Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2016

Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 43, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 1117-1145

  Saeki, Hidehisa ^a   Nakahara, Takeshi ^b   Tanaka, Akio ^c   Kabashima, Kenji ^d   Sugaya, Makoto ^e   Murota, Hiroyuki ^f   Ebihara, Tamotsu ^g   Kataoka, Yoko ^h   Aihara, Michiko ⁱ   Etoh, Takafumi ^j   Katoh, Norito ^k  

^a NIHON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d KYOTO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^f OSAKA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^g KEIO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^h Respiratory and Allergic Diseases   (Japan)

ⁱ YOKOHAMA CITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^j Tokyo Postal Services Agency Hospital   (Japan)

^k KYOTO PREFECTURAL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

atopic dermatitis; clinical practice guideline; diagnosis; evidence based medicine; treatment

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; EMOLLIENT AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; TACROLIMUS; DERMATOLOGICAL AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; OINTMENT;

ALLERGY; ARTICLE; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BURNING SENSATION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CATARACT; CHINESE MEDICINE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COUNSELING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE SEVERITY ASSESSMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG THERAPY; ECZEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EOSINOPHIL COUNT; ERYTHEMA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOOD; GLAUCOMA; HERBAL MEDICINE; HOSPITAL CARE; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE BLOOD LEVEL; MYCOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PROACTIVE THERAPY; PROGNOSIS; PRURITUS; PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER; QUALITY OF LIFE; RELAPSE; SKIN BARRIER; SKIN CARE; SKIN FUNCTION; SWEAT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOTHERAPY; VIRUS INFECTION; BLOOD; CLASSIFICATION; CUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; DIET THERAPY; JAPAN; OINTMENT; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PROCEDURES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS; DIET THERAPY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; JAPAN; OINTMENTS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PRURITUS; QUALITY OF LIFE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TACROLIMUS; ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY;

EID: 84963858661     PISSN: 03852407     EISSN: 13468138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13392     Document Type: Article

References (243)

1. Kawashima M, Takigawa M, Nakagawa H et al. Guidelines for therapy for atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2000; 110: 1099–1104. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
2. Furue M, Furukawa F, Hide M, Takehara K. Guidelines for therapy for atopic dermatitis 2003. Jpn J Dermatol 2003; 113: 451–457. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
3. Furue M, Furukawa F, Hide M, Takehara K. Guidelines for therapy for atopic dermatitis 2004. Jpn J Dermatol 2004; 114: 135–142. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
4. Furue M, Saeki H, Furukawa F et al. Guideline for management of atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2008; 118: 325–342. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
5. Furue M, Saeki H, Furukawa F et al. Guideline for management of atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2009; 119: 1515–1534 (In Japanese with English abstract.).
6. Fukui T, Yamaguchi N, supervisors. Morizane T, Yoshida M, Kojimahara N, eds. Minds handbook for clinical practice guideline development 2014. Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin Ltd, 2014.
7. Kabashima K. New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70: 3–11.
8. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 441–446.
9. Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 150–155.
10. Saeki H, Tamaki K. Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 43: 75–84.
11. Dillon SR, Sprecher C, Hammond A et al. Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat Immunol 2004; 5: 752–760.
12. Tominaga M, Takamori K. Itch and nerve fibers with special reference to atopic dermatitis: therapeutic implications. J Dermatol 2014; 41: 205–212.
13. The Japanese Dermatologocal Association. Definition and diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 1994; 104: 1210. (In Japanese.).
14. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm-Venereol Stockh. 1980; 92 (Suppl): 44–47.
15. Aoki T. The second report from the Advisory Committee for Atopic Dermatitis Severity Classification. Jpn J Dermatol 2001; 111: 2023–2033. (In Japanese.).
16. Yoshida H. Interim report from the Advisory Committee for Atopic Dermatitis Severity Classification. Jpn J Dermatol 1998; 108: 1491–1496. (In Japanese.).
17. Kohno Y, Yamamoto S. The study group for Research on Allergic Disease and Immunology by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis 2008. (In Japanese.)
18. European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Dermatology 1993; 186: 23–31.
19. Hanifin JM, Thurston M, Omoto M et al. The eczema area and severity index (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2001; 10: 11–18.
20. Yamada H, Noda T, Matsukura M, Sugihara K, Yudate T, Tezuka T. Evaluation of itching by visual analogue scale (VAS). Skin Res 1996; 38 (Suppl 18): 71–77. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
21. Furue M, Ebata T, Ikoma A et al. Verbalizing extremes of the visual analogue scale for pruritus: a consensus statement. Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93: 214–215.
22. Chren MM, Lasek RJ, Sahay AP, Sands LP. Measurement properties of Skindex-16: a brief quality-of-life measure for patients with skin diseases. J Cutan Med Surg 2001; 5: 105–110.
23. Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)–a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 210–216.
24. Higaki Y, Kawamoto K, Kamo T, Horikawa N, Kawashima M, Chren MM. The Japanese version of Skindex-16: a brief quality-of-life measure for patients with skin diseases. J Dermatol 2002; 29: 693–698.
25. Fukuhara S. Measuring HRQOL of patients with skin disease. Manual of the DLQI and the Skindex29 Japanese Version. Tokyo: Shorinsha, 2004. (In Japanese.)
26. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG et al. Guideline of care for the management of atopic dermatitis. Section2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71: 116–132.
27. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta81/resources/guidance-frequency-of-application-of-topical-corticosteroids-for-atopic-eczema-pdf. P. 33-37.
28. Katayama I, Kohno Y. Japanese Society of Allergology. Guidelines for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis 2008. Tokyo: Kyowa Kikaku, Tokyo, 2012; 24–25. (In Japanese).
29. Tamaki K, Saeki H, Kadono T et al. Serum TARC/CCL17 levels as a disease marker of atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2006; 116: 27–39. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
30. Fujisawa T, Nagao M, Noma Y et al. Clinical Utility serum TARC/CCL17 for monitoring clinical couse of atopic dermatitis in children. Jpn J Pediatr Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 19: 744–757. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
31. Long CC, Finlay AY. The finger-tip unit - a new practical measure. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991; 16: 444–447.
32. Long CC, Finlay AY, Averill RW. The rule of hand: 4hand area = 2 FTU = 1 g. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1129–1130.
33. Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P. Topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: clinical and cost effectiveness of once-daily vs. more frequent use. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 130–141.
34. Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P, Payne E. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of once-daily versus more frequent use of same potency topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2004; 8: 1–120.
35. Ellison JA, Patel L, Ray DW, David TJ, Clayton PE. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoid sensitivity in atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 794–799.
36. Schlessinger J, Miller B, Gilbert RD, Plott RT. Vanos Study Group. An open-label adrenal suppression study of 0.1% fluocinonide cream in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 1568–1572.
37. Friedlander SF, Hebert AA, Allen DB. Fluticasone Pediatrics Safety Study Group. Safety of fluticasone propionate cream 0.05% for the treatment of severe and extensive atopic dermatitis in children as young as 3 months. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 387–393.
38. Hebert AA, Friedlander SF, Allen DB. Topical fluticasone propionate lotion does not cause HPA axis suppression. J Pediatr 2006; 149: 378–382.
39. Hirano S, Katoh N, Yasuno H. A retrospective analysis of the severity of atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 1995; 105: 1309–1315. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
40. Nakagawa N, Tsukahara Y, Tetsumoto K. Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors associated with atopic cataract occurrence. J Eye 2000; 17: 1679–1684. (in Japanese).
41. Furue M, Kawashima M, Furukawa F et al. Clinical epidemiology: a prospective questionnaire study for atopic dermatitis patients (part 2). Jpn J Clin Dermatol 2001; 65: 83–92. (in Japanese).
42. Arikawa J, Higaki Y, Takamura E, Kawashima M. A study of intraocular pressure in patients with atopic Dermatitis and topical steroid treatment on the face. Jpn J Dermatol 2002; 112: 1107–1110. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
43. Singh S, Gupta A, Pandey SS, Singh G. Tachyphylaxis to histamine-induced wheal suppression by topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate in normal versus croton oil-induced dermatitis skin. Dermatology 1996; 193: 121–123.
44. Singh G, Singh PK. Tachyphylaxis to topical steroid measured by histamine-induced wheal suppression. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25: 324–326.
45. Miller JJ, Roling D, Margolis D, Guzzo C. Failure to demonstrate therapeutic tachyphylaxis to topically applied steroids in patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 546–549.
46. Japanese FK. 506 Ointment Study Group. Clinical guidance for treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis by tacrolimus ointment 0.1% and 0.03%. Jpn. J Clin Dermatol 2003; 57: 1217–1234. (In Japanese with English abstract).
47. Arellano FM, Wentworth CE, Arana A, Fernández C, Paul CF. Risk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurin inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 808–816.
48. Schneeweiss S, Doherty M, Zhu S et al. Topical treatments with pimecrolimus, tacrolimus and medium-to high-potency corticosteroids, and risk of lymphoma. Dermatology 2009; 219: 7–21.
49. Ohtsuki M, Shiragasawa C, So M, Nakagawa H. The long-term safety and effectiveness of 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis-interim report of long-term special drug use –results survey-. J Pediatr Dermatol 2013; 32: 127–137. (In Japanese with English abstract).
50. Tang TS, Bieber T, Williams HC. Are the concepts of induction of remission and treatment of subclinical inflammation in atopic dermatitis clinically useful? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 1615–1625.
51. Schmitt J, von Kobyletzki L, Svensson Å, Apfelbacher C. Efficacy and tolerability of proactive treatment with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors for atopic eczema: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164: 415–428.
52. Study Group of Adult Atopic Dermatitis. Studies on usefulness of antiallergic agent for adult type atopic dermatitis. Comparative studies between single external use of steroid and combined use with oxatomide. Nishinihon. J Dermatol 1989; 51: 995–1002. (In Japanese).
53. Hamada T, Ishii M, Nakagawa K et al. Evaluation of the Clinical Effect of Terfenadine in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. A comparison of strong topical corticosteroid therapy to mild topical corticosteroid combined with terfenadine administration therapy. Skin Res 1996; 38: 97–103. (In Japanese with English abstract).
54. Kawashima M, Tango T, Noguchi T, Inagi M, Nakagawa H, Harada S. Addition of fexofenadine to a topical corticosteroid reduces the pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis in a 1-week randomized, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 1212–1221.
55. Hashizume H, Takigawa M. Clinical efficacy of loratadine for the pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis. The Allergy in Practice 2004; 24: 1105–1111. (In Japanese).
