메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue , 2016, Pages 93-116

Skin tone bias among African Americans: Antecedents and consequences across the life span

Author keywords

African Americans; Colorism; Racial discrimination; Skin tone

Indexed keywords

ADULTHOOD; AFRICAN AMERICAN; CHILD; CHILDHOOD; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIFESPAN; RACISM; SKIN; STEREOTYPY;

EID: 84966697853     PISSN: 02732297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.03.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (57)

References (102)
  • 3
    • 0003197251 scopus 로고
    • The child's conception of racial classification: A socio-cognitive model
    • Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, W.R. Allen, G.K. Brookins, M.B. Spencer (Eds.)
    • Alejandro-Wright M.N. The child's conception of racial classification: A socio-cognitive model. Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children 1985, 185-200. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. W.R. Allen, G.K. Brookins, M.B. Spencer (Eds.).
    • (1985) Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children , pp. 185-200
    • Alejandro-Wright, M.N.1
  • 5
    • 84893651437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: A report from the American Heart Association
    • American Heart Association Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014, 129(3):e28-e292. 10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80.
    • (2014) Circulation , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. e28-e292
  • 6
    • 0031300821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shades of meaning: Skin tone, racial attitudes, and constructive memory in African American children
    • Averhart C., Bigler R. Shades of meaning: Skin tone, racial attitudes, and constructive memory in African American children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1997, 67:363-388. 10.1006/jecp.1997.2413.
    • (1997) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 363-388
    • Averhart, C.1    Bigler, R.2
  • 7
    • 7444272707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of Afrocentric features in criminal sentencing
    • Blair I.V., Judd C.M., Chapleau K.M. The influence of Afrocentric features in criminal sentencing. Psychological Science 2004, 15:674-679. 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00739.x.
    • (2004) Psychological Science , vol.15 , pp. 674-679
    • Blair, I.V.1    Judd, C.M.2    Chapleau, K.M.3
  • 8
    • 85047671120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories
    • Blair I.V., Judd C.M., Sadler M., Jenkins C. The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83(1):5-25. 10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.5.
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-25
    • Blair, I.V.1    Judd, C.M.2    Sadler, M.3    Jenkins, C.4
  • 9
    • 84991168595 scopus 로고
    • Black beauty: Skin color and body images among African American college women
    • Bond S., Cash T.F. Black beauty: Skin color and body images among African American college women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1992, 22(11):874-888. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00930.x.
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.11 , pp. 874-888
    • Bond, S.1    Cash, T.F.2
  • 10
    • 33746277231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study
    • Borrell L.N., Kiefe C.I., Williams D.R., Diez-Roux A.V., Gordon-Larsen P. Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study. Social Science & Medicine 2006, 63:1415-1427. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.008.
    • (2006) Social Science & Medicine , vol.63 , pp. 1415-1427
    • Borrell, L.N.1    Kiefe, C.I.2    Williams, D.R.3    Diez-Roux, A.V.4    Gordon-Larsen, P.5
  • 11
    • 0014936166 scopus 로고
    • Biological patterns in hypertension by race, sex, body weight, and skin color
    • Boyle E. Biological patterns in hypertension by race, sex, body weight, and skin color. Journal of the American Medical Association 1970, 213(10):1637-1643. 10.1001/jama.1970.03170360035006.
    • (1970) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.213 , Issue.10 , pp. 1637-1643
    • Boyle, E.1
  • 12
    • 84928442610 scopus 로고
    • Racial attitude development among young Black children as a function of parental attitudes: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study
    • Branch C.W., Newcombe N. Racial attitude development among young Black children as a function of parental attitudes: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study. Child Development 1986, 57:712-721. 10.2307/1130348.
    • (1986) Child Development , vol.57 , pp. 712-721
    • Branch, C.W.1    Newcombe, N.2
  • 13
  • 14
    • 0032337679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for differential perceptions of competence based on skin tone among African Americans
    • Breland A. A model for differential perceptions of competence based on skin tone among African Americans. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 1998, 26(4):294-312. 10.1002/j.2161-1912.1998.tb00206.x.
    • (1998) Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 294-312
    • Breland, A.1
  • 15
    • 84893502190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of skin color on mental and behavioral health in African American and Latina adolescent girls: A review of the literature
    • Springer, Amsterdam, R.E. Hall (Ed.)
