High-latitude dust in the Earth system

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 447-485

  Bullard, Joanna E ^a   Baddock, Matthew ^a   Bradwell, Tom ^b   Crusius, John ^c   Darlington, Eleanor ^a   Gaiero, Diego ^d   Gassó, Santiago ^e   Gisladottir, Gudrun ^f   Hodgkins, Richard ^a   McCulloch, Robert ^b   McKenna Neuman, Cheryl ^g   Mockford, Tom ^a   Stewart, Helena ^b   Thorsteinsson, Throstur ^f  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA   (Argentina)

^e NASA HEADQUARTERS   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^g TRENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

aeolian; aerosol; air quality; cryosphere; dust; remote sensing

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; AIR QUALITY; ARID REGIONS; BUDGET CONTROL; CLIMATE CHANGE; NUTRIENTS; REMOTE SENSING;

AEOLIAN; AEOLIAN PROCESS; CRYOSPHERE; DUST DEPOSITION; LOW TEMPERATURES; MARINE SYSTEMS; SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA; TEMPERATE REGIONS;

DUST;

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; CRYOSPHERE; DUST; EOLIAN PROCESS; FUTURE PROSPECT; REMOTE SENSING; RESEARCH WORK;

ALASKA; ANTARCTICA; ARCTIC; CANADA; GREENLAND; ICELAND; NEW ZEALAND; PATAGONIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84973137486     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2016RG000518     Document Type: Review

References (275)

1. Albani, S., N. M. Mahowald, B. Delmonte, V. Maggi, and G. Winckler (2012), Comparing modeled and observed changes in mineral dust transport and deposition to Antarctica between the Last Glacial Maximum and current climates, Clim. Dyn., 38(9–10), 1731–1755, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1139-5.
2. Albani, S., et al. (2015), Twelve thousand years of dust: The Holocene global dust cycle constrained by natural archives, Clim. Past., 11(6), 869–903, doi:10.5194/cp-11-869-2015.
3. Anderson, N. J., et al. (2016), The Arctic in the 21st century: Changing biogeochemical linkages across a paraglacial landscape of Greenland, BioScience, in press.
4. Anderson, R. F., S. Barker, M. Fleisher, R. Gersonde, S. L. Goldsten, G. Kuhn, P. G. Mortyn, K. Pahnke, and J. P. Sachs (2014), Biological response to millenial variability of dust and nutrient supply in the Subantarctic South Atlantic Ocean, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 372(2019), 20130054, doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0054.
5. Anderson, S. P. (2007), Biogeochemistry of glacial landscape systems, Annu. Rev. Earth. Pl. Sc., 35, 375–399, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140033.
6. Arnalds, O. (1987), Ecosystem disturbance and recovery, Iceland. Arct. Alp. Res., 19, 508–513.
7. Arnalds, O. (2010), Dust sources and deposition of aeolian materials in Iceland, Icel. Agric. Sci., 23, 3–21.
8. Arnalds, O., and B. Barkarsson (2003), Soil erosion and land use policy in Iceland in relation to sheep grazing and government subsidies, Env. Sci. Pol., 6, 105–113.
9. Arnalds, O., E. F. Thorarinsdottir, S. Metusalemsson, A. Jonsson, E. Gretarsson, and A. Arnason (2001a), Soil Erosion in Iceland, Soil Conserv. Service, Agric. Res. Inst, Reykjavik.
10. Arnalds, O., F. O. Gisladottir, and H. Sigurjonsson (2001b), Sandy deserts of Iceland: An overview, J. Arid Environ., 47(3), 359–371, doi:10.1006/jare.2000.0680.
11. Arnalds, O., F. O. Gisladottir, and B. Orradottir (2012), Determination of aeolian transport rates of volcanic soils in Iceland, Geomorphology, 167–168, 4–12, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.039.
12. Arnalds, O., H. Olafsson, and P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova (2014), Quantification of iron-rich volcanogenic dust emissions and deposition over the ocean from Icelandic dust sources, Biogeosciences, 11, 6623–6632, doi:10.5194/bg-11-6623-2014.
13. Ashwell, I. Y. (1986), Meteorology and dust storms in central Iceland, Arc. Alp. Res., 18, 223–234.
14. Ashwell, I. Y., and F. G. Hannell (1960), Wind and temperature variations at the edge of an ice cap, Meteorol. Mag., 89, 17–24.
15. Atkins, C. B., and G. B. Dunbar (2009), Aeolian sediment flux from sea ice into southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, Global Planet, Change, 69, 133–141, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.04.006.
16. Atkinson, J. D., B. J. Murray, M. T. Woodhouse, K. Carslaw, T. F. Whale, K. Baustian, S. Dobbie, D. O'Sullivan, and T. L. Malkin (2013), The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds, Nature, 498, 355–358, doi:10.1038/nature12278.
17. Ayling, B. F., and H. A. McGowan (2006), Niveo-eolian sediment deposits in coastal South Victoria Land, Antarctica: Indicators of regional variability in weather and climate, Arc. Antarct. Alp. Res., 38(3), 313–324.
18. Baddock, M. C., J. E. Bullard, and R. G. Bryant (2009), Dust source identification using MODIS: A comparison of techniques applied on the Lake Eyre Basin, Aust. Remote Sens. Environ., 113(7), 1511–1528, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.03.002.
19. Ballantyne, C. K. (2002), Paraglacial geomorphology, Quat. Sci. Rev, 21, 1935–2017.
20. Barchyn, T. E., and C. H. Hugenholtz (2012), Winter variability of aeolian sediment transport threshold on a cold-climate dune, Geomorphology, 177, 38–50, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.012.
21. Barker, S., and G. Knorr (2007), Antarctic climate signature in the Greenland ice core record, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104(44), 17,278–17,282, doi:10.1073/pnas.0708494104.
22. Barrie, L. A. (1986), Background pollution in the Arctic air mass and its relevance to North American acid rain studies, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 30(3–4), 765–777, doi:10.1007/bf00303343.
23. Barrie, L. A., and M. J. Barrie (1990), Chemical components of lower tropospheric aerosols in the high Arctic: Six years of observations, J. Atmos. Chem., 11(3), 211–226.
24. Basher, L. R., and D. J. Painter (1997), Wind erosion in New Zealand, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wind Erosion, pp. 3–5, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, Kans.
25. Basher, L. R., and T. H. Webb (1997), Wind erosion rates on terraces in the Mackenzie Basin, J. R. Soc. New Zeal., 27(4), 499–512.
26. Basile, I., F. E. Grousset, M. Revel, J. R. Petit, P. E. Biscaye, and N. I. Barkov (1997), Patagonian origin of glacial dust deposited in East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C) during glacial stages 2, 4 and 6, Earth. Planet. Sc. Lett., 146, 573–589.
27. Bazhenova, O., and E. Tyumentseva (2015), Contemporary aeolian morphogenesis in semiarid landscapes of the intermountain depressions of Southern Siberia, Catena, 134, 50–58, doi:10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.006.
28. Bhattachan, A., L. Wang, M. F. Miller, K. J. Licht, and P. D'Odorico (2015), Antarctica's Dry Valleys: A potential source of soluble iron to the Southern Ocean?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1912–1918, doi:10.1002/2015GL063419.
29. Björnsson, H., and F. Pálsson (2008), Icelandic glaciers, Jökull, 58, 365–386.
30. Bliss, A., R. Hock, and V. Radić (2014), Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 119, 717–730, doi:10.1002/2013JF002931.
