Racial discrimination and skin color in the CARDIA study: Implications for public health research

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 88, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 1308-1313

  Krieger, Nancy ^a,b   Sidney, Stephen ^b   Coakley, Eugenie ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b DIVISION OF RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANGER; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCOME; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL CARE; RACE; RESEARCH; SELF REPORT; SKIN COLOR;

EID: 0031695379     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1308     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Krieger N, Rowley DL, Herman AA, Avery B, Phillips MT. Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(suppl 2):82-122.
2. Williams DR, Collins C. US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations. Annu Rev Sociol. 1995;21:349-389.
3. LaVeist TA. Why we should continue to study race . . . but do a better job: an essay on race, racism and health. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:21-29.
4. Harburg E, Erfrut JC, Hauenstein LS, Chape C, Schull WJ, Schork MA. Socio-ecological stress, suppressed hostility, skin color, and black-white male blood pressure: Detroit. Psychosom Med. 1973;35:276-295.
5. Keil JE, Tyroler HA, Sandifer SH, Boyle E Jr. Hypertension: effects of social class and racial admixture: the results of a cohort study of the black population of Charleston, South Carolina. Am J Public Health. 1977;67:634-639.
6. Harburg E, Gleibermann L, Roeper P, Schork MA, Schull W. Skin color, ethnicity and blood pressure, I: Detroit blacks. Am J Public Health. 1978;68:1177-1183.
7. Keil JE, Sandifer SH, Loadholt CB, Boyle E Jr. Skin color and education effects on blood pressure. Am J Public Health. 1981;71:532-534.
8. Coresh J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Kuller LH. Left ventricular hypertrophy and skin color among American blacks. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134: 129-136.
9. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Coresh J, Grim CE, Kuller LH. The association of skin color with blood pressure in US blacks with low socioeconomic status. JAMA. 1991;265:599-602.
10. Dressler WW. Social class, skin color, and arterial blood pressure in two societies. Ethn Dis. 1991;1:60-77.
11. Nelson DA, Kleerekoper M, Peterson E, Parfitt AM. Skin color and body size as risk factors for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3:18-23.
12. Gleiberman L, Harburg E, Frone MR, Russel M, Cooper ML. Skin color, measures of socioeconomic status, and blood pressure among blacks in Eire County, NY. Ann Hum Biol. 1995;22:69-73.
13. Churchill JE, Bild DE, Wallace D, Kiefe C, Lewis CE, Roseman J. Skin color, blood pressure and body mass in young adult Blacks: the CARDIA study. Paper presented at: 11th International Interdisciplinary Conference on Hypertension in Blacks; July 1996; New Orleans, La.
14. Armstead CA, Lawler KA, Gordon G, Cross J, Gibbons J. Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure and anger expression in black college students. Health Psychol. 1989;8: 541-556.
15. Gentry WD. Relationship of anger-coping styles and blood pressure among black Americans. In: Chesney MA, Rosenman RH, eds. Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Co; 1985:139-147.
16. Harburg E, Blakelock EH Jr, Roeper PJ. Resentful and reflective coping with arbitrary authority and blood pressure: Detroit. Psychosom Med. 1979;3:189-202.
17. Johnson EH. The role of the experience and expression of anger and anxiety in elevated blood pressure among black and white adolescents. J Natl Med Assoc. 1989;81:573-584.
18. Hughes M, Hertel BR. The significance of color remains: a study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among black Americans. Soc Forces. 1990;68:1105-1120.
19. Keith VM, Herring C. Skin tone and stratification in the black community. Am J Sociol. 1991; 97:760-778.
20. Russel K, Wilson M, Hall R. The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1992.
21. Belethford JH, Stern MP, Gaskill SP, Hazuda H. Social class, admixture, and skin color variation in Mexican-Americans and Anglo-Ameri-cans living in San Antonio, Texas. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983;61:97-102.
22. Telles EE, Murguia E. Phenotypic discrimination and income differences among Mexican Americans. Soc Sci Q. 1990;71:682-696.
23. Feagin J, Sikes MP. Living With Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press; 1994.
24. Essed P. Understanding Everyday Racism. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications; 1991.
25. hooks b. Killing Rage: Ending Racism. New York, NY: Henry Holt; 1995.
26. Krieger N. Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Soc Sci Med. 1990;30:1273-1281.
27. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1370-1378.
28. Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:887-903.
29. Krieger N, Zierler S. Accounting for health of women. Curr Issues Public Health. 1995;1: 251-256.
