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1
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G. Hardin, Science 162, 1243 (1968).
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Hardin, G.1
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5
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84920310504
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35 U.S.C.A. §§ 200-11 (West 1984 and Suppl. 1992)
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35 U.S.C.A. §§ 200-11 (West 1984 and Suppl. 1992).
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6
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84920310503
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note
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Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks, The Bayh-Dole Act, A Review of Patent Issues in Federally Funded Research: Hearings on Pub. L. No. 96-517, 103d Cong., 2nd sess., 1-2 (1994).
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11
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0003802548
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Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago
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_, The Firm, The Market and The Law (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988), p. 174. "The world of zero transaction costs has often been described as a Coasian world. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is the world of modern economic theory, one which I was hoping to persuade economists to leave."
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(1988)
The Firm, The Market and the Law
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15
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0004023766
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Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA
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D. Baird, R. Gertner, R. Picker, Game Theory and the Law (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994).
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Game Theory and the Law
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Baird, D.1
Gertner, R.2
Picker, R.3
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19
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84920310502
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Policy on availability and patenting of human genomic DNA sequence produced by NHGRI pilot projects (funded under RFA 95-005) (NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, 1996)
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Policy on availability and patenting of human genomic DNA sequence produced by NHGRI pilot projects (funded under RFA 95-005) (NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, 1996).
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22
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2642647034
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Cetus to exact royalties from PCR sales; probe absolves convicted rapist 5 September
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"Cetus to exact royalties from PCR sales; probe absolves convicted rapist," Biotechnology Newswatch 8, 7 (5 September 1988).
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24
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84920310501
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note
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Harvard University, U.S. Patent 4,736,866, 1988; U.S. Patent 5,087,571, 1988. DuPont, as research sponsor, holds an exclusive license under these patents.
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25
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84920310500
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DuPont, U.S. Patent 4,959,317, 1990
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DuPont, U.S. Patent 4,959,317, 1990.
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26
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84920310499
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note
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Non-commercial research license agreement between E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (24 June 1996) (on file with authors).
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27
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84920310498
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This interpretation requires careful parsing of inartfully drafted licenses, on file with the authors
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This interpretation requires careful parsing of inartfully drafted licenses, on file with the authors.
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29
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0000075294
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R. Levin, A. Klevorick, R. Nelson, S. Winter, Brookings Pap. Econ. Activ. 1987, 783 (1987).
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Levin, R.1
Klevorick, A.2
Nelson, R.3
Winter, S.4
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31
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84920310497
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U.S. v. Manufacturers Aircraft Assn., 1975 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15333; 1976-1 Trade Gas. (CCH) ¶ 60,810 (S.D.N.Y. 1975)
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U.S. v. Manufacturers Aircraft Assn., 1975 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15333; 1976-1 Trade Gas. (CCH) ¶ 60,810 (S.D.N.Y. 1975).
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35
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84920310496
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Burroughs-Wellcome v. Barr Laboratories, 40 F. 3d 1223 (Fed. Cir. 1994)
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Burroughs-Wellcome v. Barr Laboratories, 40 F. 3d 1223 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
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38
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0003103997
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D. Kahneman et al., Eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK
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L. Ross and C. A. Anderson, in Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, D. Kahneman et al., Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1982), pp. 129-152.
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(1982)
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
, pp. 129-152
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Ross, L.1
Anderson, C.A.2
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39
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84920310495
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note
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Amgen v. Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., 927 F. 2d 1200 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (erythropoietin); Scripps Clinic & Research Found. v. Genentech, 927 F. 2d 1565 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (factor VIII:C); Genentech v. Wellcome Found., 29 F. 2d 1555 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (tissue plasminogen activator); Hormone Research Found. v. Genentech, 904 F. 2d 1558 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (human growth hormone); Genentech v. Eli Lilly & Co., 998 F. 2d 931 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (human growth hormone); Bio-Technology General v. Genentech, 80 F. 3d 1553 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (human growth hormone); Genentech v. Novo Nordisk, 108 F. 3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (human growth hormone); Genentech v. Chiron, 112 F. 3d 495 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (insulin-like growth factor); Regents of the Univ. of Calif. v. Eli Lilly, 119 F. 3d 1559 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
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40
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84920310494
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note
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Supported by the Cook Endowment at the University of Michigan Law School and the Office of Health and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy. We thank I. Cockburn, F. Collins, R. Cook-Deegan, S. Cullen, R. Ellickson, P. Goldstein, D. Hanahan, E. Jordan, K. Paigen, R. Nelson, N. Netanel, E. Posner, H. Varmus, anonymous reviewers for Science, and workshop participants at the National Bureau of Economic Research and the University of Michigan, Stanford University, and George Washington University law schools for reading and commenting on earlier versions of this manuscript.
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