    • Breland-Noble A.M. The impact of skin color on mental and behavioral health in African American and Latina adolescent girls: A review of the literature. The melanin millennium 2013, 219-229. Springer, Amsterdam. R.E. Hall (Ed.).
    • (2013) The melanin millennium , pp. 219-229
    • Breland-Noble, A.M.1
  • 18
    • 85050709413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Look at her hair": The body politics of Black womanhood in Brazil
    • Caldwell K.L. "Look at her hair": The body politics of Black womanhood in Brazil. Transforming Anthropology 2003, 11:18-29. 10.1525/tran.2003.11.2.18.
    • (2003) Transforming Anthropology , vol.11 , pp. 18-29
    • Caldwell, K.L.1
  • 19
    • 84926334991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One size does not fit all: Using variables other than the thin ideal to understand Black women's body image
    • Capodilupo C.M. One size does not fit all: Using variables other than the thin ideal to understand Black women's body image. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2015, 21:268-278. 10.1037/a0037649.
    • (2015) Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 268-278
    • Capodilupo, C.M.1
  • 20
    • 84892677586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The derogatory representations of the skin bleaching products sold in Harlem
    • Charles C.A.D. The derogatory representations of the skin bleaching products sold in Harlem. Journal of Pan African Studies 2011, 4:117-141.
    • (2011) Journal of Pan African Studies , vol.4 , pp. 117-141
    • Charles, C.A.D.1
  • 21
    • 43949125872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents
    • Chavous T., Rivas-Drake D., Smalls P., Griffin T., Cogburn C. Gender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology 2008, 44(3):637-654. 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.637.
    • (2008) Developmental Psychology , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 637-654
    • Chavous, T.1    Rivas-Drake, D.2    Smalls, P.3    Griffin, T.4    Cogburn, C.5
  • 22
    • 0002442479 scopus 로고
    • Racial identification and preference among Negro children
    • Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, New York, E.L. Hartley (Ed.)
    • Clark K.B., Clark M.P. Racial identification and preference among Negro children. Readings in social psychology 1947, Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, New York. E.L. Hartley (Ed.).
    • (1947) Readings in social psychology
    • Clark, K.B.1    Clark, M.P.2
  • 23
    • 0035511387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of and preference for skin color, Black racial identity, and self-esteem among African Americans
    • Coard S., Breland A., Raskin P. Perceptions of and preference for skin color, Black racial identity, and self-esteem among African Americans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2001, 31(11):2256-2274. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00174.x.
    • (2001) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.31 , Issue.11 , pp. 2256-2274
    • Coard, S.1    Breland, A.2    Raskin, P.3
  • 24
    • 29144522892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin tone, crime news, and social reality judgments: Priming the stereotype of the dark and dangerous Black criminal
    • Dixon T., Maddox K. Skin tone, crime news, and social reality judgments: Priming the stereotype of the dark and dangerous Black criminal. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2005, 35:1555-1569. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02184.x.
    • (2005) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 1555-1569
    • Dixon, T.1    Maddox, K.2
  • 25
    • 33646259227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking deathworthy: Perceived stereotypicality of Black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes
    • Eberhardt J.L., Davies P.G., Purdie-Vaughns V.J., Johnson S.L. Looking deathworthy: Perceived stereotypicality of Black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychological Science 2006, 17:383-386. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 383-386
    • Eberhardt, J.L.1    Davies, P.G.2    Purdie-Vaughns, V.J.3    Johnson, S.L.4
  • 27
    • 84976919563 scopus 로고
    • Kenneth and Mamie Clark revisited: Racial identification and racial preference in dark-skinned and light-skinned Black children
    • Farrell W., Olson J. Kenneth and Mamie Clark revisited: Racial identification and racial preference in dark-skinned and light-skinned Black children. Urban Education 1983, 18(3):284-297. 10.1177/004208598301800302.
    • (1983) Urban Education , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 284-297
    • Farrell, W.1    Olson, J.2
  • 28
    • 84920464839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorism embodied: Skin tone and psychosocial well-being in adolescence
    • Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, NY, W. Overton, U. Muller, J. Newman (Eds.)
    • Fegley S., Spencer M., Goss T., Harpalani V., Charles N. Colorism embodied: Skin tone and psychosocial well-being in adolescence. Developmental perspectives on embodiment and consciousness 2008, 281-312. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, NY. W. Overton, U. Muller, J. Newman (Eds.).