56. Kuniyuki S, Suzuki S, Murakami K et al. A study of the effect and safety of olopatadine hydrochloride in patients with atopic dermatitis. J New Rem Clin 2005; 54: 1602–1613. (In Japanese).
57. Kawashima M, Harada S. A study of the effect on itch and quality of life of atopic dermatitis patients treated by standard therapy with anti-allergic drug. Jpn J Clin Dermatol 2006; 60: 661–667. (In Japanese).
58. Klein PA, Clark RA. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 1522–1525.
59. Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technol Assess 2000; 4: 1–191.
60. Hide M, Furue M, Ikezawa Z et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria and angioedema. Jpn J Dermatol 2005; 115: 703–715. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
61. Kawashima M, Furue M, Hide M et al. A comparative study of anti-pruritic effects and the occurrence of drowsiness between sedating and non-sedating antihistamines (ACROSS trial). J Clin Therap Med 2011; 27: 563–573. (In Japanese).
62. Yanai K, Tashiro M, Okamura N et al. Non-sedating second-generation antihistamines: the penetration through blood-brain barrier by PET. Nishinihon J Dermatol 2009; 71: 3–6. (In Japanese.).
63. Yanai K, Zhang D, Tashiro M et al. Positron emission tomography evaluation of sedative poroperties of antihistamines. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 10: 613–622.
64. Hiraoka K, Tashiro M, Grobosch T et al. Brain histamine H1 receptor occupancy measured by PET after oral administration of levocetirizine, a non-sedating antihistamine. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14: 199–206.
65. Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M. Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 606–619.
66. Study Group of NeoralⓇ Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis. Treatment: Safety and efficacy of intermittent cyclosporin MEPC therapy in patients with severe adult atopic dermatitis: multicenter, open-label, long-term clinical trial. Jpn J Clin Dermatol 2009; 63: 163–171. (in Japanese).
67. Hashizume H, Ito T, Yagi H et al. Efficacy and safety of preprandial versus postprandial administration of low-dose cyclosporin microemulsion (Neoral) in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Dermatol 2007; 34: 430–434.
68. Cheng HM, Chiang LC, Jan YM, Chen GW, Li TC. The efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal product (Xiao-Feng-San) for the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155: 141–148.
69. Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Takeuchi S et al. Efficacy and safety of a traditional herbal medicine, Hochu-ekki-to in the long-term management of Kikyo (delicate constitution) patients with atopic dermatitis: a 6-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2010; 7: 367–373.
70. Sheehan MP, Atherton DJ. A controlled trial of traditional Chinese medicinal plants in widespread non-exudative atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126: 179–184.
71. Sheehan MP, Rustin MHA, Atherton DJ et al. Efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal therapy in adult atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1992; 340: 13–17.
72. Fung AY, Look PC, Chong LY, But PP, Wong E. A controlled trial of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in Chinese patients with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 387–392.
73. Murase JE, Heller MM, Butler DC. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 401.e1-14.
74. Butler DC, Heller MM, Murase JE. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 417.e1-10.
75. Loden M, Andersson AC, Andersson C et al. A double-blind study comparing the effect of glycerin and urea on dry, eczematous skin in atopic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2002; 82: 45–47.
76. Kawashima M, Numano K, Ishizaki C. Usefulness of moisturizers for dermato-physiological dysfunction in patients with atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2007; 117: 969–977. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
77. Szczepanowska J, Reich A, Szepietowski LC. Emollients improve treatment results with topical corticosteroids in childhood atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparative study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19: 614–618.
78. Kawashima M, Hayashi N, Nogita T, Yanagisawa K, Mizuno A. The usefulness of moisturizers for maintenance of remission in atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2007; 117: 1139–1145. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
79. Neild VS, Marsden RA, Bailes JA, Bland JM. Egg and milk exclusion diets in atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1986; 114: 117–123.
80. Mabin DC, Sykes AE, David TJ. Controlled trial of a few foods diet in severe atopic dermatitis. Arch Dis Cilld 1995; 73: 202–207.
81. Munkvad M, Danielsen L, Hoj L et al. Antigen-free diet in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind controlled study. Acta Drm Venereol 1984; 64: 524–528.
82. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD000133.
83. Schafer T, Heinrich J, Wjst M, Adam H, Ring J, Wichmann HE. Association between severity of atopic eczema and degree of sensitization to aeroallergens in schoolchildren. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 1280–1284.
84. Fonacier LS, Aquino MR. The role of contact allergy in atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30: 337–350.
85. Giordano-Labadie F, Rance F, Pellegrin F, Bazex J, Dutau G, Schwarze HP. Frequency of contact allergy in children with atopic dermatitis: results of a prospective study of 137 cases. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 40: 192–195.
86. Takayama K, Yokozaki H, Matsunaga K et al. The guidelines for the management of contact dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2009; 119: 1757–1793. (in Japanese).
87. Murota H, Matsui S, Ono E et al. Sweat, the driving force behind normal skin: An emerging perspective on functional biology and regulatory mechanisms. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 77: 3–10.
88. Williams JR, Burr ML, Williams HC. Factors influencing atopic dermatitis survey of schoolchildren's perceptions. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 1154–1561.
89. Shiohara T, Doi T, Hayakawa J. Defective sweating responses in atopic dermatitis. Curr Probl Dermatol 2011; 41: 68–79.
