1999) ‘Annual report 1999-2000’. Washington: PhRMA.
    • (1999) Annual Report 1999-2000
  • 337
    • 84973642086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetics demand insulin safety probe
    • Picard, A. (2002) ‘Diabetics demand insulin safety probe’. The Globe and Mail6 February: 1.
    • (2002) The Globe and Mail , vol.1
    • Picard, A.1
  • 339
    • 84967490808 scopus 로고
    • The national importance of chemistry
    • A.C. Seward (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Pope, WJ. (1917) ‘The national importance of chemistry’, in A.C. Seward (Ed.), Science and the Nation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1917) Science and the Nation
    • Pope, W.J.1
  • 341
    • 0033363117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social construction of an organizational field: The case of biotechnology
    • Powell, W.W. (1999) ‘The social construction of an organizational field: The case of biotechnology’. International Journal of Biotechnology1(1): 42-66.
    • (1999) International Journal of Biotechnology , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-66
    • Powell, W.W.1
  • 342
    • 84881780555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economics and medicinal plants
    • T.R. Tomlinson and O. Olayiwola Akerele (Eds.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    • Principe, P. (1998) ‘Economics and medicinal plants’, in T.R. Tomlinson and O. Olayiwola Akerele (Eds.), Medicinal Plants: Their Role in Health and Biodiversity.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    • (1998) Medicinal Plants: Their Role in Health and Biodiversity
    • Principe, P.1
  • 345
    • 29744445635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making british cortisone: Glaxo and the development of corticosteroids in britain in the 1950s-1960s
    • Quirke, V. (2005) ‘Making British cortisone: Glaxo and the development of corticosteroids in Britain in the 1950s-1960s’. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences36: 645-674.
    • (2005) Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences , vol.36 , pp. 645-674
    • Quirke, V.1
  • 347
    • 0041360134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property rights in biotechnology: Addressing new technology
    • Rai, A.K. (1999) ‘Intellectual property rights in biotechnology: Addressing new technology’. Wake Forest Law Review34: 827-847.
    • (1999) Wake Forest Law Review , vol.34 , pp. 827-847
    • Rai, A.K.1
  • 348
    • 33947201630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic biology: Caught between property right, the public domain, and the commons
    • Rai, A. and J. Boyle (2007) ‘Synthetic biology: Caught between property right, the public domain, and the commons’. PLoS Biology5(3): e58.
    • (2007) Plos Biology , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 58
    • Rai, A.1    Boyle, J.2
  • 349
    • 27744596194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History and development of ibuprofen
    • K.D. Rainsford (Ed.), London: Chapman and Hall
    • Rainsford, K.D. (1999) ‘History and development of ibuprofen’, in K.D. Rainsford (Ed.), Ibuprofen: A Critical Bibliographic Review.London: Chapman and Hall, 1-24.
    • (1999) Ibuprofen: A Critical Bibliographic Review , pp. 1-24
    • Rainsford, K.D.1
  • 350
    • 0002196846 scopus 로고
    • Benefits and costs of intellectual property protection in developing countries
    • Rapp, R.T and R.P. Rozek (1990) ‘Benefits and costs of intellectual property protection in developing countries’. Journal of World Trade24(5): 75-102.
    • (1990) Journal of World Trade , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 75-102
    • Rapp, R.T.1    Rozek, R.P.2
  • 351
    • 0036631974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steroids in arms: Science, government, industry, and the hormones of the adrenal cortex in the united states, 1930-1950
    • Rasmussen, N. (2002) ‘Steroids in arms: Science, government, industry, and the hormones of the adrenal cortex in the United States, 1930-1950’. Medical History46: 299-324.
    • (2002) Medical History , vol.46 , pp. 299-324
    • Rasmussen, N.1
  • 352
    • 2642561997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The moral economy of the drug company-medical scientist collaboration in interwar america
    • Rasmussen, N. (2004) ‘The moral economy of the drug company-medical scientist collaboration in interwar America’. Social Studies of Science34(2): 161-185.
