The effects of images of African American women in hip hop on early adolescents' attitudes toward physical attractiveness and interpersonal relationships

Sex Roles

Volumn 56, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 251-264

  Stephens, Dionne P ^a   Few, April L ^b  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; African American; Images; Sexuality

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847324107     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9145-5     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Akan, G., & Grilo, C. (1995), Socioculturel influences on eating attitudes and behaviors, body image, and psychological functioning: A comparison of African-American, Asian-American,and Caucasian college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 181-187.
2. Alksnis, C., Desmarais, S., & Wood, E. (1996). Gender difference in scripts for different types of dates. Sex Roles, 34, 499-509.
3. Arogundade, B, (2000), Black beauty: A history and celebration. New York: Thunder's Mouth.
4. Banks, I. (2000). Hair matters: Beauty, power, and Black women's consciousness. New York: New York University Press.
5. Baynes, L. (1997). If it's not just Black and White anymore, why does darkness cast a longer discriminatory shadow than lightness? An investigation and analysis of the color hierarchy. Denver University Law Review, 75, 131-185.
6. Becker, D. M., Yanek, L. R., Koffman, D. M., & Bronner, Y. C. (1999). Body image preferences among urban African Americans and whites from low income communities. Ethnicity and Disease, 9, 377-386.
7. Bell-Scott, P. (1998). Flat footed truths: Telling Black women's lives. New York: Henry Holt.
8. Blanton, H., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Conger, K. J., & Smith, G. E. (1997). Role of family and peers in the development of prototypes associated with substance use. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 271-288.
9. Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1998). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
10. Bolig, R., Stein, P. J., & McKenry, P, C. (1984). The self-advertisement approach to dating: Male-female differences. Family Relations, 33, 587-592.
11. Bond, S., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Black beauty: Skin color and body images among African-American college women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 874-888.
12. Botta, R. A. (2000). The mirror of television: A comparison of Black and White adolescents' body image. Journal of Communication, 50, 144-162.
13. Breland, A., Coleman, H., Coard, S., & Steward, R. (2002). Differences among African American junior high students: The effects of skin tone on ethnic identity, self-esteem, and cross-cultural behavior. Dimensions of Counseling: Research, Theory, and Practice, 30, 15-21.
14. Brody, G., Ge, X., Conger, R., Gibbons, F. X., Murry, V. M., & Gerrard, M. (2001). The influence of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting on African American children's affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development, 72, 1231-1246.
15. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Paikoff, R. (1997), Sexuality and development transitions during adolescence. In J. Schulenburg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 190-219). Boston: Cambridge University Press.
16. Buss, D. M. (1984). "Martial assortment for personality dispositions: Assesment with three different data sources. Behavior Genetics, 14, 111-123.
17. Buzwell, S., & Rosenthal, D. (1996). Constructing a sexual self: Adolescents' sexual self-perceptions and sexual risk taking. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 489-513.
18. Cameron, D., & Frazer, E. (1996). On the question of pornography and sexual violence Moving beyond the cause and effect. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds,), Feminism and sexuality: A reader (pp. 62-73), New York: Columbia University Press.
19. Celious, A., & Oyserman, D. (2001). Race from the inside: An emerging heterogeneous race model. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 149-165.
20. Clasen, D. R., & Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality of peer pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 451-468.
21. Coard, S., Breland, A., & Raskin, P. (2001). Perceptions of and preferences for skin color, Black racial identity, and self esteemamong African Americans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2256-2275.
22. Collins, P. H. (1991). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
23. Cross, W. E. (1995). The psychology of Nigresence: Revising the Cross Model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 93-144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Debold, E. (1995). Helping girls survive the middle grades. Principal, 74, 22-24.
25. Demarest, J., & Allen, R. (2000). Body image: Gender, ethnic, and age differences, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 293-307.
26. Dworkin, A. (1996). Pornography. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Feminism and sexuality: A reader (pp. 62-73). New York: Columbia University Press.
27. East, P, L. (1998). Racial and ethnic differences in girls' sexual, marital and birth expectations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 150-162.
28. Erikson, E, H, (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
29. Feingold, A. (1990). Gender difference in the effects of physical attractiveness on romantic attraction: A comparison across five research paradigms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 981-993.
30. Few, A., Stephens, D., & Rouse-Arnette, M. (2003), Sister-to-sister talk: Transcending boundaries in qualitative research with Black women. Family Relations, 52, 205-215.