90. Kijima A, Murota H, Matsui S et al. Abnormal axon reflex-mediated sweating correlates with high state of anxiety in atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2012; 61: 469–473.
91. Eishi K, Lee JB, Bae SJ, Katayama I. Impaired sweating function in adult atopic dermatitis: results of the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 683–688.
92. Chrostowska-Plak D, Salomon J, Reich A, Szepietowski JC. Clinical aspects of itch in adult atopic dermatitis patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2009; 89: 379–383.
93. Kameyoshi Y, Tanaka T, Mochizuki M et al. Taking showers at the school is beneficial for the children with severe atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Allergol 2008; 57: 130–137. (in Japanese with English abstract).
94. Mochizuki H, Muramatsu R, Tadaki H, Mizuno T, Arakawa H, Morikawa A. Effects of skin care with shower therapy on children with atopic dermatitis in elementary schools. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26: 223–225.
95. Murota H, Takahashi A, Nishioka M et al. Showering reduces atopic dermatitis in elementary school students. Eur J Dermatol 2010; 20: 410–411.
96. Ando T, Noda K, Hajiro M, Terao H. Atopic dermatitis, in A guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of psychosomatic diseases 2002, Nishima S, supervisor. Kyowa Kikaku, Y, Tokyo: 2002. (in Japanese)
97. Sidbury R, Davis DM, Cohen DE et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis. Section 3. Management and treatment with phototherapy and systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71: 327–349.
98. Morita A. Phototherapy by using new wave lengths -narrow-band UVB, UVA1, 308 nm excimer blue light-. Comprehensive Handbook of Clinical Dermatology 2008-2009. Tokyo: Nakayama Shoten, 2008; 55–64. (in Japanese)
99. Garritsen FM, Brouwer MW, Limpens J, Spuls PI. Photo (chemo) therapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: an updated systematic review with implications for practice and research. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170: 501–513.
100. Sawada H, Morita A. NB-UVB therapy for atopic dermatitis. Practical Dermatology 2012; 34: 69–72. (in Japanese).
101. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1076–1079.
102. Mukai H, Fukuda H, Suzuki T, Saotome A, Soude E. Usefulness of Inpatient Care for Atopic Dermatitis: a Questionnaire Survey in Patients With a History of Hospitalization. Skin Res 2012; 11 (Suppl 18): 43–47. (in Japanese with English abstract).
103. Kataoka Y. Quality index of clinical practice of atopic dermatitis. J Visual Dermatology 2014; 13: 1094–1097. (in Japanese).
104. Staab D, Diepgen TL, Fartasch M et al. Age related, structured educational programmes for the management of atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006; 332: 933–938.
105. Jaspers JPC, Span L, Molier L, Coenraads PJ. A Multimodal education and treatment program for young adults with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Psychosom 2000; 1: 148–153.
106. Blessmann-Weber M, de Tarso da Luz Fontes Neto P, Prati C et al. Improvement of pruritus and quality of life of children with atopic dermatitis and their families after joining support groups. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 20: 992–997.
107. Chinn DJ, Poyner T, Sibley G. Randomized controlled trial of a single dermatology nurse consultation in primary care on the quality of life of children with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 2002; 46: 432–439.
108. Moore EJ, Williams A, Manias E, Varigos G, Donath S. Eczema workshops reduce severity of childhood atopic eczema. Australas J Dermatol 2009; 50: 100–106.
109. Shaw M, Morrell DS, Goldsmith LA. A study of targeted enhanced patient care for pediatric atopic dermatitis (STEP PAD). Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25: 19–24.
110. World Health Organization: Adherence to long-term therapies-Evidence for action. 2003; http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241545992.pdf
111. Ascertaining barriers for compliance: policies for safe, effective and costeffective use of medicines in Europe. Final report of the ABC project 2012; Available at: http://www.ABCproject.eu
112. Ou HT, Feldman SR, Balkrishnan R. Understanding and improving treatment adherence in pediatric patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2010; 29: 137–140.
113. Masuko I. An introduction for patient education, Japanese Society of Pediatric Intractable Asthma and Allergic Diseases, Textbook of Pediatric Allergy Educator. Practice.Tokyo: Sindan To Chiryo Sha, 2013; 1–24. (in Japanese)
114. Ellis C, Luger T, Abeck D et al. International Consensus Conference on Atopic Dermatitis II (ICCAD II): clinical update and current treatment strategies. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148 (Suppl 63): 3–10.
115. Aihara M, Mihara H, Murayama T, Aihara T, Fukuda S. GRADE system for clinical practice guideline-therapeutic intervention-. Hirosaki: Toppan Media Co. Ltd, 2010. (In Japanese)
116. Fukui T, Yamaguchi N, supervisors. Morizane T, Yoshida M, Kojimahara N, eds. Minds handbook for clinical practice guideline development 2014. Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin Ltd, 2014. (In Japanese)
117. Japanese Society for Palliative Medicine. Clinical guidelines for infusion therapy in advanced cancer patients 2013. Tokyo: Kanehara & Co., Ltd, 2013. (In Japanese)
118. Gehring W, Gloor M. Treatment of the atopic dermatitis with a water-in-oil emulsion with or without the addition of hydrocortisone-results of a controlled double-blind randomized study using clinical evaluation and bioengineering methods. Z Hautkr 1996; 71: 554–560.