    • (2008) Developmental perspectives on embodiment and consciousness , pp. 281-312
    • Fegley, S.1    Spencer, M.2    Goss, T.3    Harpalani, V.4    Charles, N.5
  • 29
    • 0042161216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teachers' perceptions and expectations and the Black-White test score gap
    • Ferguson R.F. Teachers' perceptions and expectations and the Black-White test score gap. Urban Education 2003, 38:460-507. 10.1177/0042085903038004006.
    • (2003) Urban Education , vol.38 , pp. 460-507
    • Ferguson, R.F.1
  • 31
    • 16344387519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin pigmentation, self-perceived color, and arterial blood pressure in Puerto Rico
    • Gravlee C.C., Dressler W.W. Skin pigmentation, self-perceived color, and arterial blood pressure in Puerto Rico. American Journal of Human Biology 2005, 17:195-206. 10.1002/ajhb.20111.
    • (2005) American Journal of Human Biology , vol.17 , pp. 195-206
    • Gravlee, C.C.1    Dressler, W.W.2
  • 32
    • 0033628410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review
    • Gray-Little B., Hafdal A. Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:26-54. 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.26.
    • (2000) Psychological Bulletin , vol.126 , pp. 26-54
    • Gray-Little, B.1    Hafdal, A.2
  • 33
    • 0034864732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of disadvantage: Individual and occupational determinants of the black-white wage gap
    • Grodsky E., Pager D. The structure of disadvantage: Individual and occupational determinants of the black-white wage gap. American Sociological Review 2001, 66:542-567. 10.2307/3088922.
    • (2001) American Sociological Review , vol.66 , pp. 542-567
    • Grodsky, E.1    Pager, D.2
  • 34
    • 27144445236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The significance of color declines: A re-analysis of skin tone differentials in post-civil rights America
    • Gullickson A. The significance of color declines: A re-analysis of skin tone differentials in post-civil rights America. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation 2005, 84(1):157-180. 10.1353/sof.2005.0099.
    • (2005) Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 157-180
    • Gullickson, A.1
  • 35
    • 84862193376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The independent effects of skin tone and facial features on Whites' affective reactions to Blacks
    • Hagiwara N., Kashy D.A., Cesario J. The independent effects of skin tone and facial features on Whites' affective reactions to Blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012, 48:892-898. 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.001.
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.48 , pp. 892-898
    • Hagiwara, N.1    Kashy, D.A.2    Cesario, J.3
  • 36
    • 84965368181 scopus 로고
    • Bias among African-Americans regarding skin color: Implications for social work practice
    • Hall R. Bias among African-Americans regarding skin color: Implications for social work practice. Research on Social Work Practice 1992, 2(4):479-486. 10.1177/104973159200200404.
    • (1992) Research on Social Work Practice , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 479-486
    • Hall, R.1
  • 37
    • 84965695732 scopus 로고
    • The bleaching syndrome: African-Americans' response to cultural domination vis-à-vis skin color
    • Hall R. The bleaching syndrome: African-Americans' response to cultural domination vis-à-vis skin color. Journal of Black Studies 1995, 26(2):172-184. 10.1177/002193479502600205.
    • (1995) Journal of Black Studies , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 172-184
    • Hall, R.1
  • 38
    • 84865956782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bleaching syndrome: Manifestation of a post-colonial pathology among African women
    • Hall R.E. The bleaching syndrome: Manifestation of a post-colonial pathology among African women. Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counseling 2006, 11:1-13. 10.4314/njgc.v11i1.36985.
    • (2006) Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counseling , vol.11 , pp. 1-13
    • Hall, R.E.1
  • 39
    • 84893016553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between skin tone and school suspension for African Americans
    • Hannon L., DeFina R., Bruch S. The relationship between skin tone and school suspension for African Americans. Race and Social Problems 2013, 5:281-295. 10.1007/s12552-013-9104-z.
    • (2013) Race and Social Problems , vol.5 , pp. 281-295
    • Hannon, L.1    DeFina, R.2    Bruch, S.3
  • 41
    • 58449116570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hidden prejudice in selection: A research investigation on skin color bias
    • Harrison M.S., Thomas K.M. The hidden prejudice in selection: A research investigation on skin color bias. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2009, 39:134-168. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00433.x.
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 134-168
    • Harrison, M.S.1    Thomas, K.M.2
  • 42
    • 23844525400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intragroup stigmatization of skin tone among Black Americans
    • Harvey R., LaBeach N., Pridgen E., Gocial T. The intragroup stigmatization of skin tone among Black Americans. The Journal of Black Psychology 2005, 31(3):237-253. 10.1177/0095798405278192.