31. Bøggild, C. E., R. E. Brandt, K. J. Brown, and S. G. Warren (2010), The ablation zone in northeast Greenland: Ice types, albedos and impurities, J. Glaciol., 56, 101–113, doi:10.3189/002214310791190776.
32. Bory, A., P. E. Biscaye, F. E. Grousset (2003a), Two distinct seasonal Asian source regions for mineral dust deposited in Greenland (NorthGRIP), Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(4), 1167, doi:10.1029/2002GL016446.
33. Bory, A., P. E. Biscaye, A. M. Piotrowski, and J. P. Steffensen (2003b), Regional variability of ice core dust composition and provenance in Greenland, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyt., 4(12), 1107, doi:10.1029/2003GC000627.
34. Bory, A., E. Wolff, R. Mulvaney, E. Jagoutz, A. Wegner, U. Ruth, and H. Elderfield (2010), Multiple sources supply eolian mineral dust to the Atlantic sector of coastal Antarctica: Evidence from recent snow layers at the top of Berkner Island ice sheet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 291(1), 138–148, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.006.
35. Bourassa, M. A., et al. (2013), High-latitude ocean and sea ice surface fluxes: Challenges for climate research, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94(3), 403–423, doi:10.1175/bams-d-11-00244.1.
36. Boyd, P. W., C. S. Wong, J. Merrill, F. Whitney, J. Snow, P. J. Harrison, and J. Gower (1998), Atmospheric iron supply and enhanced vertical carbon flux in the NE subarctic Pacific: Is there a connection?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12, 429–441, doi:10.1029/98GB00745.
37. Boyd, P. W., et al. (2004), The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom, Nature, 428(6982), 549–553.
38. Breider, T. J., L. J. Mickley, D. J. Jacob, Q. Wang, J. A. Fisher, R. Y.-W. Chang, and B. Alexander (2014), Annual distributions and sources of Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 4107–4124, doi:10.1002/2013JD020996.
39. Bromwich, D. H., et al. (2012), Tropospheric clouds in Antarctica, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2011RG000363.
40. Bullard, J. E. (2011), Aeolian Environments, in The SAGE Handbook of Geomorphology, edited by K. J. Gregory and A. S. Goudie, pp. 430–448, Sage, London.
41. Bullard, J. E. (2013), Contemporary glacigenic inputs to the dust cycle, Earth Surf. Proc. Land, 38, 71–89, doi:10.1002/esp.3315.
42. Bullard, J. E., and M. J. Austin (2011), Dust generation on a proglacial floodplain, West Greenland, Aeolian Res., 3, 43–54, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.01.002.
43. Bullard, J. E., G. H. McTainsh, and C. Pudmenzky (2004), Aeolian abrasion and modes of fine particle production from natural red dune sands: An experimental study, Sedimentology, 51(5), 1103–1125, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00662.x.
44. Bullard, J. E., M. C. Baddock, G. H. McTainsh, and J. F. Leys (2008), Sub-basin scale dust source geomorphology detected using MODIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15404, doi:10.1029/2008GL033928.
45. Bullard, J. E., S. P. Harrison, M. C. Baddock, N. Drake, T. E. Gill, G. H. McTainsh, and Y. Sun (2011), Preferential dust sources: A geomorphological classification designed for use in global dust models, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F04034, doi:10.1029/2011JF002061.
46. Cannone, N., D. Wagner, H. W. Hubberten, and M. Guglielmin (2008), Biotic and abiotic factors influencing soil properties across a latitudinal gradient in Victoria Land, Antarctica, Geoderma, 144(1), 50–65, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.10.008.
47. Carslaw, K. S., O. Boucher, D. V. Spracklen, G. W. Mann, J. G. L. Rae, S. Woodward, and M. Kulmala (2010), A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(4), 1701–1737, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1701-2010.
48. Chewings, J. M., C. B. Atkins, G. B. Dunbar, and N. R. Golledge (2014), Aeolian sediment transport and deposition in a modern high-latitude glacial marine environment, Sedimentology, 61(6), 1535–1557, doi:10.1111/sed.12108.
49. Choobari, O. A., P. Zawar-Reza, and A. Sturman (2014), The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review, Atmos. Res., 138, 152–165, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.007.
50. Chu, V. W., L. C. Smith, A. K. Rennermalm, R. R. Forster, J. Box, and N. Reehy (2009), Sediment plume response to surface melting and supraglacial lake drainages on the Greenland ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 55(194), 1072–1082, doi:10.3189/002214309790794904.
51. Church, M. (1972), Baffin Island sandurs: A study of Arctic fluvial processes, Geol. Surv. Canada Bull., 216. Depart. Energy, Mines and Res., Ottawa, Canada.
52. Church, M., and J. M. Ryder (1972), Paraglacial sedimentation: A consideration of fluvial processes conditioned by glaciation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 83, 3059–3072.
53. Chuvochina, M. S., I. A. Alekhina, P. Normand, J. R. Petit, and S. A. Bulat (2011), Three events of Saharan dust deposition on the Mont Blanc glacier associated with different snow-colonizing bacterial phylotypes, Microbiology, 80(1), 125–131, doi:10.1134/50026261711010061.
54. Clapperton, C. (1993), Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology of South America, 780 pp., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
55. Clarke, G. K., A. H. Jarosch, F. S. Anslow, V. Radić, and B. Menounos (2015), Projected deglaciation of western Canada in the twenty-first century, Nat. Geosci., 8(5), 372–377, doi:10.1038/ngeo2407.
56. Clow, G. D., C. P. McKay, G. M. Jnr Simmons, and R. A. Wharton Jr. (1988), Climatological observations and predicted sublimation rates at Lake Hoare, Antarctica, J. Clim., 1, 715–728.
57. Coale, K. H., et al. (2004), Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: Carbon cycling in high-and low-Si waters, Science, 304(5669), 408–414, doi:10.1126/science.1089778.
58. Colin, J. L., B. Lim, E. Herms, G. Genet, E. Drabb, J. L. Jaffrezo, and C. I. Davison (1997), Air-to-snow mineral transfer—Crustal elements in aerosols, fresh snow and snow pits on the Greenland ice sheet, Atmos. Env., 31(20), 3395–3406.
59. Cook, J., A. Edwards, N. Takeuchi, and I. Irvine-Fynn (2016), Cryoconite: The dark biological secret of the cryosphere, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 40(1), 66–111, doi:10.1177/0309133315616574.
60. Cox, J. E., C. G. Vucetich, C. D. Mead, W. R. Owens, and B. Daly (1973), Loess fallout measurements near Barnhill, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1959–64, paper presented at the International Quaternary Association Conference, pp. 1–10.
61. Crochet, P., T. Jóhannesson, T. Jónsson, O. Sigurðsson, H. Björnsson, F. Pálsson, and I. Barstad (2007), Estimating the spatial distribution of precipitation in Iceland using a linear model of orographic precipitation, J. Hydrometeorol., 8(6), 1285–1306, doi:10.1175/2007jhm795.1.
62. Crusius, J., A. W. Schroth, S. Gassó, C. M. Moy, R. C. Levy, and M. Gatica (2011), Glacial flour dust storms in the Gulf of Alaska: Hydrologic and meteorological controls and their importance as a source of bioavailable iron, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06602, doi:10.1029/2010GL046573.