    • (2004) Social Studies of Science , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 161-185
    • Rasmussen, N.1
  • 353
    • 84972218875 scopus 로고
    • The british chemical industry and the indigo trade
    • Reed, P. (1992) ‘The British chemical industry and the indigo trade’. British Journal for the History of Science25: 113-125.
    • (1992) British Journal for the History of Science , vol.25 , pp. 113-125
    • Reed, P.1
  • 356
    • 36148962326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmonization without consensus: Critical reflections on drafting a substantive patent law treaty
    • Reichman, J.H. and R.C. Dreyfuss (2007) ‘Harmonization without consensus: Critical reflections on drafting a substantive patent law treaty’. Duke Law Journal57: 85-130.
    • (2007) Duke Law Journal , vol.57 , pp. 85-130
    • Reichman, J.H.1    Dreyfuss, R.C.2
  • 364
    • 0002009912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovering new value in intellectual property
    • Rivette, K.G. and D. Kline (2000) ‘Discovering new value in intellectual property’. Harvard Business Review (January-February): 54-66.
    • (2000) Harvard Business Review , Issue.54-66
    • Rivette, K.G.1    Kline, D.2
  • 367
    • 1642301905 scopus 로고
    • War measures, the alien property custodian and patents
    • Roe, J.E. (1943) ‘War measures, the Alien Property Custodian and patents’. Journal of the Patent Office Society25(10): 692-728.
    • (1943) Journal of the Patent Office Society , vol.25 , Issue.10 , pp. 692-728
    • Roe, J.E.1
  • 369
    • 84973622561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innovative mechanisms for tackling antibiotic resistance
    • London: Royal Society
    • Royal Society (2008) ‘Innovative mechanisms for tackling antibiotic resistance’. RS Policy Document 14/08. London: Royal Society.
    • (2008) RS Policy Document 14/08
  • 370
    • 37549019221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brief history of great discoveries in pharmacology: In celebration of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the american society of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics
    • Rubin, R.P. (2007) ‘A brief history of great discoveries in pharmacology: In celebration of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics’. Pharmacological Reviews59(4): 289-359.
    • (2007) Pharmacological Reviews , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-359
    • Rubin, R.P.1
  • 372
    • 84973629574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • priorities-Drug industry marketing staff soars while research staffing stagnates’, Boston: Boston University School of Public Health
    • Sager, A. and D. Socolar (2001) ‘Study ofjob data reveals drug makers’ priorities-Drug industry marketing staff soars while research staffing stagnates’. Boston: Boston University School of Public Health.
    • (2001) Study Ofjob Data Reveals Drug Makers
    • Sager, A.1    Socolar, D.2
  • 375
    • 84973636615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abstract of the lecture given by Prof. Bachisio Scarpa in the occasion of the Symposium held in Cagliari (December 11-13, 1998) under the sponsorship of the Glaxo Wellcome. Downloadable from
    • Scarpa, B. (1998) ‘Homage of a Sardinian to a Sardinian’. Abstract of the lecture given by Prof. Bachisio Scarpa in the occasion of the Symposium held in Cagliari (December 11-13, 1998) under the sponsorship of the Glaxo Wellcome. Downloadable fromhttp://pacs.unica.it/brotzu/.
    • (1998) Homage of a Sardinian to a Sardinian
    • Scarpa, B.1
  • 376
  • 378
    • 0004146634 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Schrodinger, E. (1944) What Is Life? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1944) What is Life?
    • Schrodinger, E.1
  • 380
    • 33750492240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James watt as intellectual monopolist: Comment on boldrin and levine
    • Selgin, G. and J. Turner (2006) ‘James Watt as intellectual monopolist: Comment on Boldrin and Levine’. International Economic Review47: 1341-1348.
    • (2006) International Economic Review , vol.47 , pp. 1341-1348
    • Selgin, G.1    Turner, J.2
  • 382
    • 0011378276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multinational corporations as agents of change: The globalization of intellectual property rights
    • A.C. Cutler, V. Haufler and T. Porter (Eds.), Albany: State University of New York Press
    • Sell, S.K. (1999) ‘Multinational corporations as agents of change: The globalization of intellectual property rights’, in A.C. Cutler, V. Haufler and T. Porter (Eds.), Private Authority and International Affairs.Albany: State University of New York Press.