    • (2005) The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-253
    • Harvey, R.1    LaBeach, N.2    Pridgen, E.3    Gocial, T.4
  • 43
    • 44149101013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profiling the new immigrant worker: The effects of skin color and height
    • Hersch J. Profiling the new immigrant worker: The effects of skin color and height. Journal of Labor Economics 2008, 26(2):345-386. 10.1086/587428.
    • (2008) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 345-386
    • Hersch, J.1
  • 44
    • 85044799209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identity and the development of body image issues in African American adolescent girls
    • Hesse-Biber S.N., Howling S.A., Leavy P., Lovejoy M. Racial identity and the development of body image issues in African American adolescent girls. Qualitative Report 2004, 9:49-79.
    • (2004) Qualitative Report , vol.9 , pp. 49-79
    • Hesse-Biber, S.N.1    Howling, S.A.2    Leavy, P.3    Lovejoy, M.4
  • 45
    • 0036488932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference?
    • Hill M. Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference?. Social Psychology Quarterly 2002, 65:77-91. 10.2307/3090169.
    • (2002) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.65 , pp. 77-91
    • Hill, M.1
  • 46
    • 0036228496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race of the interviewer and perception of skin color: Evidence from the multi-city study of urban inequality
    • Hill M. Race of the interviewer and perception of skin color: Evidence from the multi-city study of urban inequality. American Sociological Review 2002, 67:99-108. 10.2307/3088935.
    • (2002) American Sociological Review , vol.67 , pp. 99-108
    • Hill, M.1
  • 50
    • 33748770347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of the research and directions for future study
    • Hughes D., Rodriguez J., Smith E.P., Johnson D.J., Stevenson H.C., Spicer P. Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of the research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology 2006, 42:747-770. 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747.
    • (2006) Developmental Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 747-770
    • Hughes, D.1    Rodriguez, J.2    Smith, E.P.3    Johnson, D.J.4    Stevenson, H.C.5    Spicer, P.6
  • 51
    • 84963069268 scopus 로고
    • The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans
    • Hughes M., Hertel B. The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation 1990, 68(4):1105-1120. 10.1093/sf/68.4.1105.
    • (1990) Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 1105-1120
    • Hughes, M.1    Hertel, B.2
  • 53
    • 69749103649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reexamination of young children's racial attitudes and skin tone preferences
    • Jordan P., Hernandez-Reif M. Reexamination of young children's racial attitudes and skin tone preferences. The Journal of Black Psychology 2009, 35:388-403. 10.1177/0095798409333621.
    • (2009) The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 388-403
    • Jordan, P.1    Hernandez-Reif, M.2
  • 54
    • 34247289100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation of self-perceptions to achievement among African Americans preschoolers
    • Justice E.M., Lindsey L.L., Morrow S.F. The relation of self-perceptions to achievement among African Americans preschoolers. The Journal of Black Psychology 1999, 25(1):48-60. 10.1177/0095798499025001004.
    • (1999) The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 48-60
    • Justice, E.M.1    Lindsey, L.L.2    Morrow, S.F.3
  • 55
    • 0001245458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin tone and physical features of blacks in magazine advertisements
    • Keenan K. Skin tone and physical features of blacks in magazine advertisements. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1996, 73:905-912. 10.1177/107769909607300410.
    • (1996) Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , vol.73 , pp. 905-912
    • Keenan, K.1
  • 57
    • 0017704147 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension: Effects of social class and racial admixture: The results of a cohort study in the black population of Charleston, South Carolina
    • Keil J.E., Tyroler H.A., Sandifer S.H., Boyle E. Hypertension: Effects of social class and racial admixture: The results of a cohort study in the black population of Charleston, South Carolina. American Journal of Public Health 1977, 67(7):634-639. 10.2105/AJPH.67.7.634.
    • (1977) American Journal of Public Health , vol.67 , Issue.7 , pp. 634-639
    • Keil, J.E.1    Tyroler, H.A.2    Sandifer, S.H.3    Boyle, E.4
  • 58
    • 35848935662 scopus 로고
    • Skin tone and stratification in the black community
    • Keith K., Herring C. Skin tone and stratification in the black community. The American Journal of Sociology 1991, 97(3):760-778. 10.1086/229819.