63. Curier, L., G. de Leeuw, P. Kolmonen, A.-M. Sundstrom, L. Sogacheva, and Y. Bennouna (2009), Aerosol retrieval over land using the (A)ATSR dual-view algorithm, in Satellite Remote Sensing Over Land, edited by A. A. Kokhanovsky and G. de Leeuw, pp. 135–159, Springer, Berlin.
64. Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., O. Arnalds, and H. Olafsson (2013), Long-term frequency and characteristics of dust storm events in Northeast Iceland (1949–2011), Atmos. Environ., 77, 117–127, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.075.
65. Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., O. Arnalds, and H. Olafsson (2014), Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13,411–13,422, doi:10.5194/acp-14-13411-2014.
66. Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., O. Arnalds, H. Olafsson, J. Hladil, R. Skala, T. Navratil, L. Chadimova, and O. Meinander (2015), Snow-dust storm: Unique case study from Iceland, March 6–7, 2013, Aeolian Res., 16, 69–74, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.11.001.
67. De Angelis, M., J. P. Steffensen, M. Legrand, H. Clausen, and C. Hammer (1997), Primary aerosol (sea salt and soil dust) deposited in Greenland ice during the last climatic cycle: Comparison with east Antarctic records, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2156–2202, doi:10.1029/97JC01298.
68. Delmonte, B., P. S. Andersson, M. Hansson, H. Schoberg, J. R. Petit, I. Basile-Doelsch, and V. Maggi (2008), Aeolian dust in East Antarctica (EPICA-Dome C and Vostok): Provenance during glacial ages over the last 800 kyr, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07703, doi:10.1029/2008GL033382.
69. Delmonte, B., C. Baroni, P. S. Andersson, B. Narcisi, M. C. Salvatore, J. R. Petit, and V. Maggi (2013), Modern and Holocene aeolian dust variability from Talos Dome (Northern Victoria Land) to the interior of the Antarctic ice sheet, Quat. Sci. Rev., 64, 76–89, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.033.
70. Department of Environmental Conservation (2012), State of Alaska 2010 Ambient Air Quality Network Assessment, Monitoring Quality Assurance Div. Air Quality, Depart. Environ. Conserv., Anchorage, Alaska.
71. Department of Labor and Workforce Development (2014), Alaska Populations Projections 2012–2042, Res. Analysis Section, Juneau, Alaska.
72. 210Pb, Atmos. Env., 41, 5020–5030.
73. Dijkmans, J. W., and T. E. Tornqvist (1991), Modern periglacial eolian deposits and landforms in the Sondre Stromfjord area, West Greenland and their palaeoenvironmental implications, Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience, 25, 3–39.
74. Doran, P. T., C. P. McKay, G. D. Clow, G. L. Dana, A. G. Fountain, T. Nylen, and W. B. Lyons (2002), Valley flood climate observations from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, 1986–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4772, doi:10.1029/2001JD002045.
75. Dörnbrack, A., I. S. Stachlewska, C. Ritter, and R. Neuber (2010), Aerosol distribution around Svalbard during intense easterly winds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1473–1490, doi:10.5194/acpd-9-16441-2009.
76. Dugmore, A. J., G. Gisladóttir, I. A. Simpson, and A. Newton (2009), Conceptual models of 1200 years of icelandic soil erosion reconstructed using tephrochronology, J. North Atl., 2(1), 1–18, doi:10.3721/037.002.0103.
77. Dumont, M., E. Brun, G. Picard, M. Michou, Q. Libois, J.-R. Petit, M. Geyer, S. Morin, and B. Josse (2014), Contribution of light-absorbing impurities in snow to Greenland's darkening since 2009, Nat. Geosci., 7, 509–512, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2180.
78. Eden, D. N., and A. P. Hammond (2003), Dust accumulation in the New Zealand region since the last glacial maximum, Quat. Sci. Rev., 22, 2037–2052, doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(03)00168-9.
79. Edlund, S. A., and M. K. Woo (1992), Eolian deposition on western Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesemere Island, Northwest Territories during the winter of 1990–91, Current Res., Part B; Geol. Surv. Canada, Paper 92-1B, 91–96.
80. Eger, A., P. C. Almond, and L. M. Condron (2012), Upbuilding pedogenesis under active loess deposition in a super-humid, temperate climate—Quantification of deposition rates, soil chemistry and pedogenic thresholds, Geoderma, 189, 491–501, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.019.
81. Engelstaedter, S., and R. Washington (2007), Temporal controls on global dust emissions: The role of surface gustiness, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15805, doi:10.1029/2007GL029971.
82. Engelstaedter, S., K. E. Kohfeld, I. Tegen, and S. P. Harrison (2003), Controls of dust emissions by vegetation and topographic depressions: An evaluation using dust storm frequency data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1294, doi:10.1029/2002GL016471.
83. European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Community Members (2006), One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica, Nature, 444, 195–198, doi:10.1038/nature05301.
84. Erickson, D. J. III, J. L. Hernandez, P. Ginoux, W. W. Gregg, C. McClain, and J. Christian (2003), Atmospheric iron delivery and surface ocean biological activity in the Southern Ocean and Patagonian region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1609, doi:10.1029/2003GL017241.
85. Fan, S.-M. (2013), Modeling of observed mineral dust aerosols in the arctic and the impact on winter season low-level clouds, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 11,161–11,174, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50842.
86. Fischer, H., M. L. Siggaard-Andersen, U. Ruth, R. Röthlisberger, and E. Wolff (2007), Glacial/interglacial changes in mineral dust and sea-salt records in polar ice cores: Sources, transport and deposition, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG1002, doi:10.1029/2005RG000192.
87. Fountain, A. G., T. H. Nylen, A. Monaghan, H. J. Basagic, and D. Bromwich (2009), Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Int. J. Climatol., doi:10.1002/joc.1933.
88. Fristrup, B. (1953), Wind erosion within the Arctic Deserts, Geografisk Tiksskrift, 52, 51–65.
89. Fryrear, D. W. (1986), A field dust sampler, J. Soil Water Cons., 41, 117–120.
90. Fuhrer, K., E. W. Wolff, and S. J. Johnsen (1999), Timescales for dust variability in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core in the last 100 000 years, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31,043–31,052, doi:10.1029/1999JD900929.
91. Fulton, R. J. (1989), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland, Suppl. No. 1. International Specialized Book Service Incorporated.
92. Gaiero, D. M., J. L. Probst, P. J. Depetris, S. M. Bidart, and L. Leleyter (2003), Iron and other transition metals in Patagonian riverborne and windborne materials: Geochemical control and transport to the southern South Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67(19), 3603–3623, doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00211-4.
93. Gaiero, D. M., L. Simonella, S. Gassó, S. Gili, A. F. Stein, P. Sosa, R. Becchio, J. Arce, and H. Marelli (2013), Ground/satellite observations and atmospheric modeling of dust storms originating in the high Puna-Altiplano deserts (South America): Implications for the interpretation of paleo-climatic archives, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1–15, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50036.
94. Gaitan, J. J., C. R. Lopez, and D. E. Bran (2009), Efectos del pastoreo sobre el suelo y la vegetación en la Estepa Patagónica, Ciencia suelo., 27(2), 261–270.
95. Gao, F., G. Feng, B. Sharratt, and M. Zhang (2014), Tillage and straw management affect PM10 emission potential in subarctic Alaska, Soil Tillage Res., 144, 1–7, doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.07.001.
96. Garreaud, R. D. (2007), Precipitation and circulation covariability in the extratropics, J. Clim., 20, 4789–4797, doi:10.1175/jcli4257.1.