    • (1999) Private Authority and International Affairs
    • Sell, S.K.1
  • 385
    • 1642354534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving the blockbuster syndrome
    • Service, R.F. (2004) ‘Surviving the blockbuster syndrome’. Science303: 1796-1799.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 1796-1799
    • Service, R.F.1
  • 386
    • 34250678485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simpler origin for life
    • Shapiro, R. (2007) A simpler origin for life. Scientific American296(6), 24-31.
    • (2007) Scientific American , vol.296 , Issue.6 , pp. 24-31
    • Shapiro, R.1
  • 390
    • 84881997010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life 2.0
    • Silver, L. (2007) ‘Life 2.0’. Newsweek4 June.
    • (2007) Newsweek
    • Silver, L.1
  • 391
    • 0041698695 scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property law and the venture capital process
    • Silverman, A. (1990) ‘Intellectual property law and the venture capital process’. High Technology Law Journal5(1): 157-192.
    • (1990) High Technology Law Journal , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 157-192
    • Silverman, A.1
  • 392
    • 20944444392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of the swiss chemical industry reconsidered
    • E. Homburg, A.S. Travis and H.G. Schroter (Eds.), Dordrecht and Norwell: Kluwer Academic
    • Simon, C. (1998) ‘The rise of the Swiss chemical industry reconsidered’, in E. Homburg, A.S. Travis and H.G. Schroter (Eds.), The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Professionalization. Dordrecht and Norwell: Kluwer Academic.
    • (1998) The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Professionalization
    • Simon, C.1
  • 394
    • 2142848055 scopus 로고
    • Research and development in the uk pharmaceutical industry from the nineteenth century to the 1960s
    • R. Porter and M. Teich (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Slinn, J. (1995) ‘Research and development in the UK pharmaceutical industry from the nineteenth century to the 1960s’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (Eds.), Drugs and Narcotics in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1995) Drugs and Narcotics in History
    • Slinn, J.1
  • 395
    • 40749085538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patents and the uk pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s
    • Slinn, J. (2008) ‘Patents and the UK pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s’. History and Technology24(2): 191-205.
    • (2008) History and Technology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-205
    • Slinn, J.1
  • 397
    • 0000552747 scopus 로고
    • Purification of anti-pernicious anaemia factors from liver
    • Smith, E.L. (1948) ‘Purification of anti-pernicious anaemia factors from liver’. Nature161: 638-639.
    • (1948) Nature , vol.161 , pp. 638-639
    • Smith, E.L.1
  • 398
    • 0015237275 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin selectively inhibits prostaglandin production in human platelets
    • Smith, J.B. and A.L. Willis (1971) ‘Aspirin selectively inhibits prostaglandin production in human platelets’. Nature New Biology231: 235-237.
    • (1971) Nature New Biology , vol.231 , pp. 235-237
    • Smith, J.B.1    Willis, A.L.2
  • 402
    • 84973629546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • German biopatent law passed
    • December 10
    • Stafford, N. (2004) ‘German biopatent law passed’. The ScientistDecember 10.
    • (2004) The Scientist
    • Stafford, N.1
  • 403
    • 50249234375 scopus 로고
    • The croonian lectures on the chemical correlation of the functions of the body. Lecture i
    • Starling, E.S. (1905) ‘The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Correlation of the Functions of the Body. Lecture I’. The Lancet4275: 339-341.
    • (1905) The Lancet , vol.4275 , pp. 339-341
    • Starling, E.S.1
  • 404
    • 0039464625 scopus 로고
    • Monopoly and competition in the ethical drugs market
    • Steele, H. (1962) ‘Monopoly and competition in the ethical drugs market’. Journal of Law and Economics5: 131-164.
    • (1962) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.5 , pp. 131-164
    • Steele, H.1
  • 405
    • 7744245977 scopus 로고
    • Confiscated commerce: American importers of german organic chemicals, 1914-1929
    • Steen, K. (1995) ‘Confiscated commerce: American importers of German organic chemicals, 1914-1929’. History and Technology12: 261-284.