    • (1991) The American Journal of Sociology , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 760-778
    • Keith, K.1    Herring, C.2
  • 59
    • 84876119136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A colorstruck world: Skin tone, achievement, and self-esteem among African American women
    • Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, E. Glenn (Ed.)
    • Keith V. A colorstruck world: Skin tone, achievement, and self-esteem among African American women. Shades of difference: Why skin color matters 2009, 25-39. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. E. Glenn (Ed.).
    • (2009) Shades of difference: Why skin color matters , pp. 25-39
    • Keith, V.1
  • 60
    • 76449100889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discriminatory experiences and depressive symptoms among African American women: Do skin tone and mastery matter?
    • Keith V.M., Lincoln K.D., Taylor R.J., Jackson J.S. Discriminatory experiences and depressive symptoms among African American women: Do skin tone and mastery matter?. Sex Roles 2010, 62:48-59. 10.1007/s11199-009-9706-5.
    • (2010) Sex Roles , vol.62 , pp. 48-59
    • Keith, V.M.1    Lincoln, K.D.2    Taylor, R.J.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 62
    • 0031695379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination and skin color in the CARDIA study: Implications for public health research
    • Krieger N., Sidney S., Coakley E. Racial discrimination and skin color in the CARDIA study: Implications for public health research. American Journal of Public Health 1998, 88(9):1308-1313. 10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1308.
    • (1998) American Journal of Public Health , vol.88 , Issue.9 , pp. 1308-1313
    • Krieger, N.1    Sidney, S.2    Coakley, E.3
  • 64
    • 84966696902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic gaps in the school performance of Latino, African American and White students
    • American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
    • Kurtz-Costes B., Swinton A.D., Skinner O.D. Racial and ethnic gaps in the school performance of Latino, African American and White students. APA handbook of multicultural psychology: Theory and research 2014, Vol. 1:231-246. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
    • (2014) APA handbook of multicultural psychology: Theory and research , vol.1 , pp. 231-246
    • Kurtz-Costes, B.1    Swinton, A.D.2    Skinner, O.D.3
  • 66
    • 58149323781 scopus 로고
    • Infant attractiveness predicts maternal behaviors and attitudes
    • Langlois J.H., Ritter J.M., Casey R.J., Sawin D.B. Infant attractiveness predicts maternal behaviors and attitudes. Developmental Psychology 1995, 31(3):464-472. 10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.464.
    • (1995) Developmental Psychology , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 464-472
    • Langlois, J.H.1    Ritter, J.M.2    Casey, R.J.3    Sawin, D.B.4
  • 68
    • 84857956434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different shades of bias: Skin tone, implicit racial bias, and judgments of ambiguous evidence
    • Levinson J.D., Young D. Different shades of bias: Skin tone, implicit racial bias, and judgments of ambiguous evidence. West Virginia Law Review 2010, 112:307-350.
    • (2010) West Virginia Law Review , vol.112 , pp. 307-350
    • Levinson, J.D.1    Young, D.2
  • 69
    • 85047669288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli
    • Livingston R., Brewer M. What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:5-18. 10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.5.
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 5-18
    • Livingston, R.1    Brewer, M.2
  • 70
    • 10844242900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias
    • Maddox K.B. Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2004, 8(4):383-401. 10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_4.
    • (2004) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 383-401
    • Maddox, K.B.1
  • 71
    • 9344246860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulating subcategory salience: Exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks
    • Maddox K.B., Chase S.G. Manipulating subcategory salience: Exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks. European Journal of Social Psychology 2004, 34:533-546. 10.1002/ejsp.214.
    • (2004) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 533-546
    • Maddox, K.B.1    Chase, S.G.2
  • 72
    • 23044531713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Re-exploring the role of skin tone
    • Maddox K.B., Gray S. Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Re-exploring the role of skin tone. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:250-259. 10.1177/0146167202282010.
    • (2002) Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 250-259
    • Maddox, K.B.1    Gray, S.2
  • 75
    • 84879415225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How deep is skin deep? The relationship between skin tone satisfaction, estimation of body image, and self-esteem in women of African descent
    • Mucherah W., Frazier A.D. How deep is skin deep? The relationship between skin tone satisfaction, estimation of body image, and self-esteem in women of African descent. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2013, 43:1177-1184. 10.1111/jasp.12081.