97. Gassó, S., and A. F. Stein (2007), Does dust from Patagonia reach the sub-Antarctic Atlantic Ocean?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01801, doi:10.1029/2006GL027693.
98. Gassó, S., A. Stein, F. Marino, E. Castellano, R. Udisti, and J. Ceratto (2010), A combined observational and modeling approach to study modern dust transport from the Patagonia desert to East Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8287–8303, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8287-2010.
99. Gathorn-Hardy, F. J., E. Erlendsson, P. Langton, and K. J. Edwards (2009), Lake sediment evidence for late-Holocene climate change and landscape erosion in western Iceland, J. Paleolimnol., 42, 413–426, doi:10.1007/s10933-008-9285-4.
100. Geirsdóttir, Á., G. H. Miller, Þ. Þórðarson, and K. Ólafsdóttir (2009), A 2000 year record of climate variations reconstructed from Haukadalsvatn, West-Iceland, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 95–115, doi:10.1007/s10933-008-9253-z.
101. Genthon, C. (1992), Simulations of desert dust and sea-salt aerosols in Antarctica with a general circulation model of the atmosphere, Tellus, 44B, 371–389.
102. Gillies, J. A., W. G. Nickling, M. Tilson, and E. Furtak-Cole (2012), Wind-formed gravel bed forms, Wright Valley, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F04017, doi:10.1029/2012JF002378.
103. Gillies, J. A., W. G. Nickling, and M. Tilson (2013), Frequency, magnitude and characteristics of aeolian sediment transport: McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118, 461–479, doi:10.1002/jgrf.20007.
104. Gimsey, R. G., C. A. Neal, and O. Girina (1998), Volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 03-423, pp. 35.
105. Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S. J. Lin (2001), Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20,255–20,273, doi:10.1029/2000JD000053.
106. Ginoux, P., J. M. Prospero, T. E. Gill, N. C. Hsu, and M. Zhao (2012), Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG3005, doi:10.1029/2012RG000388.
107. Gísladóttir, F. O., O. Arnalds, and G. Gísladóttir (2005), The effect of landscape and retreating glaciers on wind erosion in south Iceland, Land Degrad. Dev., 16, 177–187, doi:10.1002/ldr.645.
108. Gísladóttir, G., E. Erlendsson, R. Lal, and J. Bigham (2010), Erosional effects on terrestrial resources over the last millennium in Reykjanes, southwest Iceland, Quat. Res., 73, 20–32, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.09.007.
109. Gísladóttir, G., E. Erlendsson, and R. Lal (2011), Soil evidence for historical human-induced land degradation in West Iceland, Appl. Geochem., 26, S28–S31.
110. Gíslason, S. R., J. O. Olafsson, and A. Snorrason (1997), Dissolved constituents, suspended concentration and discharge of rivers in Southern Iceland, The Database of the Science Institute, the Marine Institute and the National Energy Authority of Iceland. Science Institute Progress Report RH-25-97.
111. Goossens, D., and Z. Y. Offer (2000), Wind tunnel and field calibration of six aeolian dust samplers, Atmos. Environ., 34(7), 1043–1057, doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00376-3.
112. Goudie, A. S. (2014), Desert dust and human health disorders, Environ. Int., 63, 101–113, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011.
113. Goudie, A. S., and N. Middleton (2006), Desert Dust in the Global System, 287 pp., Springer, Heidelberg.
114. Hadley, D., G. L. Hufford, and J. J. Simpson (2004), Resuspension of relic volcanic ash and dust from Katmai: Still an aviation hazard, Weather Forecast., 19(5), 829–840.
115. Hagler, G., M. Bergin, E. Smith, and J. Dibb (2007), A summer time series of particulate carbon in the air and snow at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21309, doi:10.1029/2007JD008993.
116. Hall, K. (2004), Glaciation in southern Africa, in Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology Part II: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, edited by J. Ehlers and P. L. Gibbard, pp. 337–338, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
117. Hasekamp, O. P., P. Litvinov, and A. Butz (2011), Aerosol properties over the ocean from PARASOL multiangle photopolarimetric measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D14204, doi:10.1029/2010JD015469.
118. Hedding, D. W., W. Nel, and R. L. Anderson (2015), Aeolian processes and landforms in the sub-Antarctic: Preliminary observations from Marion Island, Polar Res., 34, 26365, doi:10.3402/polar.v34.26365.
119. Hedegaard, K. (1982), Wind vector and extreme wind statistics in Greenland, Danish Meteorol. Inst., Weather Serv. Rep. No.1. Copenhagen.
120. Heindel, R. C., J. W. Chipman, and R. A. Virginia (2015), The spatial distribution and ecological impacts of Aeolian soil erosion in Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland, Annals Am. Assoc. Geogr.s, 105(5), 875–890.
121. Hendy, C. H., A. J. Sadler, G. H. Denton, and B. L. Hall (2000), Proglacial lake-ice conveyors: A new mechanism for deposition of drift in polar environments, Geogr. Ann., 82(2–3), 249–270.
122. Hobbs, W. H. (1931), Loess, pebble bands and boulders from the glacial outwash of the Greenland continental glacier, J. Geol., 39, 381–385.
123. Hobbs, W. H. (1942), Wind: The dominant transporting agent within extramarginal zones to continental glaciers, J. Geol., 50(5), 556–559.
124. Hodgkins, R., R. Cooper, J. Wadham, and M. Tranter (2003), Suspended sediment fluxes in a high-Arctic glacierised catchment: Implications for fluvial sediment storage, Sediment. Geol., 162(1), 105–117.
125. Hope, A. S., J. B. Fleming, D. A. Stow, and E. Aguado (1991), Tussock tundra albedos on the north slope of Alaska—Effects of illumination, vegetation composition and dust deposition, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30(8), 1200–1206, doi:10.1175/1520-0450.
126. Huneeus, N., et al. (2011), Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(15), 7781–7816, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011.
127. Jackson, C. R., J. K. Martin, D. S. Leigh, and L. T. West (2005), A southeastern piedmont watershed sediment budget: Evidence for a multi-millennial agricultural legacy, J. Soil Water Conserv., 60(6), 298–310.
128. Jansson, P., G. Rosqvist, and T. Schneider (2005), Glacier fluctuations, suspended sediment flux and glacio-lacustrine sediments, Geogr. Ann., 87A, 37–50.
129. Jemmett-Smith, B. C., J. H. Marsham, P. Knippertz, and C. A. Gilkeson (2015), Quantifying global dust devil occurrence from meteorological analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1275–1282, doi:10.1002/2015GL063078.
130. Jickells, T. D., et al. (2005), Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate, Science, 308(5718), 67–71, doi:10.1126/science.1105959.
131. Johnson, M. S., et al. (2010), Modeling dust and soluble iron deposition to the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D15202, doi:10.1029/2009JD013311.
132. Jourdain, N. C., and H. Gallée (2011), Influence of the orographic roughness of glacier valleys across the Transantarctic Mountains in an atmospheric regional model, Clim. Dyn., 36, 1067–1081, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0757-7.
133. Kadir, S. M., K. R. Yunos, A. H. H. Omar, and D. T. Hamid (2013), The daily life challenges faced by the researcher in Arctic, Procedia - Social Behav. Sci., 90, 764–771, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.150.
134. Kahn, R. A., and B. J. Gaitley (2015), An analysis of global aerosol type as retrieved by MISR, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 4248–4281, doi:10.1002/2015JD023322.