119. Sears HW, Bailer JW, Yeadon A. Efficacy and safety of hydrocortisone buteprate 0.1% cream in patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Ther 1997; 19: 710–719.
120. Lupton ES, Abbrecht MM, Brandon ML. Short-term topical corticosteroid therapy (halcinonide ointment) in the management of atopic dermatitis. Cutis 1982; 30: 671–675.
121. Sudilovsky A, Muir JG, Bocobo FC. A comparison of single and multiple application of halcinonide cream. Int J Drematol 1981; 20: 609–613.
122. Wahlgren CF, Hägermark O, Bergström R, Hedin B. Evaluation of new method of assessing pruritus and antipruritic drugs. Skin Pharmacol 1988; 1: 3–13.
123. Lebwohl M. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate ointment, 0.005%, in the treatment of eczema. Cutis 1996; 57 (Suppl 2): 62–68.
124. Breneman D, Fleischer AB Jr, Kaplan D et al. Clobetasol propionate 0.05% lotion in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized evaluation versus clobetasol propionate emollient cream. J Drugs Dermatol 2005; 4: 330–336.
125. Matheson R, Kempers S, Breneman D et al. Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% lotion in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric subjects. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7: 266–271.
126. Korting HC, Unholzer A, Schäfer-Korting M, Tausch I, Gassmueller J, Nietsch KH. Different skin thinning potential of equipotent medium-strength glucocorticoids. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002; 15: 85–91.
127. Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri S. Daily application of fluocinonide 0.1% cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2009; 2: 24–32.
128. Msika P, De Belilovsky C, Piccardi N, Chebassier N, Baudouin C, Chadoutaud B. New emollient with topical corticosteroid-sparing effect in treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis: SCORAD and quality of life improvement. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25: 606–612.
129. Bleehen SS, Chu AC, Hamann I, Holden C, Hunter JA, Marks R. Fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream in the treatment of atopic eczema: a multicentre study comparing once-daily treatment and once-daily vehicle cream application versus twice-daily treatment. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133: 592–597.
130. Sudilovsky A, Muir JG, Bocobo FC. A comparison of single and multiple applications of halcinonide cream. Int J Dermatol 1981; 20: 609–613.
131. Schlessinger J, Miller B, Gilbert RD, Plott RT. An open-label adrenal suppression study of 0.1% fluocinonide cream in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 1568–1572.
132. Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther 2001; 23: 1296–1310.
133. Baldwin HE. Tricks for improving compliance with acne therapy. Dermatol Ther 2006; 19: 224–236.
134. Uchiyama M, Sugiura H, Uehara M, Nakamura J, Kani K. Atopic cataract: recent occurrence and inducing factor of cataract. Hifuka-No-Rinsho 1996; 38: 61–64. (In Japanese).
135. Taniguchi H, Ohki O, Yokozeki H et al. Cataract and retinal detachment in patients with severe atopic dermatitis who were withdrawn from the use of topical corticosteroid. J Dermatol 1999; 26: 658–665.
136. Nakagawa N, Tsukahara Y, Tetsumoto K. Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors associated with atopic cataract occurrence. J Eye 2000; 17: 1679–1684. (In Japanese with English abstract).
137. Arikawa J, Higaki Y, Takamura E, Kawashima M. A study of intraocular pressure in patients with atopic Dermatitis and topical steroid treatment on the face. Jpn J Dermatol 2002; 112: 1107–1110. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
138. Wong AW, Hon EK, Zee B. Is topical antimycotic treatment useful as adjuvant therapy for flexural atopic dermatitis: randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using one side of the elbow or knee as a control. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47: 187–191.
139. Schuttelaar ML, Coenraads PJ. A randomized, double-blind study to assess the efficacy of addition of tetracycline to triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 1076–1082.
140. Canpolat F, Erkoçoğlu M, Tezer H et al. Hydrocortisone acetate alone or combined with mupirocin for atopic dermatitis in infants under two years of age -a randomized double blind pilot trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16: 1989–1993.
141. Birnie AJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Ravenscroft JC, Williams HC. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 16: CD003871.
142. Doss N, Kamoun MR, Dubertret L et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment as second-line treatment for children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: evidence from a randomized, double-blind non-inferiority trial vs. fluticasone 0.005% ointment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21: 321–329.
143. Ashcroft DM, Dimmock P, Garside R, Stein K, Williams HC. Efficacy and tolerability of topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2005; 350: 516–522.
144. El-Batawy MM, Bosseila MA, Mashaly HM, Hafez VS. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 54: 76–87.
145. Svesson A, Chambers C, Gånemo A, Mitchell SA. A systematic review of tacrolimus ointment compared with corticosteroids in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27: 1395–1406.
146. Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: 203–221.
147. Ohtsuki M, Shiragasawa C, So M, Nakagawa H. The long-term safety and effectiveness of 0.03% Tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis-interim report of long-term special drug use –results survey-. J Pediatr Dermatol 2013; 32: 127–137. (In Japanese with English abstract).
148. Arellano FM, Wentworth CE, Arana A et al. Risk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurin inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 808–816.
149. Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Bilker W. Lack of association between exposure to topical calcineurin inhibitors and skin cancer in adults. Dermatology 2007; 214: 289–295.
150. Reitamo S, Rustin M, Harper J et al. A 4-year follow-up study of atopic dermatitis therapy with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in children and adult patients. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 942–951.