    • (2013) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 1177-1184
    • Mucherah, W.1    Frazier, A.D.2
  • 76
    • 58149510310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial socialization and racial identity: African American parents' messages about race as precursors to identity
    • Neblett E., Smalls C., Ford K., Nguyen H., Sellers R. Racial socialization and racial identity: African American parents' messages about race as precursors to identity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2008, 38:189-203. 10.1007/s10964-008-9359-7.
    • (2008) Journal of Youth and Adolescence , vol.38 , pp. 189-203
    • Neblett, E.1    Smalls, C.2    Ford, K.3    Nguyen, H.4    Sellers, R.5
  • 77
    • 33646196842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American adolescents' discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor
    • Neblett E.W., Philip C.L., Cogburn C.D., Sellers R.M. African American adolescents' discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. The Journal of Black Psychology 2006, 32:199-218. 10.1177/0095798406287072.
    • (2006) The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 199-218
    • Neblett, E.W.1    Philip, C.L.2    Cogburn, C.D.3    Sellers, R.M.4
  • 78
    • 0002812354 scopus 로고
    • Black women and the politics of skin color and hair
    • Okazawa-Rey M., Robinson T., Ward J. Black women and the politics of skin color and hair. Women and Therapy 1987, 6:89-102. 10.1300/J015V06N01_07.
    • (1987) Women and Therapy , vol.6 , pp. 89-102
    • Okazawa-Rey, M.1    Robinson, T.2    Ward, J.3
  • 79
    • 33750808392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitting in matters: Markers of in-group belongingness and academic outcomes
    • Oyserman D., Brickman D., Bybee D., Celious A. Fitting in matters: Markers of in-group belongingness and academic outcomes. Psychological Science 2006, 17:854-861. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01794.x.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 854-861
    • Oyserman, D.1    Brickman, D.2    Bybee, D.3    Celious, A.4
  • 80
    • 85047685289 scopus 로고
    • The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor's race
    • Parham T., Helms J. The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor's race. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1981, 28(3):250-257. 10.1037/0022-0167.28.3.250.
    • (1981) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 250-257
    • Parham, T.1    Helms, J.2
  • 81
    • 84965520988 scopus 로고
    • The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups
    • Phinney J. The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research 1992, 7(2):156-176. 10.1177/074355489272003.
    • (1992) Journal of Adolescent Research , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 156-176
    • Phinney, J.1
  • 82
    • 0026079288 scopus 로고
    • Social reasons for skin tone preferences of Black school-age children
    • Porter C. Social reasons for skin tone preferences of Black school-age children. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1991, 61:149-154. 10.1037/h0079219.
    • (1991) The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 149-154
    • Porter, C.1
  • 83
    • 84938052129 scopus 로고
    • Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of black self concept: 1968-1978
    • Porter J., Washington R. Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of black self concept: 1968-1978. Annual Review of Sociology 1979, 5:53-74. 10.1146/annurev.so.05.080179.000413.
    • (1979) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.5 , pp. 53-74
    • Porter, J.1    Washington, R.2
  • 85
    • 84897946772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race-related health disparities and biological aging: Does rate of telomere shortening differ across blacks and whites?
    • Rewak M., Buka S., Prescott J., De Vivo I., Loucks E.B., Kawachi I., et al. Race-related health disparities and biological aging: Does rate of telomere shortening differ across blacks and whites?. Biological Psychology 2014, 99:92-99. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.03.007.
    • (2014) Biological Psychology , vol.99 , pp. 92-99
    • Rewak, M.1    Buka, S.2    Prescott, J.3    De Vivo, I.4    Loucks, E.B.5    Kawachi, I.6
  • 86
    • 84965740883 scopus 로고
    • African American adolescents and skin color
    • Robinson T., Ward J. African American adolescents and skin color. The The Journal of Black Psychology 1995, 21(3):256-274. 10.1177/00957984950213004.
    • (1995) The The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 256-274
    • Robinson, T.1    Ward, J.2
  • 88
    • 84873509911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorism and school-to-work and school-to-college transitions of African American adolescents
    • Ryabov I. Colorism and school-to-work and school-to-college transitions of African American adolescents. Race and Social Problems 2013, 5(1):15-27.
    • (2013) Race and Social Problems , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-27
    • Ryabov, I.1
  • 89
    • 33646199009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents
    • Sellers R.M., Copeland-Linder N., Martin P.P., Lewis R.H. Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2006, 16(2):187-216. 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x.
