Annual distributions and sources of Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 119, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 4107-4124

  Breider, Thomas J ^a   Mickley, Loretta J ^a   Jacob, Daniel J ^a   Wang, Qiaoqiao ^a   Fisher, Jenny A ^b   Chang, Rachel Y W ^c   Alexander, Becky ^d  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BLACK CARBON; CLIMATE CHANGE; EOS; GLOBAL WARMING; OPTICAL DEPTH; SIMULATION; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING;

ARCTIC;

EID: 84928618871     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020996     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Alexander, B., R. J. Park, D. J. Jacob, Q. B. Li, R. M. Yantosca, J. Savarino, C. C. W. Lee, and M. H. Thiemens (2005), Sulfate formation in sea-salt aerosols: Constraints from oxygen isotopes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10307, doi:10.1029/2004JD005659.
2. Alexander, B., R. J. Park, D. J. Jacob, and S. Gong (2009), Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric sulfur: Global implications for the sulfur budget, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02309, doi:10.1029/2008JD010486.
3. Alexander, B., D. J. Allman, H. M. Amos, T. D. Fairlie, J. Dachs, D. A. Hegg, and R. S. Sletten (2012), Isotopic constraints on the formation pathways of sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer of the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06304, doi:10.1029/2011JD016773.
4. Alvarado, M. J., J. A. Logan, J. Mao, E. Apel, D. Riemer, D. Blake, R. C. Cohen, K.-E. Min, A. E. Perring, and E. C. Browne (2010), Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: An integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(20), 9739–9760.
5. Ansmann, A., et al. (2003), Long-range transport of Saharan dust to northern Europe: The 11–16 October 2001 outbreak observed with EARLINET, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4783, doi:10.1029/2003JD003757.
6. Barnes, I., J. Hjorth, and N. Mihalopoulos (2006), Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide and their oxidation in the atmosphere, Chem. Rev., 106(3), 940–975.
7. Bodhaine, B. A., J. M. Harris, and G. A. Herbert (1981), Aerosol light scattering and condensation nuclei measurements at Barrow, Alaska, Atmos. Environ. 1967, 15(8), 1375–1389, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(81)90344-9.
8. Bond, T. C., D. G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, S. M. Nelson, J.-H. Woo, and Z. Klimont (2004), A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.
9. Bond, T. C., E. Bhardwaj, R. Dong, R. Jogani, S. Jung, C. Roden, D. G. Streets, and N. M. Trautmann (2007), Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002840.
10. Bory, A.-M., P. E. Biscaye, A. M. Piotrowski, and J. P. Steffensen (2003), Regional variability of ice core dust composition and provenance in Greenland, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(12), 1107, doi:10.1029/2003GC000627.
11. Bourgeois, Q., and I. Bey (2011), Pollution transport efficiency toward the Arctic: Sensitivity to aerosol scavenging and source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D08213, doi:10.1029/2010JD015096.
12. Browell, E. V., et al. (2003), Ozone, aerosol, potential vorticity, and trace gas trends observed at high-latitudes over North America from February to May 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D4), 8369, doi:10.1029/2001JD001390.
13. Chang, R. Y.-W., et al. (2011), Aerosol composition and sources in the central Arctic Ocean during ASCOS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(20), 10,619–10,636, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10619-2011.
14. Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley, J. E. Hansen, and D. J. Hofmann (1992), Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255(5043), 423–430, doi:10.1126/science.255.5043.423.
15. Clarke, A. D., and K. J. Noone (1985), Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer, Atmos. Environ. 1967, 19(12), 2045–2053, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90113-1.
16. Dibb, J. E., R. W. Talbot, E. M. Scheuer, G. Seid, M. A. Avery, and H. B. Singh (2003), Aerosol chemical composition in Asian continental outflow during the TRACE-P campaign: Comparison with PEM-West B, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 8815, doi:10.1029/2002JD003111.
17. Doherty, S. J., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, A. D. Clarke, and R. E. Brandt (2010), Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(23), 11,647–11,680, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010.