    • (1995) History and Technology , vol.12 , pp. 261-284
    • Steen, K.1
  • 406
    • 84881789405 scopus 로고
    • Letter to M.H. Coulston, president of the patent office society
    • Stewart, F.C. (1919) ‘Letter to M.H. Coulston, President of the Patent Office Society’. Journal of the Patent Office Society2(1): 73-75.
    • (1919) Journal of the Patent Office Society , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-75
    • Stewart, F.C.1
  • 408
    • 0035393453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staking claims
    • Stix, G. (2001) ‘Staking claims’ (interview with Greg Aharonian). Scientific American 285(6): 22.
    • (2001) Scientific American , vol.285 , Issue.6 , pp. 22
    • Stix, G.1
  • 409
    • 84973664566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patenting of genetic sequences: On the up and up
    • Stokes, G. (2001) ‘Patenting of genetic sequences: On the up and up’. IP MattersApril.
    • (2001) IP Matters
    • Stokes, G.1
  • 410
    • 84881808660 scopus 로고
    • The correlation between dye chemistry and pharmacy in creating the modern chemotherapy
    • Stolz, R. and R. Schwaiberger (1987) ‘The correlation between dye chemistry and pharmacy in creating the modern chemotherapy’. History and Technology3: 193-203.
    • (1987) History and Technology , vol.3 , pp. 193-203
    • Stolz, R.1    Schwaiberger, R.2
  • 411
    • 0001187267 scopus 로고
    • An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues. In a letter to the right honourable george earl of macclesfield, president of the R.S. From The Rev. Edmund Stone, of chipping-norton in oxfordshire
    • Stone, E. (1763) ‘An account of the success of the bark of the willow in the cure of agues. In a letter to the right Honourable George Earl of Macclesfield, President of the R.S. from the Rev. Edmund Stone, of Chipping-Norton in Oxfordshire’. Philosophical Transaction53.
    • (1763) Philosophical Transaction , pp. 53
    • Stone, E.1
  • 415
    • 84973639731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biotechnology patent landscape in the united states as we enter the new millennium
    • Sung, L.M. and D.J. Pelto (1998) ‘The biotechnology patent landscape in the United States as we enter the new millennium’. Journal of World Intellectual Property1(6): 889-901.
    • (1998) Journal of World Intellectual Property , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 889-901
    • Sung, L.M.1    Pelto, D.J.2
  • 416
    • 0030221364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steroid research at organon in the golden 1950s and the following years
    • Szpilfogel, S.A. and FJ. Zeelen (1996) ‘Steroid research at Organon in the golden 1950s and the following years’. Steroids61: 483-491.
    • (1996) Steroids , vol.61 , pp. 483-491
    • Szpilfogel, S.A.1    Zeelen, F.J.2
  • 419
    • 84956910645 scopus 로고
    • Technology, regulation, and market structure in the modern pharmaceutical industry
    • Temin, P. (1979) ‘Technology, regulation, and market structure in the modern pharmaceutical industry’. The Bell Journal of Economics10: 429-446.
    • (1979) The Bell Journal of Economics , vol.10 , pp. 429-446
    • Temin, P.1
  • 421
    • 0000401649 scopus 로고
    • Implicit industrial policy: The triumph of britain and the failure of france in global pharmaceuticals
    • Thomas, L.G. (1994) ‘Implicit industrial policy: The triumph of Britain and the failure of France in global pharmaceuticals’. Industrial and Corporate Change3(2): 451-489.
    • (1994) Industrial and Corporate Change , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 451-489
    • Thomas, L.G.1
  • 422
    • 0004819761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certificates of origin: A role for ipr regimes in securing prior informed consent
    • J. Mugabe, C.V. Barber, G. Henne, L. Glowka and A. La Vina (Eds.), Nairobi: ACTS Press
    • Tobin, B. (1997) ‘Certificates of origin: A role for IPR regimes in securing prior informed consent’, in J. Mugabe, C.V. Barber, G. Henne, L. Glowka and A. La Vina (Eds.), Access to Genetic Resources: Strategies for Sharing Benefits.Nairobi: ACTS Press.
