Skin tones and physical features of blacks in magazine advertisements

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 905-912

  Keenan, Kevin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001245458     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300410     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Brita Lindberg-Seyersted, "The Color Black: Skin Color as Social, Ethical, and Esthetic Sign in Writings by Black American Women," English Studies 73 (February 1992): 51-67.
2. Margo Okazawa-Rey, Tracy Robinson, and Janie Victoria Ward, "Black Women and the Politics of Skin Color and Hair," Women and Therapy: A Feminist Quarterly 6 (spring 1987): 89-102.
3. Floyd James Davis, Who is Black: One Nation's Definition (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991).
4. Verna M. Keith and Cedric Herring, "Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community," American Journal of Sociology 97 (November 1991): 760-78.
5. Sheila Rush and Chris Clark, How to Get Along With Black People (NY: Joseph Okpaku Publishing, 1971).
6. Bonnie Allen, "It Ain't Easy Being Pinky," Essence, July 1982, 67-68, 127-128.
7. Kathy Russell, Midge Wilson, and Ronald Hall, The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans (NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992), 27.
8. Jonetta Rose Barras, "Color Blind," Washington City Paper, 2 February 1995, 15-22.
9. Russell, Wilson, and Hall, The Color Complex, 25.
10. Russell, Wilson, and Hall, The Color Complex, 94.
11. Portia Williams, "Beyond the Pale: Why My 'Too-Black' Friends Want Light-Skinned Babies," Washington Post, 25 April 1993, sec. C, p. 1, col. 1.
12. Mary Ann French, "Subtle Shades of the Rainbow," Washington Post, 7 February 1994, sec. C, p. 1, col. 3.
13. Juanita M. Shepherd, "The Portrayal of Black Women in the Ads of Popular Magazines," Western Journal of Black Studies 4 (fall 1980): 179-82.
14. Linda A. Jackson and Kelly S. Ervin, "The Frequency and Portrayal of Black Females in Fashion Advertisements," The Journal of Black Psychology 18 (fall 1991): 67-70.
15. Ronald Humphrey and Howard Schuman, "The Portrayal of Blacks in Magazine Advertisements: 1950-1982," Public Opinion Quarterly 48 (fall 1984): 551-63.
16. Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, "Colorizing Advertising: Challenges for the 1990s and Beyond," Black Issues in Higher Education, 4 June 1992, 64.
17. J. Clinton Brown, "Which Black is Beautiful?" Advertising Age, 1 February 1993, 19; Karen Grigsby Bates, "The Color Thing," Essence, September 1994, 79-80, 132-35; Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994).
18. J. Clinton Brown, "Which Black is Beautiful?" Advertising Age, 1 February 1993, 19; Karen Grigsby Bates, "The Color Thing," Essence, September 1994, 79-80, 132-35; Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994).
19. J. Clinton Brown, "Which Black is Beautiful?" Advertising Age, 1 February 1993, 19; Karen Grigsby Bates, "The Color Thing," Essence, September 1994, 79-80, 132-35; Marilyn Kern-Foxworth, Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994).
20. A. George Gitter, Stephen M. O'Connell, and David Mostofsky, "Trends in Appearance of Models in Ebony Ads Over 17 Years," Journalism Quarterly 49 (autumn 1972): 547-50.
21. Michael Chapko, "Black Ads are Getting Blacker," Journal of Communication 26 (autumn 1976): 175-78.
22. Michael Leslie, "Slow Fade to?: Advertising in Ebony Magazine, 1957-1989," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 426-35.
23. Kevin L. Keenan and Laureece A. Woodson, "Colorism in Advertising: Issues Related to Race and Gender in Mainstream and African-American Women's Magazines" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, GA, 1994).
24. Julia M. Bristor, Renee Gravois Lee, and Michelle R. Hunt, "Race and Ideology: African-American Images in Television Advertising," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 14 (spring 1995): 48-59.
25. Guido E. Stempel III, "Visibility of Blacks in News and News-Picture Magazines," Journalism Quarterly 48 (summer 1971): 337-39; G. L. Ortizano, "Visibility of Blacks and Whites in Magazine Photographs," Journalism Quarterly 66 (autumn 1989): 718-21.
26. Guido E. Stempel III, "Visibility of Blacks in News and News-Picture Magazines," Journalism Quarterly 48 (summer 1971): 337-39; G. L. Ortizano, "Visibility of Blacks and Whites in Magazine Photographs," Journalism Quarterly 66 (autumn 1989): 718-21.
27. Stempel, "Visibility of Blacks," 338.
28. David Strutton and James R. Lumpkin, "Stereotypes of Black In-Group Attractiveness in Advertising: On Possible Psychological Effects," Psychological Reports 73 (October 1993): 507-511.
29. Roger D. Wimmer and Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994), 179.
30. Examples of this criticism include: Brown, "Which Black is Beautiful?"; Bates, "The Color Thing";
31. Examples of this criticism include: Brown, "Which Black is Beautiful?"; Bates, "The Color Thing";
32. Bristor, Lee, and Hunt, "Race and Ideology."
33. Gitter, O'Connell, and Mostofsky, "Trends in Appearance of Models"; Keenan and Woodson, "Colorism in Advertising."
34. Gitter, O'Connell, and Mostofsky, "Trends in Appearance of Models"; Keenan and Woodson, "Colorism in Advertising."
35. Strutton and Lumpkin, "Stereotypes of Black In-Group Attractiveness."
36. Kern-Foxworth, Aunt Jemima.
37. Keenan and Woodson, "Colorism in Advertising.