18. Drury, E., D. J. Jacob, R. J. D. Spurr, J. Wang, Y. Shinozuka, B. E. Anderson, A. D. Clarke, J. Dibb, C. McNaughton, and R. Weber (2010), Synthesis of satellite (MODIS), aircraft (ICARTT), and surface (IMPROVE, EPA-AQS, AERONET) aerosol observations over eastern North America to improve MODIS aerosol retrievals and constrain surface aerosol concentrations and sources, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14204, doi:10.1029/2009JD012629.
19. Eck, T. F., et al. (2009), Optical properties of boreal region biomass burning aerosols in central Alaska and seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth at an Arctic coastal site, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D11201, doi:10.1029/2008JD010870.
20. Eleftheriadis, K., S. Vratolis, and S. Nyeki (2009), Aerosol black carbon in the European Arctic: Measurements at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard from 1998–2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02809, doi:10.1029/2008GL035741.
21. Engvall, A.-C., R. Krejci, J. Ström, R. Treffeisen, R. Scheele, O. Hermansen, and J. Paatero (2008), Changes in aerosol properties during spring-summer period in the Arctic troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(3), 445–462, doi:10.5194/acp-8-445-2008.
22. Fairlie, T. D., D. J. Jacob, and R. J. Park (2007), The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 41(6), 1251–1266, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048.
23. Fairlie, T. D., D. J. Jacob, J. E. Dibb, B. Alexander, M. A. Avery, A. van Donkelaar, and L. Zhang (2010), Impact of mineral dust on nitrate, sulfate, and ozone in transpacific Asian pollution plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(8), 3999–4012, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3999-2010.
24. Feng, J. (2007), A 3-mode parameterization of below-cloud scavenging of aerosols for use in atmospheric dispersion models, Atmos. Environ., 41(32), 6808–6822, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.046.
25. Feng, J. (2009), A size-resolved model for below-cloud scavenging of aerosols by snowfall, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08203, doi:10.1029/2008JD011012.
26. Fisher, J. A., D. J. Jacob, M. T. Purdy, M. Kopacz, P. L. Sager, C. Carouge, C. D. Holmes, R. M. Yantosca, R. L. Batchelor, and K. Strong (2010), Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(3), 977–996.
27. Fisher, J. A., et al. (2011), Sources, distribution, and acidity of sulfate–ammonium aerosol in the Arctic in winter–spring, Atmos. Environ., 45(39), 7301–7318, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.030.
28. Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, and P. J. Rasch (2007), Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008003.
29. Franzén, L. G., J. O. Mattsson, U. Maartensson, T. Nihlén, and A. Rapp (1994), Yellow snow over the Alps and subarctic from dust storm in Africa, March 1991, Ambio, 233–235.
30. Frossard, A. A., P. M. Shaw, L. M. Russell, J. H. Kroll, M. R. Canagaratna, D. R. Worsnop, P. K. Quinn, and T. S. Bates (2011), Springtime Arctic haze contributions of submicron organic particles from European and Asian combustion sources, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05205, doi:10.1029/2010JD015178.
31. Fu, T.-M., D. J. Jacob, F. Wittrock, J. P. Burrows, M. Vrekoussis, and D. K. Henze (2008), Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15303, doi:10.1029/2007JD009505.
32. Fu, T.-M., D. J. Jacob, and C. L. Heald (2009), Aqueous-phase reactive uptake of dicarbonyls as a source of organic aerosol over eastern North America, Atmos. Environ., 43(10), 1814–1822.
33. Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S.-J. Lin (2001), Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20,255–20,273, doi:10.1029/2000JD000053.
34. Gong, S. L., T. L. Zhao, S. Sharma, D. Toom-Sauntry, D. Lavoué, X. B. Zhang, W. R. Leaitch, and L. A. Barrie (2010), Identification of trends and interannual variability of sulfate and black carbon in the Canadian High Arctic: 1981–2007, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D07305, doi:10.1029/2009JD012943.
35. Hansen, J., and L. Nazarenko (2004), Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101(2), 423–428, doi:10.1073/pnas.2237157100.
36. Hegg, D. A., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, S. J. Doherty, and A. D. Clarke (2010), Sources of light-absorbing aerosol in arctic snow and their seasonal variation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(22), 10,923–10,938, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10923-2010.
37. Henze, D. K., and J. H. Seinfeld (2006), Global secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09812, doi:10.1029/2006GL025976.
