Interracial and intra-racial stereotypes and constructive memory in 7- and 9-year-old African-American children

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 366-377

  Williams, Tangela L ^a   Davidson, Denise ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

African American children; Interracial stereotypes; Intra racial stereotypes; Stereotype consistent memory; Stereotype inconsistent memory

Indexed keywords

EID: 64249130552     PISSN: 01933973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2009.02.002     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Aboud F.E. The development of ethnic self-identification and attitudes. In: Phinney J.S., and Rotheram M.J. (Eds). Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (1987), Sage Publications, Newbury Park 32-55
2. Aboud F.E. Children and prejudice (1988), Basil Blackwell, New York: NY
3. Aboud F.E. The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes?. Developmental Psychology 39 (2003) 48-60
4. Aboud F.E. The development of prejudice in childhood and adolescence. In: Dovidio J.F., Glick P., and Rudman L.A. (Eds). On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (2005), Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA 310-326
5. Aboud F.E., and Doyle A.B. Does talk of race foster prejudice or tolerance in children?. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 28 (1996) 161-170
6. Anderson C., and Cromwell R.L. "Black is beautiful" and the color preferences of Afro-American youth. The Journal of Negro Education 46 (1977) 76-88
7. Averhart C.J., and Bigler R.S. Shades of meaning: Skin tone, racial attitudes and constructive memory in African-American children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 67 (1997) 363-388
8. Baugher, R. (1973). The skin color gradient as a factor in the racial awareness and racial attitudes of preschool children. Unpublished Master's thesis. California State University, Fresno.
9. Bigler R.S., and Liben L.S. A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotypying and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children. Child Development 63 (1993) 351-365
10. Blair I.V., Judd C.M., Sadler M.S., and Jenkins C. The role of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 5-25
11. Cameron J.A., Alvarez J.M., Ruble D.N., and Fuligni A.J. Children's lay theories about ingroups and outgroups: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review 5 (2001) 118-128
12. Carter D.B., and Levy G.D. Cognitive aspects of early sex-role development: The influence of gender schemas on preschoolers' memories and preference for sex-typed toy and activities. Child Development 59 (1988) 782-792
13. Clark K.B., and Clark M.P. The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identity in Negro preschool school-children. Journal of Social Psychology 10 (1939) 591-599
14. Clark K.B., and Clark M.P. Emotional factors in racial identification and preference in Negro children. Journal of Negro Education 19 (1950) 341-350
15. Cordua G.D., McGraw K.O., and Drabman R.S. Doctor or nurse: Children's perceptions of sex-typed occupations. Child Development 50 (1979) 590-593
16. Davidson D., Cameron P., and Jergovic D. The effects of children's stereotypes on their memory for elderly individuals. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41 (1995) 70-90
17. Doyle A., and Aboud F.E. A longitutudinal study of White children's racial prejudice as a social cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41 (1995) 209-228
18. Doyle A.B., Beaudet J., and Aboud F.E. Developmental patterns in the flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 19 (1988) 3-18
19. Gregor A.J., and McPherson D.A. Racial attitudes among White and Negro children in the deep-south standard metropolitan area. Journal of Social Psychology 68 (1966) 95-106
20. Hall R.E. Bias among African-Americans regarding skin color: Implications for work practice. Research on Social Work Practice 2 (1992) 479-486
21. Hall R.E. The ball curve: Calculated racism and the stereotype of African-American men. Journal of Black Studies 32 (2001) 104-119
22. Hall R.E. The Euro-Americanization of race: Alien perspective of African-Americans vis-à-vis trivialization of skin color. Journal of Black Studies 36 (2005) 116-128
23. Harvey R.D., LaBeach N., Pridgen E., and Gocial T.M. The intragroup stigmatization of skin tone among Black Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 31 (2005) 237-253
24. Hill M.E. Color differences in the socioeconomic status of African-American men: Results of a longitudinal study. Social Forces 78 (2000) 1437-1460
25. Jones J.M. Prejudice and racism. (2nd Ed.). (1997), McGraw-Hill, New York
26. Justice E., Lindsey L., and Morrow S. The relation of self-perceptions to achievement among African-American preschoolers. Journal of Black Psychology 25 (1999) 48-60
27. Keith V.M., and Herring C. Skin tone and stratification in the Black community. American Journal of Sociology 97 (1991) 760-778
28. Liben L.S., and Bigler R.S. The developmental course of gender differentiation: Conceptualizing, measuring, and evaluating constructs and pathways. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development vol. 67 (2002), Blackwell Publishing, Boston, MA
29. Maddox K.B., and Gray S.A. Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Re-exploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002) 250-259
30. Montepare J.M., and Zebrowitz L.A. A social developmental view of ageism. In: Nelson T.D. (Ed). Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (2002), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 77-125
31. Neal A.M., and Wilson M.L. The role of skin color and features in the Black community: Implications for Black women and therapy. Clinical Psychology Review 9 (1989) 323-333
32. Nesdale D. Social identity and ethnic prejudice in children. In: Martin P., and Nobel W. (Eds). Psychology and society (1999), Australian Academic Press, Brisbane 92-110
33. Nesdale D. Development of prejudice in children. In: Augoustinos M., and Reynolds K. (Eds). Understanding prejudice, racism and social conflict (2001), Sage Publications, London 57-72
34. Nesdale D. Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice. In: Bennett M., and Sani F. (Eds). The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, New York 219-245
35. Okazawa-Rey M., Robinson T., and Ward J.V. Black women and the politics of skin color and hair. Women's Studies Quarterly 14 (1986) 13-14
36. Porter C.P. Social reasons for skin tone preferences of Black school-age children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 61 (1991) 149-154
37. Rholes W.S., and Ruble D.N. Children's understanding of the dispositional characteristics of others. Child Development 55 (1984) 550-560
38. Rholes W.S., and Ruble D.N. Children's impressions of other person: The effects of temporal separation of behavioral information. Child Development 57 (1986) 872-878
39. Robinson T.L., and Wade J.V. African-American adolescents and skin color. Journal of Black Psychology (1995) 256-274
40. Ruble D.N., and Stangor C. Stalking the elusive schema: Insights from developmental and social-psychological analyses of gender schemas. Social Cognition 4 (1986) 227-261
41. Russell K., Wilson M., and Hall R. The color complex: The politics of skin color among African-Americans (1993), Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovish, New York
42. Semaj L. The development of racial evaluation and preference: A cognitive approach. Journal of Black Psychology 6 (1980) 59-79
43. Spears Brown C., and Bigler R.S. Children's perceptions of gender discrimination. Developmental Psychology 40 (2004) 714-726
44. Spencer M.B., and Markstrom-Adams C. Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development 61 (1990) 290-310
45. Srull T.K. Person memory: Some tests of associative storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Learning and Memory 7 (1981) 440-463
46. Stangor C., and McMillan D. Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992) 42-61
47. Wade T.J. The relationships between skin color and self-perceived global, physical, and sexual attractiveness, and self-esteem for African-Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 22 (1996) 358-373
48. Wade T.J., and Bielitz S. The differential effect of skin color on attractiveness, personality evaluations, and perceived life success of African-Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 31 (2005) 215-236
49. Wade T.J., Romano J.M., and Blue L. The influence of African-American skin color on hiring decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (2004) 2550-2558
50. Williams J.E., Best D.L., Boswell D.A., Mattson L.A., and Graves D.J. Preschool racial attitude measure II. Educational and Psychological Measurement 35 (1975) 3-18