151. Arellano FM, Arana A, Wentworth CE et al. Lymphoma among patients with atopic dermatitis and/or treated with topical immunosuppressants in the United Kingdom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123: 1111–1116.
152. Schneeweiss S, Doherty M, Zhu S et al. Topical treatments with pimecrolimus, tacrolimus and medium- to high-potency corticosteroids, and risk of lymphoma. Dermatology 2009; 219: 7–21.
153. Hui RL, Lide W, Chan J et al. Association between exposure to topical tacrolimus or pimecrolimus and cancers. Ann Pharmacotherapy 2009; 43: 1956–1963.
154. Study Group of Adult Atopic Dermatitis. Studies on usefulness of antiallergic agent for adult type atopic dermatitis. Comparative studies between single external use of steroid and combined use with oxatomide. Nishinihon. J Dermatol 1989; 51: 995–1002. (In Japanese).
155. Hannuksela M, Kalimo K, Lammintausta K et al. Dose ranging study: cetirizine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults. Ann Allergy 1993; 70: 127–133.
156. Kawashima M, Tango T, Noguchi T et al. Addition of fexofenadine to a topical corticosteroid reduces the pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis in a 1-week randomized, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 1212–1221.
157. Kawashima M, Harada S. A study of the effect on itch and quality of life of atopic dermatitis patients treated by standard therapy with anti-allergic drug. Jpn J Clin Dermatol 2006; 60: 661–667. (In Japanese).
158. Klein PA, Clark RA. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 1522–1525.
159. Munday J, Bloomfield R, Goldman M et al. Chlorpheniramine is no more effective than placebo in relieving the symptoms of childhood atopic dermatitis with a nocturnal itching and scratching component. Dermatology 2002; 205: 40–45.
160. Kawashima M, Furue M, Hide M et al. A comparative study of anti-pruritic effects and the occurrence of drowsiness between sedating and non-sedating antihistamines (ACROSS trial). J Clin Therap Med 2011; 27: 563–573. (In Japanese).
161. Peserico A, Städtler G, Sebastian M, Fernandez RS, Vick K, Bieber T. Reduction of relapses of atopic dermatitis with methylprednisolone aceponate cream twice weekly in addition to maintenance treatment with emollient: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 801–807.
162. Hanifin J, Gupta AK, Rajagopalan R. Intermittent dosing of fluticasone propionate cream for reducing the risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis patients. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 528–537.
163. Berth-Jones J, Damstra RJ, Golsch S et al. Twice weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomised, double blind, parallel group study. BMJ 2003; 326: 1367.
164. Glazenburg EJ, Wolkerstorfer A, Gerretsen AL, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 0.005% ointment in the long-term maintenance treatment of children with atopic dermatitis: differences between boys and girls? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20: 59–66.
165. Van Der Meer JB, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Eggink HF, Coenraads PJ. The management of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults with topical fluticasone propionate. The Netherlands Adult Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 1114–1121.
166. Chung BY, Kim HO, Kim JH, Cho SI, Lee CH, Park CW. The proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis with tacrolimus ointment in Korean patients: a comparative study between once-weekly and thrice-weekly applications. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168: 908–910.
167. Poole CD, Chambers C, Sidhu MK, Currie CJ. Health-related utility among adults with atopic dermatitis treated with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment as maintenance therapy over the long term: findings from the Protopic CONTROL study. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161: 1335–1440.
168. Breneman D, Fleischer AB Jr, Abramovits W et al. Intermittent therapy for flare prevention and long-term disease control in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparison of 3-times-weekly applications of tacrolimus ointment versus vehicle. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 990–999.
169. Wollenberg A, Reitamo S, Atzori F et al. Proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Allergy 2008; 63: 742–750.
170. Thaçi D, Reitamo S, Gonzalez Ensenat MA et al. Proactive disease management with 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for children with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, multicentre, comparative study. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 1348–1356.
171. Schmitt J, von Kobyletzki L, Svensson A, Apfelbacher C. Efficacy and tolerability of proactive treatment with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors for atopic eczema: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164: 415–428.
172. Wilhelm KP, Scholermann A. Efficacy and tolerability of a topical preparation containing 10% urea in patients with atopic dermatitis. Aktuel Dermatol 1998; 24: 37–38.
173. Loden M, Andersson AC, Andersson C, Frodin T, Oman H, Lindberg M. Instrumental and dermatologist evaluation of the effect of glycerine and urea on dry skin in atopic dermatitis. Skin Res Technol 2001; 7: 209–213.
174. Loden M, Andersson AC, Andersson C et al. A double-blind study comparing the effect of glycerin and urea on dry, eczematous skin in atopic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2002; 82: 45–47.
175. Kawashima M, Numano K, Ishizaki C. Usefulness of moisturizers for dermato-physiological dysfunction in patients with atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2007; 117: 969–977. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
176. Hamada M, Gyoutoku T, Sato S et al. The Usefulness of camellia oil spray for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Nishinihon J Dermatol 2008; 70: 213–218. (In Japanese).
177. Matsunaka H, Abe Y, Ooe M, Nishigori C, Miyachi Y. Clinical evaluation of OLIGOMARINE on atopic dry skin. Skin Res 2004; 3: 73–83. (In Japanese with English abstract).