31. Firestone, W. (1987). Meaning in method: The rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative research. Educational Researcher, 16, 16-21.
32. Fraser, H. S. (2003). Obesity: Diagnosis and prescription for action in the English-speaking Caribbean. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 13, 336-340.
33. Frederickson, B., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.
34. Frisby, C. (2004). Does race matter?: Effects of idealized images on African American women's perceptions of body esteem. Journal of Black Studies, 34, 323-347.
35. Gibbs, J. T. (1998). High-risk behaviors in African American youth: Conceptual and methodological issues in research. In V. C. McLoyd & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Studying minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical issues (pp. 55-86). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Goodwin, R. (1990). Sex differences among partner preferences: Are the sexes really very similar? Sex Roles, 23, 501-513.
37. Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Sheidow, A. J., & Henry, D. B. (2001). Partner violence and street violence among urban adolescents: Do the same family factors relate? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 273-300.
38. Hall, R. (1992). Bias among African-Americans regarding skin color: Implications for social work practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 2, 479-486.
39. Hall, R. (1995). The bleaching syndrome: African Americans' response to cultural domination vis-a-vis skin color. Journal of Black Studies, 26, 172-184.
40. Hansen, S. L. (1977). Dating choices of high school students. Family Coordinator, 26, 133-138.
41. Hansen, S. L., & Hicks, M. W. (1980). Sex-role attitudes and perceived dating-mating choices of youth. Adolescence, 15, 83-90.
42. Helms, J, E., & Parham, T. A. (1990). Black racial identity attitudes scale. In J. E. Helms (Ed.), Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 245-248). Westport, CT: Praeger.
43. Henderson, E. L. (1996). Black nationalism and rap music. Journal of Black Studies, 26, 308-340.
44. Henriques, G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (1996). Ethnic differences in women's body satisfaction: An experimental investigation. Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 689-698.
45. Herold, E. S. (1974). Stages of date selection: A reconciliation of divergent findings on campus values in dating. Adolescence, 9, 113-120.
46. Herring, C., Keith, V., & Horton, H. (2003). Skin deep: How race and color matter in the color blind era. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
47. Hill, M. (2002) Skin color and the perceptions of attractive among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly, 65(1), 77-93.
48. Hooks, B. (1992). Black looks: Race and representations. Toronto: Between the Lines.
49. Hooks, B. (1995). Killing rage: Ending racism. New York: Owl Books.
50. Hudson, B. (1995). Images used by African Americans to combat negative stereotypes. In H. Harris, H. Blue, & E. Griffith (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity (pp. 135-172). New York: Routledge.
51. Hughes, M., & Bradley, R. (1990). The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans. Social Forces, 68, 1105-1120.
52. Jaccard, J., & Dittus, P. (1997). The impact of African American fathers on adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 445-465.
53. Jackson, S. (1996). The social construction of female sexuality. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Feminism and sexuality: A reader (pp. 62-73). New York: Columbia University Press.
54. Jackson, L. A., & McGill, O. D. (1996). Body type preferences and body characteristics associated with attractive and unattractive bodies by African Americans and Anglo Americans. Sex Roles, 35, 295-307.
55. Jemmott, L. S., & Jemmott, J. B. (1992). Family structure, parental strictness, and sexual behavior among inner city Black male adolescente Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 192-197.
56. Jones, J. M. (1991). Psychological models of race: What have they been and what should they be? In J. D. Goodchilds (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on human diversity in America (pp. 7-46). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
57. Jones, L. (1994). Bullet proof diva: Tales of race, sex, and hair. New York: Double Day.
58. Jones, L. (1995, May). Sister knowledge: Interview with bell hooks. Essence, 26, 187-188.
59. Keenan, K. (1996). Skin tones and physical features of Blacks in magazine advertisements. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 73, 905-912.
60. Klinkenberg, D., & Rose, S. (1994). Dating scripts of gay men and lesbians. Journal of Heterosexuality, 26, 23-35.
61. Lake, O. (2003). Blue veins and kinky hair: Naming and color consciousness in African America. Westport, CT: Praeger.
62. Landolt, M. A., Lalumiere, M. L., & Quinsey, V. L. (1995). Sex differences in intra-sex variations in human mating tactics: An evolutionary approach. Etiology and Sociohiology, 16, 3-23.
63. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
64. Lott, B. (1994). Women's lives: Themes and variations in gender learning (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
65. Lundy, D. W., Tan, J., & Cunningham, M. R. (1998). Heterosexual romantic preferences: The importance of humor and physical attractiveness for different types of relationships. Personal Relationships, 5, 311-325.
66. Makkar, J. K., & Strube, M. J. (1995). Black women's self-perceptions of attractiveness following exposure to White versus Black beauty standards: Moderating role of racialidentity and self-esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1547-1566.
67. McAdoo, H. P., & McAdoo, J. (1985). Black children. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
68. McCluskey, C. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Rodriguez, M. L. (2002). Early substance use and school achievement: An examination of Latino, White, and African American youth. Journal of Drug Issues, 32, 921-944.
69. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Changing demographics in the American population: Implications for research on minority children and adolescents. In V. C. McLoyd & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Studying minority adolescents: Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical issues (pp. 167-182). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
70. Miller, K. S., Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. A. (2000). Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority groups: A multi-system perspective. Adolescence, 35, 313-333.
71. Miller, A. L., Notaro, P. C., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2002). Stability and change in internal working models of friendship: Associations with multiple domains of urban adolescent functioning. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19, 233-260.
72. Morton, P. (1991). Disfigured images: The historical assault on Afro-American women, New York: Praeger.
73. Murstein, B. I., Merighi, J. R., & Malloy, T. E. (1989). Physical attractiveness and exchange theory in interracial dating. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 325-334.
74. Nasser, M. (1988). Culture and weight consciousness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 322, 573-577.
75. Nolin, P., & Petersen, K. (1992). Gender differences in parent-child communication about sexuality: An exploratory study. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 59-79.
76. Noller, P., & Callan, V. J. (1990). Adolescents' perception of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 349-362.
77. Okazawa-Rey, M., Robinson, T., & Ward, J. (1987). Black women and the politics of skin color and hair. Women & Therapy, 6(1/2), 89-102.
78. Oswald, R., Blume, L. B., & Marks, S. (2005). Decentering heteronormativity: A model for family studies. In V. L. Bengtson, A. C. Acock, K. R. Allen, P. Dilworth-Anderson, & D. M. Klein (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theory & research (pp. 143-165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
79. Parker, S., Nichter, M., Nichter, M., Vuckovic, N., Sims, C., & Rittenbaugh, C. (1995). Body image and weight concerns among African-American and White adolescent females: Differences that make a difference. Human Organization, 54, 103-113.
80. Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
81. Perlini, A. H., Marcello, A., Hansen, S. D., & Pudney, W. (2001), The Effects of Male Age and Physical Appearance on Evaluations of Attractiveness, Social Desirability and Resourcefulness. Social Behavior and Personality, 29, 277-287.
82. Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514.
83. Phinney, J., & Alipuria, L. L. (1996). At the interface of cultures: Multiethnic/multiracial high school and college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 139-159.
84. Pinderhughes, E. (1995). Biracial identity - asset or handicap? In H. Harris, H. Blue, & E. Griffith (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity (pp. 73-94). New York: Routledge.
85. Rand, C. S., & Kuldau, J. M. (1992). Epidemiology of bulimia and symptoms in a general population: Sex, age, race, and socioeconomic status. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 37-44.
86. Regan, P. C., & Joshi, A. (2003). Ideal partner preferences among adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 13-20.
87. Reissman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis qualitative research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
88. Roberts, T., & Ulen, E. N, (2000). Sisters spin talk on hip hop: Can the Music be saved? Ms. Magazine, 10, 69-74.
89. Rome, E., Rybicki, L. A., & Durant, R. H. (1998). Pregnancy and other risk behaviors among adolescent girls in Ohio. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 50-55.
90. Root, M. (1990). Disordered eating in women of color. Sex Roles, 22, 525-536.
91. Rose, S., & Frieze, I. H. (1989). Young singles' scripts for a first date. Gender & Society, 3, 258-268.
92. Rose, S., & Frieze, I. H. (1993). Young singles' contemporary dating scripts. Sex Roles, 28, 1-11.
93. Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (1995). Qualitative interviewing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
94. Russell, K., Wilson, M., & Hall, R. (1992). The color complex: The politics of skin color among African Americans. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
95. Schooler, D., & Wieling, E. (2000). Effects of heterosexual African American males ' perception of ideal female body image on their partners. Unpublished manuscript, Texas Tech University.