38. Hirdman, D., H. Sodemann, S. Eckhardt, J. F. Burkhart, A. Jefferson, T. Mefford, P. K. Quinn, S. Sharma, J. Ström, and A. Stohl (2010), Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using statistical analysis of measurement data and particle dispersion model output, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(2), 669–693, doi:10.5194/acp-10-669-2010.
39. Hoffmann, A., C. Ritter, M. Stock, M. Maturilli, S. Eckhardt, A. Herber, and R. Neuber (2010), Lidar measurements of the Kasatochi aerosol plume in August and September 2008 in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00L12, doi:10.1029/2009JD013039.
40. Holben, B. N., et al. (1998), AERONET—A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66(1), 1–16, doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5.
41. Hudman, R. C., L. T. Murray, D. J. Jacob, D. B. Millet, S. Turquety, S. Wu, D. R. Blake, A. H. Goldstein, J. Holloway, and G. W. Sachse (2008), Biogenic versus anthropogenic sources of CO in the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04801, doi:10.1029/2007GL032393.
42. Hyvärinen, A.-P., et al. (2011), Aerosol black carbon at five background measurement sites over Finland, a gateway to the Arctic, Atmos. Environ., 45(24), 4042–4050, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.026.
43. Jacob, D. J., J. H. Crawford, H. Maring, A. D. Clarke, J. E. Dibb, L. K. Emmons, R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, P. B. Russell, and H. B. Singh (2010), The arctic research of the composition of the troposphere from aircraft and satellites (ARCTAS) mission: Design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(11), 5191–5212.
44. Jimenez, J. L., et al. (2003), Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213.
45. Koch, D., et al. (2009), Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(22), 9001–9026, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9001-2009.
46. Koch, D., et al. (2011), Coupled aerosol-chemistry–climate twentieth-century transient model investigation: Trends in short-lived species and climate responses, J. Clim., 24(11), 2693–2714, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3582.1.
47. Kondo, Y., et al. (2011), Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia in 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D08204, doi:10.1029/2010JD015152.
48. Kravitz, B., A. Robock, and A. Bourassa (2010), Negligible climatic effects from the 2008 Okmok and Kasatochi volcanic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00L05, doi:10.1029/2009JD013525.
49. Lana, A., et al. (2011), An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cylces, 25, GB1004, doi:10.1029/2010GB003850.
50. Law, K. S., and A. Stohl (2007), Arctic air pollution: Origins and impacts, Science, 315(5818), 1537–1540, doi:10.1126/science.1137695.
51. Lazaridis, M., A. Semb, S. Larssen, A.-G. Hjellbrekke, Ø. Hov, J. E. Hanssen, J. Schaug, and K. Tørseth (2002), Measurements of particulate matter within the framework of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP): I. First results, Sci. Total Environ., 285(1), 209–235.
52. Lu, Z., Q. Zhang, and D. G. Streets (2011), Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(18), 9839–9864, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011.
53. Malm, W. C., J. F. Sisler, D. Huffman, R. A. Eldred, and T. A. Cahill (1994), Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D1), 1347–1370, doi:10.1029/93JD02916.
54. Malm, W. C., B. A. Schichtel, M. L. Pitchford, L. L. Ashbaugh, and R. A. Eldred (2004), Spatial and monthly trends in speciated fine particle concentration in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03306, doi:10.1029/2003JD003739.
55. x) in the Arctic troposphere in spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(13), 5823–5838, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5823-2010.
56. Matsui, H., Y. Kondo, N. Moteki, N. Takegawa, L. K. Sahu, Y. Zhao, H. E. Fuelberg, W. R. Sessions, G. Diskin, and D. R. Blake (2011), Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05202, doi:10.1029/2010JD015067.
57. McNaughton, C. S., et al. (2011), Absorbing aerosol in the troposphere of the Western Arctic during the 2008 ARCTAS/ARCPAC airborne field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(15), 7561–7582, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7561-2011.
58. Meier, W. N., J. Stroeve, and F. Fetterer (2007), Whither Arctic sea ice? A clear signal of decline regionally, seasonally and extending beyond the satellite record, Ann. Glaciol., 46(1), 428–434, doi:10.3189/172756407782871170.
59. Mickley, L. J., P. P. Murti, D. J. Jacob, J. A. Logan, D. M. Koch, and D. Rind (1999), Radiative forcing from tropospheric ozone calculated with a unified chemistry-climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D23), 30,153–30,172.