135. Kaufman, Y. J., O. Boucher, D. Tanre, M. Chin, L. A. Remer, and T. Takemura (2005), Aerosol anthropogenic component estimated from satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17804, doi:10.1029/2005GL023125.
136. Keys, J. R. (1980), Air Temperature, Wind, Precipitation and Atmospheric Humidity in the McMurdo Region, Victoria, Antarctic Data Series, 25 pp., Victoria Univ., Wellington.
137. Klaar, M. J., C. Kidd, E. Malone, R. Bartlett, G. Pinay, F. S. Chapin, and A. Milner (2015), Vegetation succession in deglaciated landscapes: Implications for sediment and landscape stability, Earth Surf, Process Land, 40(8), 1088–1100, doi:10.1002/esp.3691.
138. Knight, J., and S. Harrison (2009), Periglacial and paraglacial environments: A view from the past into the future, periglacial and paraglacial processes and environments, Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Pub., 320, 1–4.
139. Kohfeld, K., and I. Tegen (2007), Record of mineral aerosols and their role in the Earth system, Treatise Geochem., 4(13), 1–26, doi:10.1016/b978-008043751-4/00236-4.
140. Koster, E. A., and J. W. A. Dijkmans (1988), Niveo-aeolian deposits and denivation forms, with special reference to the Great Kobuk sand dunes, Northwestern Alaska, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 13, 153–179.
141. Lamare, M. L., J. Lee-Taylor, and M. D. King (2016), The impact of atmospheric mineral aerosol deposition on the albedo of snow and sea ice: Are snow and sea ice optical properties more important than mineral aerosol optical properties?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 843–860, doi:10.5194/acp-16-843-2016.
142. Lambert, F., B. Delmonte, J. R. Petit, M. Bigler, P. Kaufmann, M. A. Hutterli, T. F. Stocker, U. Ruth, J. P. Steffensen, and V. Maggi (2008), Dust-climate couplings over the past 800, 000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice core, Nature, 452(7187), 616–619, doi:10.1038/nature06763.
143. Lamoureux, S. F., and R. Gilbert (2004), A 750-yr record of autumn snowfall and temperature variability and winter storminess recorded in the varved sediments of Bear Lake, Devon Island, Arctic Canada, Quat. Res., 61, 134–147, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.003.
144. Lamy, F., R. Gersonde, G. Winckler, O. Esper, A. Jaeschke, G. Kuhn, J. Ullermann, A. Martinez-Garcia, F. Lanbert, and R. Kilian (2014), Increased dust deposition in the Pacific southern ocean during glacial periods, Science, 343, 403–407, doi:10.1126/science.1245424.
145. Lancaster, N. (2002), Flux of eolian sediment in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: A preliminary assessment, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 3, 318–323, doi:10.2307/1552490.
146. Landshagir (2015), Statistical Yearbook of Iceland, 440 pp., Statistics Iceland, Iceland.
147. Lavin, K. S., K. J. Hageman, S. K. Marx, P. W. Dillingham, and B. S. Kamber (2012), Using trace elements in particulate matter to identify the sources of semivolatile organic contaminants in air at an Alpine site, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 268–276, doi:10.1021/es2027373.
148. Lawler, D. M., G. R. McGregor, and I. D. Phillips (2003), Influence of atmospheric circulation changes and regional climate variability on river flow and suspended sediment fluxes in southern Iceland, Hydrol. Process, 17(16), 3195–3223, doi:10.1002/hyp.1383.
149. Lawrence, C. R., and J. C. Neff (2009), The contemporary physical and chemical flux of Aeolian dust: A synthesis of direct measurements of dust deposition, Chem. Geol., 267(1), 46–63, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.02.005.
150. Lee, J. A., T. E. Gill, K. R. Mulligan, M. D. Acosta, and A. E. Perez (2009), Land use/land cover and point sources of the 15 December 2003 dust storm in southwestern North America, Geomorphology, 105(1–2), 18–27, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.016.
151. Levelt, P. F., E. Hilsenrath, G. W. Leppelmeier, G. H. J. van den Ooord, P. K. Bhartia, J. Taminnen, J. F. de Haan, and J. P. Veefkind (2006), Science objectives of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(5), 1093–1101.
152. Lewkowicz, A. G., and S. V. Kokelj (2002), Slope sediment yield in arid lowland continuous permafrost environments, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Catena, 46, 261–283, doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00156-4.
153. Leys, J., G. McTainsh, C. Strong, S. Heidenreich, and K. Biesaga (2008), DustWatch: Using community networks to improve wind erosion monitoring in Australia, Earth Surf. Proc. Land, 33, 1912–1926.
154. Li, F., P. Ginoux, and V. Ramaswamy (2008), Distribution, transport, and deposition of mineral dust in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: Contribution of major sources, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10207, doi:10.1029/2007JD009190.
155. Li, F., P. Ginoux, and V. Ramaswamy (2010a), Transport of Patagonian dust to Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18217, doi:10.1029/2009JD012356.
156. Li, F., V. Ramaswamy, P. Ginoux, A. J. Broccoli, T. Delworth, and F. Zeng (2010b), Toward understanding the dust deposition in Antarctica during the Last Glacial Maximum: Sensitivity studies on plausible causes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24120, doi:10.1029/2010JD014791.
157. Lim, J.-Y., and Y. Chun (2006), The characteristics of Asian dust events in northeast Asia during the springtime from 1993–2004, Global Planet. Change, 52(1–4), 231–247.
158. Lindsay, J. F. (1973), Reversing barchans dunes in Lower Victoria Valley, Antarctica, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 1799–1806.
159. Liu, E. J., K. V. Cashman, F. M. Beckett, C. S. Witham, S. J. Leadbetter, M. C. Hort, and S. Guđmundsson (2014), Ash mists and brown snow: Remobilization of volcanic ash from recent Icelandic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 9463–9480, doi:10.1002/2014JD021598.
160. Lohmann, U., and K. Diehl (2006), Sensitivity studies of the importance of dust ice nuclei for the indirect aerosol effect on stratiform mixed-phase clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 63(3), 968–982.
161. Lohmann, U., and J. Feichter (2005), Global indirect aerosol effects: A review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, doi:10.5194/acp-5-715-2005.
162. Maher, B. A., J. M. Prospero, D. Mackie, D. Gaiero, P. P. Hesse, and Y. Balkanski (2010), Global connections between Aeolian dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and at the last glacial maximum, Earth Sci. Rev., 99, 61–97, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.12.001.
163. Mahowald, N. M., D. R. Muhs, S. Levis, P. J. Rasch, M. Yoshioka, C. S. Zender, and C. Luo (2006), Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, doi:10.1029/2005JD006653.
164. Mahowald, N. M., et al. (2009), Atmospheric iron deposition: global distribution, variability, and human perturbations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245–278, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727.
165. Mahowald, N., K. Kohfeld, M. Hansson, Y. Balkanski, S. P. Harrison, I. C. Prentice, M. Schulz, and H. Rodhe (1999), Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 104, 15,895–15,916, doi:10.1029/1999JD900084.
166. Mahowald, N., D. Ward, S. Kloster, M. Flanner, C. Heald, N. Heavens, P. Hess, J.-F. Lamarque, and P. Chuang (2011), Aerosol impacts on climate and biogeochemistry, Annu. Rev. Environ. Res., 36, 45–74, doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-042009-094507.