    • (1997) Access to Genetic Resources: Strategies for Sharing Benefits
    • Tobin, B.1
  • 435
    • 84929815473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development-International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (2005)Resource Book on TRIPS and Development.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
  • 436
    • 0003496631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York and Oxford: UNDP and Oxford University Press
    • United Nations Development Programme (1999)Human Development Report 1999.New York and Oxford: UNDP and Oxford University Press.
    • (1999) Human Development Report 1999
  • 437
    • 0006951297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility examination guidelines
    • United States Patent and Trademark Office (2001) ‘Utility examination guidelines’. Federal Register66(4): 1092-1099.
    • (2001) Federal Register , vol.66 , Issue.4 , pp. 1092-1099
  • 439
    • 11644323177 scopus 로고
    • Why monopoly failed: The rise and fall of société la fuschine
    • Van den Belt, H. (1992) ‘Why monopoly failed: The rise and fall of Société La Fuschine’. British Journal for the History of Science25: 45-63.
    • (1992) British Journal for the History of Science , vol.25 , pp. 45-63
    • Van Den Belt, H.1
  • 441
    • 0002929763 scopus 로고
    • The nelson-winter-dosi model and synthetic dye chemistry
    • WE. Bijker, T.P. Hughes and T. Pinch (Eds.), Cambridge: MIT Press
    • Van den Belt, H. and A. Rip (1989) ‘The Nelson-Winter-Dosi model and synthetic dye chemistry’, in WE. Bijker, T.P. Hughes and T. Pinch (Eds.), The Social Construction of Technological Systems.Cambridge: MIT Press.
    • (1989) The Social Construction of Technological Systems
    • Van Den Belt, H.1    Rip, A.2
  • 442
    • 0015237292 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs
    • Vane, J.R. (1971) ‘Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs’. Nature New Biology231: 232-235.
    • (1971) Nature New Biology , vol.231 , pp. 232-235
    • Vane, J.R.1
  • 443
    • 0028044609 scopus 로고
    • Towards a better aspirin
    • Vane, J.R. (1994) ‘Towards a better aspirin’. Nature367: 215-216.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 215-216
    • Vane, J.R.1
  • 444
    • 84973617903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dna is different: Legal obviousness and the balance between biotech inventors and the market
    • Varma, A. and D. Abraham (1996) ‘DNA is different: Legal obviousness and the balance between biotech inventors and the market’. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology9: 53-85.
    • (1996) Harvard Journal of Law and Technology , vol.9 , pp. 53-85
    • Varma, A.1    Abraham, D.2
  • 445
    • 84973628745 scopus 로고
    • Important differences in us and uk patent systems
    • Vaughan, F.L. (1951) ‘Important differences in US and UK patent systems’. Journal of the Patent Office Society33(11): 779-799.
    • (1951) Journal of the Patent Office Society , vol.33 , Issue.11 , pp. 779-799
    • Vaughan, F.L.1
  • 448
    • 0035895505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sequence of the human genome
    • Venter, J.C. et al. (2001) ‘The sequence of the human genome’. Science291: 1304-1351.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 1304-1351
    • Venter, J.C.1
  • 449
    • 84973628708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do public policy objectives have a space in the negotiation of bilateral free trade agreements? a study of multi-level diplomacy and the making of intellectual property law’ (PhD thesis). School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London
    • Von Braun, J. (2008) Do public policy objectives have a space in the negotiation of bilateral free trade agreements? a study of multi-level diplomacy and the making of intellectual property law’ (PhD thesis). School of Law, Queen Mary, University of London.
    • (2008)
    • Von Braun, J.1
  • 452
    • 11244320460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photodynamic therapy-from dyestuffs to high-tech clinical practice
    • Wainwright, M. (2004). ‘Photodynamic therapy-From dyestuffs to high-tech clinical practice’. Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics34: 95-109.
    • (2004) Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics , vol.34 , pp. 95-109
    • Wainwright, M.1
  • 456
    • 84973603081 scopus 로고
    • Battle for the rights to life
    • 7 February: 29
    • Watkins, K. (1992) ‘Battle for the rights to life’. The Guardian7 February: 29.