96. Seid, R. (1994). Too "close to the bone": A historical context for women's obsession with slenderness. In P. Fallon, M. Katzman, & S. Wooley (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on eating disorders (pp. 3-16). New York: Guilford.
97. Simeon, D. T., Rattan, R. D., Panchoo, K., Kungeesingh, K. V., Ali, A. C., & Abdool, P. S. (2003). Body image of adolescents in a multi-ethnic Caribbean population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 157-162.
98. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1984). Sexual scripts. Society, 22, 52-60.
99. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97-120.
100. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1987). A sexual scripts approach. In J. H. Greer & W. T. O'Donohue (Eds.), Theories of human sexuality (pp. 363-383). New York: Plenum.
101. Smith, C. (1997). Factors associated with early sexual activity among urban adolescents. Social Work, 42, 334-345.
102. Smith, S. P. (1996). Dating-partner preferences among a group of inner-city African-American high school students. Adolescence, 37,79-91.
103. Staples, R. (Ed.) (1994). The Black family: Essays and studies. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
104. Stephens, D. P. & Few, A. L. (2007). African American preadolescents' understanding of female sexual scripts in Hip Hop culture. Manuscript submitted for publication (copy on file with author).
105. Stephens, D. P., & Phillips, L. D. (2003). Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The socio-historical development of African American female adolescent scripts. Sexuality and Culture, 7, 3-47.
106. Stephens, D. P., & Phillips, L. D. (2005). Integrating Black feminist thought into conceptual frameworks of African American adolescent women's sexual scripting processes. Sexualities, Evolution, and Gender, 7, 37-55.
107. Story, M., French, S. A., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1995). Ethnic/racial and socioeconomic differences in dieting behaviors and body image perceptions in adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 173-179.
108. Thomas, V. (1989). Body image satisfaction among Black women. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 107-112.
109. Thomas, V., & James, M. (1988). Body image, dieting tendencies, and sex-role traits in urban Black women. Sex Roles, 18, 523-529.
110. Wade, T. J. (1996). The relationship between skin color and self-perceived global, physical, and sexual attractiveness, and self-esteem for African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 358-373.
111. Wade, T., & DiMaria, C. (2003). Weight halo effects: Individual differences in perceived life success as a function of women's race and weight. Sex Roles, 48, 461-465.
112. Wade, J. C., & Olayiwola, O. (2002). Racial peer group selection in African American high school students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30, 96-109.
113. Wahl, G. (1999). I fought the law, and the cold won: Hip hop in mainstream. College. Literature, 26, 98-113.
114. Walkowitz, J. (1996). The politics of prostitution. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Feminism and sexuality: A reader (pp. 62-73). New York: Columbia University Press.
115. Ward, J. V., & Robinson, T. L. (1995). African American adolescents and skin color. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 256-274.
116. Washington, P. (1995). Positive sexuality: Does it begin at home? Womanist, 1(2), 5-7.
117. Weddle-West, K. (2000). African American families: Trends and issues over the life course. In S. Price, P. McKenry, & M. Murphy (Eds.), Families across time: A life course perspective (pp. 64-76). Los Angeles: Roxbury.
118. Weisz, A. N., & Black, B. M. (2001). Evaluating a sexual assault and dating violence prevention program for urban youths. Social Work Research, 25, 89-111.
119. West, C. M., & Rose, S. (2000). Dating aggression among low income African American youth: An examination of gender differences and antagonistic beliefs. Violence Against Women, 6, 470-495.
120. Whatley, M. H. (1994). Keeping adolescents in the picture: Construction of adolescent sexuality in textbook images and popular Films. In J. Irvine (Ed.), Sexual cultures and the construction of adolescent identities (pp. 187-188). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
121. Wheeler, S. C., Jarvis, W. B. G., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Think unto others: The self-destructive impact of negative stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 173-180.
122. Willis, D., & Williams, C. (2002). The Black female body. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
123. Worrell, F. (2000). A validity study of scores on the multigroup ethnic identity measure based on a sample of academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 3, 439-448.
124. Xiaojia, G., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Brody, G. H., & Murry, V. M. (2002). Contextual amplification of pubertal transition on deviant peer affiliation and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 38,42-55.
125. Zimmerman, M., Copeland, L., Shope, J., & Dielman, T. (1997). A longitudinal study of self-esteem: Implications for adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 117-141.