178. Shibagaki N, Inozume T, Ando N et al. Clinical efficacy of bath additive containing a diamide derivative in patients with atopic dermatitis. Nishinihon J Dermatol 2005; 67: 152–159. (In Japanese).
179. Mizutani H, Takahashi M, Shimizu M, Kariya K, Sato H, Imokawa G. Clinical efficacy of pseudoceramide containing cream in patients with atopic dermatitis. Nishinihon J Dermatol 2001; 63: 457–461. (In Japanese).
180. Hata M, Tokura Y, Takigawa M, Tamura Y, Imokawa G. Efficacy of using pseudoceramide-containing cream for the treatment of atopic dry skin in comparison with urea cream Nishinihon. J Dermatol 2002; 64: 606–611. (In Japanese).
181. Nakamura T, Honma D, Kashiwagi T, Sakai H, Hashimoto Y, Iizuka H. The examination of usefulness and safety of synthesis simulation ceramide cream for the atopic dermatitis. The comparison with the heparinoid inclusion salve. Nishinihon. J Dermatol 1999; 61: 671–681. (In Japanese).
182. Wiren K, Nohlgard C, Nyberg F et al. Treatment with a barrier-strengthening moisturizing cream delays relapse of atopic dermatitis: a prospective and randomized controlled clinical trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 1267–1272.
183. Kawashima M, Hayashi N, Nogita T, Yanagisawa K, Mizuno A. The usefulness of moisturizers for maintenance of remission in atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2007; 117: 1139–1145. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
184. Szczepanowska J, Reich A, Szepietowski LC. Emollients improve treatment results with topical corticosteroids in childhood atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparative study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19: 614–618.
185. Grimalt R, Mengeaud V, Cambazard F. Study Investigators' Group. The steroid-sparing effect of an emollient therapy in infants with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled study. Dermatology 2007; 214: 61–67.
186. Kameyoshi Y, Tanaka T, Mochizuki M et al. Taking showers at the school is beneficial for the children with severe atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Allergol 2008; 57: 130–137. (in Japanese with English abstract).
187. Mochizuki H, Muramatsu R, Tadaki H, Mizuno T, Arakawa H, Morikawa A. Effects of skin care with shower therapy on children with atopic dermatitis in elementary schools. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26: 223–225.
188. Murota H, Takahashi A, Nishioka M et al. Showering reduces atopic dermatitis in elementary school students. Eur J Dermatol 2010; 20: 410–411.
189. Tamaki K, Saeki H, Kadono T et al. Serum TARC/CCL17 levels as a disease marker of atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Dermatol 2006; 116: 27–39. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
190. Fujisawa T, Nagao M, Noma Y et al. Clinical Utility serum TARC/CCL17 for monitoring clinical couse of atopic dermatitis in children. Jpn J Pediatr Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 19: 744–757. (In Japanese with English abstract.).
191. Kakinuma T, Nakamura K, Wakugawa M et al. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in atopic dermatitis: Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine level is closely related with disease activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 535–541.
192. Fujisawa T, Nagao M, Hitaguchi Y et al. Serum measurement of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 in children with atopic dermatitis: elevated normal levels in infancy and age-specific analysis in atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20: 633–641.
193. Sowden JM, Berth-Jones J, Ross JS et al. Double-blind, controlled, crossover study of cyclosporin in adults with severe refractory atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1991; 338 (8760): 137–140.
194. Harper JI, Ahmed I, Barclay G et al. Cyclosporin for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: short course versus continuous therapy. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 52–58.
195. Czech W, Bräutigam M, Weidinger G et al. A body-weight-independent dosing regimen of cyclosporine microemulsion is effective in severe atopic dermatitis and improves the quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 653–659.
196. Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M. Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema -a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21: 606–619.
197. Study Group of NeoralⓇ. Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis: Cyclosporine MEPC versus placebo for treating patients with severe adult atopic dermatitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Jpn J Clin Dermatol 2009; 63: 73–82. (In Japanese).
198. Study Group of NeoralⓇ. Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis. Treatment: safety and efficacy of intermittent cyclosporin MEPC therapy in patients with severe adult atopic dermatitis: multicenter, open-label, long-term clinical trial. Jpn. J Clin Dermatol 2009; 63: 163–171. (In Japanese).
199. Tan HY, Zhang AL, Chen D, Xue CC, Lenon GB. Chinese herbal medicine for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 295–304.
200. Cheng HM, Chiang LC, Jan YM, Chen GW, Li TC. The efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal product (Xiao-Feng-San) for the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155: 141–148.
201. Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Takeuchi S et al. Efficacy and safety of a traditional herbal medicine, Hochu-ekki-to in the long-term management of Kikyo (delicate constitution) patients with atopic dermatitis: a 6-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2010; 7: 367–373.
202. Sheehan MP, Atherton DJ. A controlled trial of traditional Chinese medicinal plants in widespread non-exudative atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126: 179–184.
203. Sheehan MP, Rustin MHA, Atherton DJ et al. Efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal therapy in adult atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1992; 340: 13–17.
204. Fung AYP, Look PCN, Chong LY, But PPH, Wong E. A controlled trial of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in Chinese patients with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 387–392.
205. Hon KL, Leung TF, Ng PC et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a Chinese herbal medicine concoction for treatment of atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: 357–363.
206. Huang YQ, Chen DC, Mo XM. Clinical observation of the treatment of spleen deficiency childhood atopic dermatitis with Jean Pi Shen Shi granules. Shan Xi Zhong Yi 2004; 5: 396–398.