167. Malin, M. C. (1992), Short term variations in the rate of eolian processes, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, Antarct. J. U. S., 26(5), 27–29.
168. 2 change: The iron hypothesis, Paleoceanography, 5, 1–13, doi:10.1029/PA005i001p00001.
169. Martin, J. H., and S. E. Fitzwater (1988), Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic, Nature, 331, 341–343.
170. Martin, J. H., K. Coale, K. S. Johnson, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, S. J. Tanner, C. N. Hunter, and V. A. Elrod (1994), Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 371, 123–129.
171. Martínez-García, A., D. M. Sigman, H. Ren, R. F. Anderson, M. Straub, D. A. Hodell, S. L. Jaccard, T. I. Eglinton, and G. H. Haug (2014), Iron fertilization of the subantarctic ocean during the last ice age, Science, 343(6177), 1347–1350, doi:10.1126/science.1246848.
172. Marx, S. K., and H. A. McGowan (2005), Dust transportation and deposition in a superhumid environment, West coast, South Island, New Zealand, Catena, 59, 147–171, doi:10.1016/j.catena.2004.06.005.
173. Marx, S. K., K. S. Lavin, K. J. Hageman, B. S. Kamber, T. O'Loingsigh, and G. H. McTainsh (2014), Trace elements and metal pollution in aerosols at an alpine site, New Zealand: Sources, concentrations and implications, Atmos. Environ., 82, 206–217, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.019.
174. Marzen, M., T. Iserloh, M. C. Casper, and J. B. Ries (2015), Quantification of particle detachment by rainsplash and wind-driven rainsplash, Catena, 127, 135–141, doi:10.13031/2013.12548.
175. Masson-Delmotte, V., et al. (2013), Information from Paleoclimate Archives, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by T. F. Stocker et al., pp. 383–464, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., and New York.
176. Matthews, J. A. (1992), The Ecology of Recently-Deglaciated Terrain: A Geoecological Approach to Glacier Forelands and Primary Succession, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
177. Mayewski, P. A., L. D. Meeker, M. S. Twickler, S. Whitlow, Q. Yang, W. B. Lyons, and M. Prentice (1994), Changes in atmospheric circulation and ocean ice cover over the North Atlantic during the last 41,000 years, Science, 263, 1747–1751.
178. Mayewski, P. A., L. D. Meeker, M. S. Twickler, S. Whitlow, Q. Yang, W. B. Lyons, and M. Prentice (1997), Major features and forcing of high-latitude Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation using a 110,000-year long glaciochemical series, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,345–26,366, doi:10.1029/96JC03365.
179. McConnell, J. R., A. J. Aristarain, J. R. Banta, P. R. Edwards, and J. C. Simoes (2007), 20th-century doubling in dust archived in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core parallels climate change and desertification in South America, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104(14), 5743–5748, doi:10.1073/pnas.0607657104.
180. McDonald, D. M., and S. F. Lamoureux (2009), Hydroclimatic and channel snowpack controls over suspended sediment and grain size transport in a High Arctic catchment, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 34, 424–436, doi:10.1002/esp.1751.
181. McGill, M. J., J. E. Yorks, V. S. Scott, A. W. Kupchock, and P. A. Selmer (2015), The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS): A technology demonstration on the International Space Station, Proc. SPIE 9612, Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XV, 96120A, doi:10.1117/12.2190841.
182. McGowan, H., and N. Ledgard (2005), Enhanced dust deposition by trees recently established on degraded rangeland, J. R. Soc. New Zeal., 35(3), 269–277, doi:10.1080/03014223.2005.9517783.
183. McGowan, H. A. (1997), Meteorological controls on wind erosion during foehn wind events in the eastern Southern Alps, New Zealand, Canadian J. Earth Sci., 34, 1477–1485.
184. McGowan, H. A., A. P. Sturman, and I. F. Owens (1996), Aeolian dust transport and deposition by foehn winds in alpine environment, Lake Tekapo, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 15, 135–146.
185. McGowan, H. A., G. H. McTainsh, A. P. Sturman, and P. Zawar-Reza (2001), Inter-regional atmospheric transport of Australian dust, in Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century, Proceedings, edited by J. C. Ascough and D. C. Flanagan, pp. 310–313, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
186. McKenna Neuman, C. (1993), A review of aeolian transport processes in cold environments, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 17(2), 137–155.
187. McKenna Neuman, C. (2003), Effects of temperature and humidity upon the entrainment of sedimentary particles by wind, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 108, 61–89.
188. McKenna Neuman, C. (2004), Effects of temperature and humidity upon the transport of sedimentary particles by wind, Sedimentology, 51(1), 1–17, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00604.x.
189. McKenna Neuman, C., and N. G. Nickling (1989), A theoretical and wind tunnel investigation of the effect of capillary water on the entrainment of sediment by wind, Canadian J. Soil Sci., 69, 79–96.
190. McTainsh, G. H., A. W. Lynch, and R. C. Burgess (1990), Wind erosion in eastern Australia, Aust. J. Soil. Res., 28(2), 232–339.
191. Mercier, D. (2008), Paraglacial and paraperiglacial landsystems: Concepts, temporal scales and spatial distribution, Géomorphologie: Relief, Processus, Environnement, 4, 223–234.
192. Middleton, N. J. (1984), Dust storms in Australia: Frequency, distribution and seasonality, Search, 15(1–2), 46–47.
193. Middleton, N. J., A. S. Goudie, and G. L. Wells (1986), The frequency and source areas of dust storms in Aeolian Geomorphology, in Proceedings of the 17th Annual Binghampton Geomorphology Symposium, edited by W. G. Nickling, pp. 237–259, Allen and Unwin, Boston.
194. Middleton, N. J., P. R. Betzer, and P. A. Bull (2001), Long-range transport of ‘giant’ aeolian quartz grains: Linkage with discrete sedimentary sources and implications for protective particle transfer, Mar. Geol., 177, 411–417, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00171-2.
195. Miller, S. D. (2003), A consolidated technique for enhancing desert dust storms with MODIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2071, doi:10.1029/2003GL018279.
196. Miller, M. F., Z. Fan, and S. S. Bowser (2015), Sediments beneath multi-year sea ice: Delivery by deltaic and eolian processes, J. Sediment. Res., 85, 301–314, doi:10.2110/jsr.2015.20.
197. Mladenov, N., et al. (2011), Dust inputs and bacteria influence dissolved organic matter in clear alpine lakes, Nat. Commun., 2, 405, doi:10.1038/ncomms1411.
198. Mladenov, N., M. W. Williams, S. K. Schmidt, and K. Cawley (2012), Atmospheric deposition as a source of carbon and nutrients to an alpine catchment of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Biogeosciences, 9, 3337–3355, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3337-2012.
199. Moore, G. W., I. A. Renfrew, B. E. Harden, and S. H. Mernild (2015), The impact of resolution on the representation of southeast Greenland barrier winds and katabatic flows, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3011–3018, doi:10.1002/2015GL063550.
200. Moroni, B., et al. (2015), Vertical profiles and chemical properties of aerosol properties upon Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands), Adv. Meteorol., 1–11, doi:10.1155/2015/292081.
201. Moss, A. J., and P. Green (1975), Sand and silt grains: Predetermination of their formation and properties by microfractures in quartz, J. Geol. Soc. Aust., 22(4), 485–495, doi:10.1080/00167617508728913.
202. Muhs, D. R. (2013), Loess and its geomorphic, stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance in the Quaternary, in Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 11, Aeolian Geomorphol., edited by J. Shroder et al., pp. 149–183, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6/00302-X.