    • (2006) Journal of Research on Adolescence , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-216
    • Sellers, R.M.1    Copeland-Linder, N.2    Martin, P.P.3    Lewis, R.H.4
  • 90
    • 21944442573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity
    • Sellers R., Smith M., Shelton J., Rowley S., Chavous T. Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1998, 2(1):18-39. 10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2.
    • (1998) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-39
    • Sellers, R.1    Smith, M.2    Shelton, J.3    Rowley, S.4    Chavous, T.5
  • 91
    • 85004899696 scopus 로고
    • Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America
    • Spencer M.B., Markstrom-Adams C. Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development 1990, 61:290-310. 10.2307/1131095.
    • (1990) Child Development , vol.61 , pp. 290-310
    • Spencer, M.B.1    Markstrom-Adams, C.2
  • 92
    • 33847324107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of images of African American women in hip hop on early adolescents' attitudes toward physical attractiveness and interpersonal relationships
    • Stephens D.P., Few A.L. The effects of images of African American women in hip hop on early adolescents' attitudes toward physical attractiveness and interpersonal relationships. Sex Roles 2007, 56:251-264. 10.1007/s11199-006-9145-5.
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.56 , pp. 251-264
    • Stephens, D.P.1    Few, A.L.2
  • 93
    • 65549159897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic socialization mediates perceived racism and the racial identity of African American adolescents
    • Stevenson H., Arrington E. Racial/ethnic socialization mediates perceived racism and the racial identity of African American adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2009, 15(2):125-136. 10.1037/a0015500.
    • (2009) Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-136
    • Stevenson, H.1    Arrington, E.2
  • 94
    • 38449108319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between skin color, income, and blood pressure among African Americans in the CARDIA Study
    • Sweet E., McDade T.W., Kiefe C.I., Liu K. Relationships between skin color, income, and blood pressure among African Americans in the CARDIA Study. American Journal of Public Health 2007, 97(12):2253-2259. 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088799.
    • (2007) American Journal of Public Health , vol.97 , Issue.12 , pp. 2253-2259
    • Sweet, E.1    McDade, T.W.2    Kiefe, C.I.3    Liu, K.4
  • 95
    • 0035533293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy
    • Thompson M., Keith V. The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Gender and Society 2001, 15:336-357. 10.1177/089124301015003002.
    • (2001) Gender and Society , vol.15 , pp. 336-357
    • Thompson, M.1    Keith, V.2
  • 97
    • 84898637872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of skin tone discrimination among African American men: 1995 and 2003
    • Uzogara E.E., Lee H., Abdou C.M., Jackson J.S. A comparison of skin tone discrimination among African American men: 1995 and 2003. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 2014, 15:201-215. 10.1037/a0033479.
    • (2014) Psychology of Men & Masculinity , vol.15 , pp. 201-215
    • Uzogara, E.E.1    Lee, H.2    Abdou, C.M.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 98
    • 0000523662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationships between skin color and self-perceived global, physical, and sexual attractiveness, and self-esteem for African Americans
    • Wade T. The relationships between skin color and self-perceived global, physical, and sexual attractiveness, and self-esteem for African Americans. The Journal of Black Psychology 1996, 22(3):358-373. 10.1177/00957984960223006.
    • (1996) The Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 358-373
    • Wade, T.1
  • 99
    • 78149371943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting "Color Names and Color Notions": A contemporary examination of the language and attitudes of skin color among young black women
    • Wilder J. Revisiting "Color Names and Color Notions": A contemporary examination of the language and attitudes of skin color among young black women. Journal of Black Studies 2010, 41:184-206.
    • (2010) Journal of Black Studies , vol.41 , pp. 184-206
    • Wilder, J.1
  • 100
    • 64249130552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interracial and intra-racial stereotypes and constructive memory in 7- and 9-year-old African-American children
    • Williams T., Davidson D. Interracial and intra-racial stereotypes and constructive memory in 7- and 9-year-old African-American children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2009, 30(3):366-377. 10.1016/j.appdev.2009.02.002.
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 366-377
    • Williams, T.1    Davidson, D.2
  • 101
    • 0344719419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents' school and socioemotional adjustment
    • Wong C.A., Eccles J.S., Sameroff A. The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents' school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality 2003, 71:1197-1232. 10.1111/1467-6494.7106012.
    • (2003) Journal of Personality , vol.71 , pp. 1197-1232
    • Wong, C.A.1    Eccles, J.S.2    Sameroff, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.