207. Holm L, Bengtsson A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Ohman S, Scheynius A. Effectiveness of occlusive bedding in the treatment of atopic dermatitis–a placebo-controlled trial of 12 months' duration. Allergy 2001; 56: 152–158.
208. Ricci G, Patrizi A, Specchia F et al. Effect of house dust mite avoidance measures in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 379–384.
209. Friedmann PS, Tan BB. Mite elimination-clinical effect on eczema. Allergy 1998; 53 (Suppl 48): 97–100.
210. Tan BB, Weald D, Strickland I, Friedmann PS. Double-blind controlled trial of effect of housedust-mite allergen avoidance on atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1996; 347: 15–18.
211. Sanda T, Yasue T, Oohashi M, Yasue A. Effectiveness of house dust-mite allergen avoidance through clean room therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 653–657.
212. Oosting AJ, de Bruin-Weller MS, Terreehorst I et al. Effect of mattress encasings on atopic dermatitis outcome measures in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study: the Dutch mite avoidance study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 500–506.
213. Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert S et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled house dust mite control measures in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145: 70–74.
214. Nanbu M. Indoor allergen avoidance for allergic children. Jpn J Pediatr Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 24: 203–216. (In Japanese with English abstract).
215. Lever R, MacDonald C, Waugh P, Aitchison T. Randomized controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1998; 9: 13–19.
216. Neild VS, Marsden RA, Bailes JA, Bland JM. Egg and milk exclusion diets in atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1986; 114: 117–123.
217. Cant AJ, Bailes JA, Marsden RA, Hewitt D. Effect of maternal dietary exclusion on breast fed infants with eczema: two controlled studies. BMJ 1986; 293: 231–233.
218. Arshad SH, Bateman B, Sadeghnejad A, Gant C, Matthews SM. Prevention of allergic disease during childhood by allergen avoidance: the Isle of Wight prevention study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 307–313.
219. Chandra RK, Puri S, Hamed A. Influence of maternal diet during lactation and use of formula feeds on development of atopic eczema in high risk infants. BMJ 1989; 299: 228–230.
220. Zeiger RS, Heller S. The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 1179–1990.
221. Appelt GK, Chan-Yeung M, Watson W, Dimich-Ward H, Ferguson A, Manfreda J. Breastfeeding and food avoidance are ineffective in preventing sensitization in high risk children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: S99.
222. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD000133.
223. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1869–1871.
224. Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD006475.
225. Wickens K, Black PN, Stanley TV et al. A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122: 788–794.
226. Torii S, Torii A, Itoh K et al. Effects of oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 on the symptoms and serum markers of atopic dermatitis in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 154: 236–245.
227. Okano S, Takahasi H, Yano T et al. Member posted first grade school children after five years of skin lesions, including atopic dermatitis with prognosis Survey: study in Hiroshima Prefecture Asa district. J Jpn Med Assoc 2006; 135: 97–103. (In Japanese).
228. Arima T, Kohno Y. The present study about the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Japan. The Allergy in Practice 2009; 29: 581–587. (In Japanese).
229. Ohshima Y, Yamada A, Hiraoka M et al. Early sensitization to house dust mite is a major risk factor for subsequent development of bronchial asthma in Japanese infants with atopic dermatitis: results of a 4-year followup study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89: 265–270.
230. Ricci G, Patrizi A, Baldi E, Menna G, Tabanelli M, Masi M. Long-term follow-up of atopic dermatitis: retrospective analysis of related risk factors and association with concomitant allergic diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55: 765–771.
231. Staab D, Diepgen TL, Fartasch M et al. Age related, structured educational programmes for the management of atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006; 332: 933–938.
232. Jaspers JPC, Span L, Molier L, Coenraads PJ. A Multimodal education and treatment program for young adults with atopic dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Psychosom 2000; 1: 148–153.
233. Blessmann-Weber M, de Tarso da Luz Fontes Neto P, Prati C et al. Improvement of pruritus and quality of life of children with atopic dermatitis and their families after joining support groups. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 20: 992–997.
234. Chinn DJ, Poyner T, Sibley G. Randomized controlled trial of a single dermatology nurse consultation in primary care on the quality of life of children with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 2002; 46: 432–439.
235. Shaw M, Morrell DS, Goldsmith LA. A study of targeted enhanced patient care for pediatric atopic dermatitis (STEP PAD). Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25: 19–24.
236. Bath-Hextall FJ, Birnie AJ, Ravenscroft JC, Williams HC. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema: an updated Cochrane review. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163: 12–26.
237. Ewing C, Ashcroft C, Gibbs AC, Jones GA, Connor PJ, David TJ. Flucloxacillin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 1022–1029.
238. Murase JE, Heller MM, Butler DC. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 401.e1-14.
239. Butler DC, Heller MM, Murase JE. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 417.e1-10.
240. Murase JE, Heller MM, Butler DC. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 401.
241. Butler DC, Heller MM, Murase JE. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 417.
242. Chi CC, Wang SH, Kirtschig G, Wojnarowska F. Systematic review of the safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62: 694–705.
243. De Stefano P, Bongo IG, Borgna-Pignatti C, Severi F. Factitious hypertension with mineralocorticoid excess in an infant. Helv Paediatr Acta 1983; 38: 185–189.