60. 2 forcings, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05106, doi:10.1029/2003JD003653.
61. Mitchell, M. (1956), Visual range in the polar regions with particular reference to the Alaskan Arctic, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. Spec. Suppl., 195–211.
62. Nilsson, E. D., and Ü. Rannik (2001), Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic Ocean: 1. Dry deposition over sea and pack ice, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32,125–32,137, doi:10.1029/2000JD900605.
63. Oltmans, S. J., A. S. Lefohn, J. M. Harris, I. Galbally, H. E. Scheel, G. Bodeker, E. Brunke, H. Claude, D. Tarasick, and B. J. Johnson (2006), Long-term changes in tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 40(17), 3156–3173.
64. Perry, K. D., T. A. Cahill, R. A. Eldred, D. D. Dutcher, and T. E. Gill (1997), Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D10), 11,225–11,238, doi:10.1029/97JD00260.
65. Quinn, P. K., et al. (2000), Surface submicron aerosol chemical composition: What fraction is not sulfate?, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D5), 6785–6805, doi:10.1029/1999JD901034.
66. Quinn, P. K., T. L. Miller, T. S. Bates, J. A. Ogren, E. Andrews, and G. E. Shaw (2002), A 3-year record of simultaneously measured aerosol chemical and optical properties at Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D11), 4130, doi:10.1029/2001JD001248.
67. Quinn, P. K., G. Shaw, E. Andrews, E. G. Dutton, T. Ruoho-Airola, and S. L. Gong (2007), Arctic haze: Current trends and knowledge gaps, Tellus B, 59(1), 99–114, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00238.x.
68. Quinn, P. K., et al. (2008), Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: Their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(6), 1723–1735, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1723-2008.
69. Radke, L. F., P. V. Hobbs, and I. H. Bailey (1984), Airborne observations of Arctic aerosols, III: Origins and effects of airmasses, Geophys Res. Lett., 11(5), 401–404.
70. Rahn, K. A. (1981), Relative importances of North America and Eurasia as sources of Arctic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 15(8), 1447–1455.
71. Rahn, K. A., and R. J. McCaffrey (1980), On the origin and transport of the winter Arctic aerosol, Annu. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 338, 486–503.
72. Reid, J. S., et al. (2009), Global monitoring and forecasting of biomass-burning smoke: Description of and lessons from the Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) program, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 2(3), 144–162, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2027443.
73. Ridley, D. A., C. L. Heald, and B. Ford (2012), North African dust export and deposition: A satellite and model perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D02202, doi:10.1029/2011JD016794.
74. Rodríguez, E., C. Toledano, V. E. Cachorro, P. Ortiz, K. Stebel, A. Berjón, S. Blindheim, M. Gausa, and A. M. de Frutos (2012), Aerosol characterization at the sub-Arctic site Andenes (69°N, 16°E), by the analysis of columnar optical properties, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138(663), 471–482, doi:10.1002/qj.921.
75. Seinfeld, J. H., and S. N. Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
76. Sharma, S., M. Ishizawa, D. Chan, D. Lavoué, E. Andrews, K. Eleftheriadis, and S. Maksyutov (2013), 16-year simulation of Arctic black carbon: Transport, source contribution, and sensitivity analysis on deposition, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 943–964, doi:10.1029/2012JD017774.
77. Shaw, G. E. (1995), The Arctic haze phenomenon, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76(12), 2403–2413, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<2403: TAHP>2.0.CO;2.
78. Shaw, P. M., L. M. Russell, A. Jefferson, and P. K. Quinn (2010), Arctic organic aerosol measurements show particles from mixed combustion in spring haze and from frost flowers in winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10803, doi:10.1029/2010GL042831.
79. Shindell, D., and G. Faluvegi (2009), Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century, Nat. Geosci., 2(4), 294–300, doi:10.1038/ngeo473.
80. Shindell, D., G. Faluvegi, A. Lacis, J. Hansen, R. Ruedy, and E. Aguilar (2006), Role of tropospheric ozone increases in 20th-century climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006348.