30. Cutter GR, Burke GL, Dyer AL, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the CARDIA baseline monograph. Control Clin Trials. 1991;12:1S-77S.
31. Friedman G, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, et al. Study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:1105-1116.
32. CARDIA Steering Committee. CARDIA Protocol, Year 7 Exam (1992-1993). SKN1-SKN3. Birmingham, Ala: CARDIA Coordinating Center; 1992.
33. Krieger N. Women and social class: a methodological study comparing individual, household, and census measures as predictors of black/white differences in reproductive history. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1991;45:35-42.
34. Wright EO, Costello C, Hacken D, Sprague J. The American class structure. Am Social Rev. 1982;47:709-726.
35. Wright EO. Class Counts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
36. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NM. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:341-378.
37. Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co; 1986.
38. Agresti A. An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1996.
39. SAS User's Guide Statistics. 6th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1991.
40. Boyle E Jr, Griffey WP Jr, Nichaman MZ, Talbert CF Jr. An epidemiologic study of hypertension among racial groups of Charleston County, South Carolina. The Charleston Heart Study, phase II. In: Stamler J, Stamler R, Pullman T, eds. The Epidemiology of Hypertension. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton; 1967:193-203.
41. Boyle E Jr. Biological patterns in hypertension by race, sex, body weight, and skin color. JAMA. 1970;213:1637-1643.
42. Nelson DA, Kleerekoper M, Parfitt AM. Bone mass, skin color and body size among black and white women. Bone Miner. 1988;4:257-264.
43. Keil JE, Sutherland SE, Knapp RG, Tyroler HA, Pollitzer WS. Skin color and mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136:1295-1302.
44. Knapp RG, Keil JE, Sutherland SE, Rust PF, Hames C, Tyroler HA. Skin color and cancer mortality among black men in the Charleston Heart Study. Clin Genet. 1995;47:200-206.
45. Mays V. The impact of perceived discrimination on the health and well-being of African Americans. Presented at the: 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association; October-November 1994; Washington, DC.
46. Parker H, Botha JL, Haslam C. "Racism" as a variable in health research - can it be measured? Presented at the: 38th Annual Scientific Meeting of the UK Society for Social Medicine; September 1994; Leeds, England.
47. Dion KL, Kawakami K. Ethnicity and perceived discrimination in Toronto: another look at the personal/group discrimination discrepancy. Can J Behav Sci. 1996;28:203-213.
48. Taylor DM, Wright SC, Moghaddam FM, Lalonde RM. The personal/group discrepancy: perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target of discrimination. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1990;16:254-262.
49. Sigelman L, Welch S. Black Americans' Views of Racial Inequality: The Dream Deferred. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press;1991.
50. Garty M, Stull R, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Skin color, aging, and plasma L-dopa levels. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1989;26:261-263.
51. Schwam BL, Kalenak JW, Meyers SJ, Kansupada KB. Association between skin color and intraocular pressure in African Americans. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;38:491-496.
52. Murray RF Jr. Skin color and blood pressure: genetics or environment? JAMA. 1991;265:639-640.
53. Tyroler HA, James S. Blood pressure and skin color [editorial]. Am J Public Health. 1978; 68:1170-1172.
54. Williams DR. Racism and health: a research agenda. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:1-5.
55. Jones DR, Harrell JP, Morris-Prather CE, Thomas J, Omowale N. Affective and physiological responses to racism: the roles of Afrocentrism and mode of presentation. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:109-122.
56. Morris-Prather CE, Harrell JP, Collins R, Leonard KLJ, Boss M, Lee JW. Gender differences in mood and cardiovascular responses to socially stressful stimuli. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:123-131.
57. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:132-147.
58. McNeilly MD, Anderson NB, Armstead CA, et al. The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:154-166.
59. Adams JP Jr, Dressier WW. Perceptions of injustice in a Black community: dimensions and variations. Hum Relations. 1988;41:753-767.
60. Barbarin OA, Gilbert R. Institutional racism scale: assessing self and organizational attributes. In: Barbarin OA, Good PR, Pharr M, Suskind JA, eds. Institutional Racism and Community Competence. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1981:147-171. DHHS publication 9DM 81-907.
61. Landrine H, Klonoff EA. The African American acculturation scale: development, reliability, and validity. J Black Psychol. 1994;20:104-127.