203. Muhs, D. R., J. P. McGeehin, J. Beann, and E. Fisher (2004), Holocene loess deposition and soil formation as competing processes, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska, Quat. Res., 61, 265–276, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.003.
204. Muhs, D. R., J. R. Budahn, J. P. McGeehin, E. A. Bettis, G. Skipp, J. B. Paces, and E. A. Wheeler (2013), Loess origin, transport, and deposition over the past 10,000 years, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska, Aeolian Res., 11, 85–99, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.06.001.
205. Muhs, D. R., J. R. Budahn, G. L. Skipp, and J. P. McGeehin (2016), Geochemical evidence for seasonal controls on the transportation of Holocene loess, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska, USA, Aeolian Res., 21, 61–73, doi:10.1016/j/aeol.2016.02.005.
206. Myers-Smith, I. H., B. K. Arnesen, R. M. Thompson, and F. S. Chapin (2006), Cumulative impacts on Alaskan arctic tundra of a quarter century of road dust, Ecoscience, 13(4), 503–510, doi:10.2980/1195-6860.
207. NASA (2014), Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) Release 6.0 Methodology Version 3.1.2 May 6, 2014.
208. Neff, P. D., and N. A. N. Bertler (2015), Trajectory modelling of modern dust transport to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 120, 9303–9322, doi:10.1002/2015JD023304.
209. Nickling, W. G. (1978), Eolian sediment transport during dust storms: Slims River Valley, Yukon Territory, Canadian J. Earth Sci., 15, 1069–1084.
210. Nielsdóttir, M. C., C. M. Moore, R. Sanders, D. J. Hinz, and E. P. Achterberg (2009), Iron limitation of the postbloom phytoplankton communities in the Iceland Basin, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3001, doi:10.1029/2008GB003410.
211. Oerlemans, J., R. H. Giessen, and M. R. van den Broeke (2009), Retreating alpine glaciers: Increased melt rates due to accumulation of dust (Vadret da Morteratsch, Switzerland), J. Glac., 55(192), 729–736, doi:10.3189/002214309789470969.
212. Ólafsdóttir, R., and H. J. Guðmundsson (2002), Holocene land degradation and climatic change in northeastern Iceland, Holocene, 12(2), 159–167, doi:10.1191/0959683602hl531rp.
213. Old, G. H., D. M. Lawler, and A. Snorrason (2005), Discharge and suspended sediment dynamics during two jökulhlaups in the Skaftá River, Iceland, Earth Surf. Proc. Land, 30, 1441–1460, doi:10.1002/esp.1216.
214. O'Loingsigh, T., G. H. McTainsh, N. J. Tapper, and P. Shinkfield (2010), Lost in code: A critical analysis of using meteorological data for wind erosion monitoring, Aeolian Res., 2(1), 49–57, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2010.03.002.
215. Oltmanns, M., F. Straneo, G. W. K. Moore, and S. H. Mernild (2014), Strong downslope wind events in Ammassalik, southeast Greenland, J. Clim., 27(3), 977–993, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00067.1.
216. Óskarsson, H., Ó. Arnalds, J. Gudmundsson, and G. Gudbergsson (2004), Organic carbon in Icelandic Andosols: Geographical variation and impact of erosion, Catena, 56, 225–238, doi:10.1016/j.catena.2003.10.013.
217. Palecki, M. A., and P. Y. Groisman (2011), Observing climate at high elevations using United States climate reference network approaches, J. Hydrometeorol., 12(5), 1137–1143, doi:10.1175/2011jhm1335.1.
218. Passarge, S. (1921), Vergleichende Landschaftskunde. Heft 2. Kältewüsten und Kältesteppen, 163 pp., Dietrich reamer/Ernst Vohsen/ A.-G. Berlin.
219. Paterson, W. S. (1994), The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd ed., 480 pp., Pergamon Press, Oxford, U. K.
220. Pécsi, M. (1990), Loess is not just the accumulation of dust, Quat. Int., 7–8, 1–21, doi:10.1016/1040-6182(90)90034-2.
221. Périard, C., and P. Pettré (1993), Some aspects of the climatology of Dumont Durville, Adelie Land, Antarctica, Int. J. Clim., 13, 313–327.
222. Petit, J.-R., et al. (1999), Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429–436, doi:10.1038/20859.
223. Péwé, T. L. (1974), Geomorphic processes in polar deserts, in Polar Deserts and Modern Man, edited by T. L. Smiley and J. H. Zumberge, pp. 33–52, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
224. Polissar, A. V., P. K. Hopke, P. Paatero, W. C. Malm, and J. F. Sisler (1998), Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska: 2. Elemental composition and sources, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19,045–19,057, doi:10.1029/98JD01212.
225. Prospero, J. M., P. Ginoux, O. Torres, S. E. Nicholson, and T. E. Gill (2002), Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40(1), 1002, doi:10.1029/2000RG000095.
226. Prospero, J. P., J. E. Bullard, and R. Hodgkins (2012), High latitude dust over the North Atlantic: Inputs from Icelandic proglacial dust storms, Science, 335, 1078–1082, doi:10.1126/science.1217447.
227. Pye, K. (1987), Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits, 334 pp., Elsevier, Oxford.
228. Radić, V., A. Bliss, A. C. Beedlow, R. Hock, E. Miles, and J. Cogley (2013), Regional and global projections of twenty-first century glacier mass changes in response to climate scenarios from global climate models, Clim. Dyn., 42(1–2), 37–58, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1719-7.
229. Ravi, S., et al. (2011), Aeolian processes and the biosphere, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG3001, doi:10.1029/2010RG000328.
230. Ridgwell, A. J. (2002), Dust in the Earth system: The biogeochemical linking of land, air and sea, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 360, 2905–2924, doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.1096.
231. Ruth, U., D. Wagenbach, J. P. Steffensen, and M. Bigler (2003), Continuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4098, doi:10.1029/2002JD002376.
232. Salter, R. T. (1984), Wind erosion, in Natural Hazards in New Zealand, edited by I. Speden and M. J. Crozier, pp. 206–248, New Zealand National Commission for UNESCO, Wellington.
233. Sandgren, P., and B. Fredskild (1991), Magnetic measurements recording Late Holocene man-induced erosion in South Greenland, Boreas, 20, 315–331.
234. Schepanski, K., I. Tegen, M. Todd, B. Heinold, G. Bönisch, B. Laurent, and A. Macke (2009), Meteorological processes forcing Saharan dust emission inferred from MSG-SEVIRI observations of subdaily dust source activation and numerical models, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10201, doi:10.1029/2008JD010325.
235. Schroth, A. W., J. Crusius, E. R. Sholkovitz, and B. C. Bostick (2009), Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 2(5), 337–340, doi:10.1038/NGEO501.
236. Selby, M. J., R. B. Rains, and R. W. Palmer (1974), Eolian deposits of the ice-free Victoria Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, New Zeal, J. Geol. Geop., 17, 543–562.
237. Seppälä, M. (2004), Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
238. Shao, Y., M. R. Raupach, and P. A. Findlater (1993), Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,719–12,726, doi:10.1029/93JD00396.
239. Shao, Y., K.-H. Wyrwoll, A. Chappell, J. Huang, Z. Lin, G. H. McTainsh, M. Mikami, T. Y. Takanaka, X. Wang, and S. Yoon (2011), Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science, Aeolian Res., 2, 181–204, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001.