81. Shindell, D. T., G. Faluvegi, S. E. Bauer, D. M. Koch, N. Unger, S. Menon, R. L. Miller, G. A. Schmidt, and D. G. Streets (2007), Climate response to projected changes in short-lived species under an A1B scenario from 2000–2050 in the GISS climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20103, doi:10.1029/2007JD008753.
82. Shindell, D. T., M. Chin, F. Dentener, R. M. Doherty, G. Faluvegi, A. M. Fiore, P. Hess, D. M. Koch, I. A. MacKenzie, and M. G. Sanderson (2008), A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(17), 5353–5372.
83. Smith, S. J., J. van Aardenne, Z. Klimont, R. J. Andres, A. Volke, and S. Delgado Arias (2011), Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions: 1850–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(3), 1101–1116, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1101-2011.
84. Song, C. H., and G. R. Carmichael (2001), Gas-particle partitioning of nitric acid modulated by alkaline aerosol, J. Atmos. Chem., 40(1), 1–22, doi:10.1023/A:1010657929716.
85. Stohl, A. (2006), Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006888.
86. Stroeve, J., M. M. Holland, W. Meier, T. Scambos, and M. Serreze (2007), Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09501, doi:10.1029/2007GL029703.
87. Ström, J., J. Umegård, K. Tørseth, P. Tunved, H.-C. Hansson, K. Holmén, V. Wismann, A. Herber, and G. König-Langlo (2003), One year of particle size distribution and aerosol chemical composition measurements at the Zeppelin Station, Svalbard, March 2000–March 2001, Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC, 28(28–32), 1181–1190, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.058.
88. Talbot, R. W., J. E. Dibb, and M. B. Loomis (1998), Influence of vertical transport on free tropospheric aerosols over the central USA in springtime, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(9), 1367–1370, doi:10.1029/98GL00184.
89. Tomasi, C., et al. (2012), An update on polar aerosol optical properties using POLAR-AOD and other measurements performed during the International Polar Year, Atmos. Environ., 52, 29–47, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.055.
90. Trenberth, K. E., P. D. Jones, P. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D. Easterling, A. K. Tank, D. Parker, F. Rahimzadeh, J. A. Renwick, and M. Rusticucci (2007), Observations: Surface and atmospheric climate change, chap. 3 of Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, in Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., pp. 235–336, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., and New York.
91. Turpin, B. J., and H.-J. Lim (2001), Species contributions to PM2. 5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35(1), 602–610.
92. Twomey, S. (1974), Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ. 1967, 8(12), 1251–1256, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3.
93. VanCuren, R. A., T. Cahill, J. Burkhart, D. Barnes, Y. Zhao, K. Perry, S. Cliff, and J. McConnell (2012), Aerosols and their sources at Summit Greenland—First results of continuous size- and time-resolved sampling, Atmos. Environ., 52, 82–97, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.047.
94. Van Donkelaar, A., et al. (2008), Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian sulfur to Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(11), 2999–3014, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2999-2008.
95. Wang, Q., et al. (2011), Sources of carbonaceous aerosols and deposited black carbon in the Arctic in winter-spring: Implications for radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(23), 12,453–12,473, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12453-2011.
96. Wang, Q., D. J. Jacob, J. R. Spackman, A. E. Perring, J. P. Schwarz, N. Moteki, E. A. Marais, C. Ge, J. Wang, and S. R. H. Barrett (2014), Global budget and radiative forcing of black carbon aerosol: Constraints from pole-to-pole (HIPPO) observations across the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 195–206, doi:10.1002/2013JD020824.
97. Warneke, C., et al. (2009), Biomass burning in Siberia and Kazakhstan as an important source for haze over the Alaskan Arctic in April 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02813, doi:10.1029/2008GL036194.
98. Warneke, C., et al. (2010), An important contribution to springtime Arctic aerosol from biomass burning in Russia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01801, doi:10.1029/2009GL041816.
99. Warren, S. G., and W. J. Wiscombe (1980), A model for the spectral albedo of snow, II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37(12), 2734–2745, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2734:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2.
100. Wesely, M. L. (1989), Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304.
101. Yang, M., S. G. Howell, J. Zhuang, and B. J. Huebert (2009), Attribution of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China—Interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(6), 2035–2050, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009.
102. Zender, C. S., H. Bian, and D. Newman (2003), Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4416, doi:10.1029/2002JD002775.