    • (1992) The Guardian
    • Watkins, K.1
  • 457
    • 0038497542 scopus 로고
    • A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid
    • Watson, J.D. and F.H.C. Crick (1953) ‘A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid’. Nature171: 737-738.
    • (1953) Nature , vol.171 , pp. 737-738
    • Watson, J.D.1    Crick, F.H.C.2
  • 459
    • 84881781372 scopus 로고
    • Patenting and academic research: Historical case studies
    • V. Weil and J.W. Snapper (Eds.), New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press
    • Weiner, C. (1989) ‘Patenting and academic research: Historical case studies’, in V. Weil and J.W. Snapper (Eds.), Owning Scientific and Technical Information. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press.
    • (1989) Owning Scientific and Technical Information
    • Weiner, C.1
  • 460
    • 84973606047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are pharmas addicted to lifestyle drugs?
    • June 15
    • Weintraub, A. (2007) ‘Are pharmas addicted to lifestyle drugs?’BusinessWeekJune 15.
    • (2007) Businessweek
    • Weintraub, A.1
  • 461
    • 20944444708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germany: Competition abroad-cooperation at home, 1870-1900
    • A.D. Chandler, F. AmatoriandT. Hikino (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Wengenroth, U. (1997) ‘Germany: competition abroad-Cooperation at home, 1870-1900’, in A.D. Chandler, F. AmatoriandT. Hikino (Eds.), Big Business and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1997) Big Business and the Wealth of Nations
    • Wengenroth, U.1
  • 463
    • 1442287392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of a gene patent: Tracing the development and application of commercial brca testing
    • Williams-Jones, B. (2002) ‘History of a gene patent: Tracing the development and application of commercial BRCA testing’. Health Law Journal10: 123-146.
    • (2002) Health Law Journal , vol.10 , pp. 123-146
    • Williams-Jones, B.1
  • 465
    • 84881811466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innovation in the german pharmaceutical industry, 1880 to 1920
    • E. Homburg, A.S. Travis and H.G. Schroter (Eds.), Dordrecht and Norwell: Kluwer Academic
    • Wimmer, W. (1998) ‘Innovation in the German pharmaceutical industry, 1880 to 1920’, in E. Homburg, A.S. Travis and H.G. Schroter (Eds.), The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Professionalization.Dordrecht and Norwell: Kluwer Academic.
    • (1998) The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Professionalization
    • Wimmer, W.1
  • 466
    • 33846088138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hmdb: The future metabolome database
    • Wishart, D.S., et al
    • Wishart, D.S., et al.(2007) ‘HMDB: The future metabolome database’. Nucleic Acids Research37: 521-526.
    • (2007) Nucleic Acids Research , vol.37 , pp. 521-526
  • 468
    • 84968146547 scopus 로고
    • The genius and the copyright: Economic and legal conditions of the emergence of the “author
    • Woodmansee, M. (1984) ‘The Genius and the Copyright: Economic and Legal Conditions of the Emergence of the “Author”’. Eighteenth Century Studies17(4): 425-448.
    • (1984) Eighteenth Century Studies , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 425-448
    • Woodmansee, M.1
  • 469
    • 0006713602 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene brca2
    • Wooster, R., et al. (1995) ‘Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2’. Nature378: 789-792.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.378 , pp. 789-792
    • Wooster, R.1
  • 494
    • 0022939397 scopus 로고
    • Recombinant dna technology and its social transformation, 1972-1982
    • Wright, S. (1986) ‘Recombinant DNA technology and its social transformation, 1972-1982’. Osiris 2nd Series2: 303-360.
    • (1986) Osiris 2Nd Series , vol.2 , pp. 303-360
    • Wright, S.1
  • 495
    • 0034105951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic trade policy, intellectual property rights protection, and north-south trade
    • Zigic, K. (2000) ‘Strategic trade policy, intellectual property rights protection, and North-South trade’. Journal of Development Economics61: 27-60.
    • (2000) Journal of Development Economics , vol.61 , pp. 27-60
    • Zigic, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.