240. Simonella, L. E., et al. (2015), Soluble iron inputs to the Southern Ocean through recent andesitic to rhyolitic volcanic ash eruptions from the Patagonian Andes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 29, 1125–1144, doi:10.1002/2015GB005177.
241. Slaymaker, O. (2007), Criteria to discriminate between proglacial and paraglacial environments, Landform Anal., 5, 72–74.
242. Smith, B. J., J. S. Wright, and W. B. Whalley (1991), Simulated aeolian abrasion of Pannonian sands and its implications for the origins of Hungarian loess, Earth Surf. Process. Land., 16(8), 745–752, doi:10.1002/esp.3290160808.
243. Speirs, J. C., H. A. McGowan, and D. T. Neil (2008), Meteorological controls on sand transport and dune morphology in a polar-desert: Victoria Valley, Antarctica, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 33(12), 1875–1891, doi:10.1002/esp.1739.
244. Stone, R. S., S. Sharma, A. Herber, K. Eleftheriadis, and D. W. Nelson (2014), A characterization of Arctic aerosols on the basis of aerosol optical depth and black carbon measurements, Elementa: Sci. Anthropocene, 2, doi:10.12952/journal.elementa.000027.
245. Sugden, D. E., R. D. McCulloch, A. J.-M. Bory, and A. S. Hein (2009), Influence of Patagonian glaciers on Antarctic dust deposition during the last glacial period, Nat. Geosci., 2(4), 281–285, doi:10.1038/NGEO474.
246. Sun, J. M., M. Y. Zhang, and T. S. Liu (2001), Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in China and its surrounding regions 1960–1999: Relations to source area and climate, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,325–10,333, doi:10.1029/2000JD900665.
247. Tanaka, T. Y., and M. Chiba (2006), A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget, Global Planet. Change, 52, 88–104, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.002.
248. Tarr, R. S., and L. Martin (1913), Glacier deposits of the continental type in Alaska, Geology, 21, 289–300.
249. Tedesco, M., M. Serreze, and X. Fettweis (2008), Diagnosing the extreme surface melt event over southwestern Greenland in 2007, Cryosphere, 2(3), 383–397, doi:10.5194/tcd-2-383-2008.
250. Textor, C., et al. (2007), The effect of harmonized emissions on aerosol properties in global models—An AeroCom experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(17), 4489–4501, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4489-2007.
251. Thorsteinsson, T., G. Gísladóttir, J. Bullard, and G. McTainsh (2011), Dust storm contributions to airborne particulate matter in Reykjavík, Iceland, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5924–5933, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.023.
252. Thorsteinsson, T., T. Jóhannsson, A. Stohl, and N. I. Kristiansen (2012), High levels of particulate matter in Iceland due to direct ash emissions by the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and resuspension of deposited ash, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B00C05, doi:10.1029/2011JB008756.
253. Tisdale, E. W., M. A. Fosberg, and C. E. Poulton (1966), Vegetation and soil development on a recently glaciated area near Mount Robson, British Columbia, Ecology, 47, 518–523.
254. Tomasi, C., A. A. Kokhanovsky, A. Lupi, C. Ritter, A. Smirnov, N. T. O'Neill, R. S. Stone, B. N. Holben, and S. Nyeki (2015), Aerosol remote sensing in polar regions, Earth Sci. Rev., 140, 108–157, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.001.
255. United Nations Environment Programme (1997), World Atlas of Desertification, 2nd ed., Arnold, London.
256. Uno, I., et al. (2006), Dust model intercomparison (DMIP) study over Asia: Overview, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12213, doi:10.1029/2005JD006575.
257. VanCuren, R. A., T. Cahill, J. Burkhart, D. Barnes, Y. Zhao, K. Perry, S. Cliff, and J. McConnell (2012), Aerosols and their sources at Summit Greenland—First results of continuous size- and time-resolved sampling, Atmos. Env., 52, 82–97, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.047.
258. Vilmundardóttir, O. K., B. Magnusson, G. Gísladóttir, and T. Thorsteinsson (2010), Shoreline erosion and Aeolian deposition along a recently formed hydro-electric reservoir, Blöndulón, Iceland, Geomorphology, 114(4), 542–555, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.08.012.
259. Washington, R. M., M. Todd, N. J. Middleton, and A. S. Goudie (2003), Dust-storm areas determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and surface observations, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 93, 297–313, doi:10.1111/1467-8306.9302003.
260. Webb, N. P., G. S. Okin, and S. Brown (2014), The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion: The importance of surface shear stress distribution, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 6066–6084, doi:10.1002/2014JD021491.
261. Wielgolaski, F. E., and D. W. Inouye (2003), High latitude climates, in Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science, edited by M. D. Schwartz, pp. 174–194, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
262. Wientjes, I. G., and J. Oerlemans (2010), An explanation for the dark region in the western melt zone of the Greenland ice sheet, Cryosphere, 4, 261–268, doi:10.5194/tc-4-261-2010.
263. Wientjes, I. G., R. S. Van de Wal, G. J. Reichart, A. Sluijs, and J. Oerlemans (2011), Dust from the dark region in the western ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, Cryosphere, 5, 589–601.
264. Wiggs, G. F., A. J. Baird, and R. J. Atherton (2004), The dynamic effects of moisture on the entrainment and transport of sand by wind, Geomorphology, 59, 13–30, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.09.002.
265. Winker, D. M., J. Pelon, and M. P. McCormick (2003), The CALIPSO mission: Spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds, Proc. SPIE, 4893, 1–11.
266. Wolfe, S. A. (2013), Cold-climate aeolian environments, in Treatise on Geomorphology, Aeolian Geomorphology, vol. 11, edited by I. Schoder et al., pp. 375–394, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
267. Wolfe, S. A., and W. G. Nickling (1993), The protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 17(1), 50–63, doi:10.1177/030913339301700104.
268. Wolff, E. W., et al. (2006), Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles, Nature, 440(7083), 491–496, doi:10.1038/nature04614.
269. Wright, J., B. Smith, and B. Whalley (1998), Mechanisms of loess-sized quartz silt production and their relative effectiveness: Laboratory simulations, Geomorphology, 23(1), 15–34, doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(97)00084-6.
270. Xiu, P., A. P. Palacz, F. Chai, E. G. Roy, and M. L. Wells (2011), Iron flux induced by Haida eddies in the Gulf of Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13607, doi:10.1029/2011GL047946.
271. Yallop, M. L., et al. (2012), Photophysiology and albedo-changing potential of the ice algal community on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet, ISME J, 6(12), 2302–2313, doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.107.
272. Yin, D., S. Nickovic, and W. A. Sprigg (2007), The impact of using different land cover data on wind-blown desert dust modelling results in the southwestern United States, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2214–2224, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.061.
273. Zdanowicz, C. M., G. A. Zielinski, C. P. Wake, D. A. Fisher, and R. M. Koerner (2000), A Holocene record of atmospheric dust deposition on the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, Quat. Res., 53(1), 62–69, doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2091.
274. Zender, C. S., D. J. Newman, and O. Torres (2003), Spatial heteorogeneity in aeolian erodibility: Uniform, topographic, geomorphic and hydrologic hypotheses, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D17), 4543, doi:10.1029/2002JD003039.
275. Zhao, C., et al. (2014), Simulating black carbon and dust and their radiative forcing in seasonal snow: A case study over North China with field campaign measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11,475–11,491, doi:10.5194/acp-14-11475-2014.