Minimizing hypoglycemia in diabetes

Diabetes Care

Volumn 38, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1583-1591

  Cryer, Philip E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; SULFONYLUREA; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE DURATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN CLEARANCE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT EDUCATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SELF MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; METABOLISM; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84962360715     PISSN: 01495992     EISSN: 19355548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0279     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia in Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, and Prevention. 2nd ed. Alexandria, VA, American Diabetes Association, 2013.
2. Frier BM, Heller SR, McCrimmon RJ. Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
3. Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1902- 1912.
4. Rossetti P, Porcellati F, Bolli GB, Fanelli CG. Prevention of hypoglycemia while achieving good glycemic control in type 1 diabetes: The role of insulin analogs. Diabetes Care 2008;31 (Suppl. 2):S113-S120.
5. Amiel SA. Hypoglycemia: from the laboratory to the clinic. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1364-1371.
6. Graveling AJ, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia: An overview. Prim Care Diabetes 2009;3:131-139.
7. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al.; American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: A patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:140-149.
8. Cryer PE. Glycemic goals in diabetes: Tradeoff between glycemic control and iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2014;63:2188-2195.
9. Mühlhauser I, Jörgens V, Berger M, et al. Bicentric evaluation of a teaching and treatment programme for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: improvement of metabolic control and other measures of diabetes care for up to 22 months. Diabetologia 1983;25:470-476.
10. Samann A, Mühlhauser I, Bender R, Kloos Ch, Müller UA. Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible, intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: A prospective implementation study. Diabetologia 2005;48:1965-1970.
11. Plank J, Köhler G, Rakovac I, et al. Long-term evaluation of a structured outpatient education programme for intensified insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes: A 12-year follow-up. Diabetologia 2004;47:1370-1375.
12. Crasto W, Jarvis J, Khunti K, et al. Multifactorial intervention in individuals with type 2 diabetes andmicroalbuminuria: TheMicroalbuminuria Education and Medication Optimisation (MEMO) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;93: 328-336.
13. Hopkins D, Lawrence I, Mansell P, et al. Improved biomedical and psychological outcomes 1 year after structured education in flexible insulin therapy for people with type 1 diabetes: The U.K. DAFNE experience. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:1638-1642.
14. Leelarathna L, Little SA, Walkinshaw E, et al. Restoration of self-awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes: hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp substudy results from the HypoCOMPaSS trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36:4063-4070.
15. de Zoysa N, Rogers H, Stadler M, et al. A psychoeducational program to restore hypoglycemia awareness: The DAFNE-HART pilot study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:863-866.
16. Little SA, Leelarathna L, Walkinshaw E, et al. Recovery of hypoglycemia awareness in longstanding type 1 diabetes: A multicenter 2 3 2 factorial randomized controlled trial comparing insulin pump with multiple daily injections and continuous with conventional glucose selfmonitoring (HypoCOMPaSS). Diabetes Care 2014;37:2114-2122.
17. Elliott J, Jacques RM, Kruger J, et al. Substantial reductions in the number of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia episodes requiring emergency treatment lead to reduced costs after structured education in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2014; 31:847-853.
18. Fanelli CG, Epifano L, Rambotti AM, et al. Meticulous prevention of hypoglycemia normalizes the glycemic thresholds and magnitude of most of neuroendocrine responses to, symptoms of, and cognitive function during hypoglycemia in intensively treated patients with short-term IDDM. Diabetes 1993;42:1683-1689.
19. Fanelli C, Pampanelli S, Epifano L, et al. Long-term recovery from unawareness, deficient counterregulation and lack of cognitive dysfunction during hypoglycaemia, following institution of rational, intensive insulin therapy in IDDM. Diabetologia 1994;37:1265-1276.
20. Cranston I, Lomas J, Maran A, Macdonald I, Amiel SA. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with long-duration insulindependent diabetes. Lancet 1994;344:283-287.
21. Dagogo-Jack S, Rattarasarn C, Cryer PE. Reversal of hypoglycemia unawareness, but not defective glucose counterregulation, in IDDM. Diabetes 1994;43:1426-1434.
22. Workgroup on Hypoglycemia, American Diabetes Association. Defining and reporting hypoglycemia in diabetes: A report from the American Diabetes Association Workgroup on Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1245- 1249.
23. Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: A report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1384-1395.
24. Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Pramming S, Heller SR, et al. Severe hypoglycaemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: influence of risk markers and selection. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004;20:479-486.
25. Donnelly LA, Morris AD, Frier BM, et al.; DARTS/MEMO Collaboration. Frequency and predictors of hypoglycaemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: A populationbased study. Diabet Med 2005;22:749-755.
26. UK Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Risk of hypoglycaemia in types 1 and 2 diabetes: effects of treatment modalities and their duration. Diabetologia 2007;50:1140-1147.
27. Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, et al.; Endocrine Society. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:709-728.
28. Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Tamborlane WV. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone release. Diabetes 1988;37:901- 907.
29. Boyle PJ, Schwartz NS, Shah SD, Clutter WE, Cryer PE. Plasma glucose concentrations at the onset of hypoglycemic symptoms in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and in nondiabetics. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1487- 1492.
30. JonesTW, Boulware SD, Kraemer DT, Caprio S, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV. Independent effects of youth and poor diabetes control on responses to hypoglycemia in children. Diabetes 1991;40:358-363.
31. Cryer PE. The prevention and correction of hypoglycemia. In Handbook of Physiology. Vol. II, The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD, Eds. New York, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 1057-1092.
32. Davis SN, Shavers C, Mosqueda-Garcia R, Costa F. Effects of differing antecedent hypoglycemia on subsequent counterregulation in normal humans. Diabetes 1997;46:1328-1335.
33. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Predictors of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia during glucose-lowering treatment with insulin glargine or standard drugs in the ORIGIN trial. Diabetes Care 2015;38:22-28.
34. Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Ritterband L, Clarke W, Kovatchev BP. Prediction of severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1370- 1373.
35. Towler DA, Havlin CE, Craft S, Cryer P. Mechanism of awareness of hypoglycemia. Perception of neurogenic (predominantly cholinergic) rather than neuroglycopenic symptoms. Diabetes 1993;42:1791-1798.
36. DeRosa MA, Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia and the sympathoadrenal system: neurogenic symptoms are largely the result of sympathetic neural, rather than adrenomedullary, activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;287: E32-E41.
37. Marrett E, Radican L, Davies MJ, Zhang Q. Assessment of severity and frequency of selfreported hypoglycemia on quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antihyperglycemic agents: A survey study. BMC Res Notes 2011;4:251-257.
38. Amin A, Lau L, Crawford S, Edwards A, Pacaud D. Prospective assessment of hypoglycemia symptoms in children and adults with type 1 diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2014;38:263- 268.
39. Graveling AJ, Noyes KJ, Allerhand MH, et al. Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia and identification of predictive symptoms in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014;15:206-213.
40. Gonder-Frederick L, Zrebiec J, Bauchowitz A, et al. Detection of hypoglycemia by children with type 1 diabetes 6 to 11 years of age and their parents: A field study. Pediatrics 2008;121: e489-e495.
41. Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J, et al.; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1410-1418.
42. Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, et al.; NICESUGAR Study Investigators. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1108-1118.
43. Macrae D, Grieve R, Allen E, et al.; CHiP Investigators. A randomized trial of hyperglycemic control in pediatric intensive care. N Engl J Med 2014;370:107-118.
44. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al.; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-2559.
45. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al.; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572.
46. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al.; VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:129-139.
47. Mellbin LG, Ryd én L, Riddle MC, et al.; ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Does hypoglycaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial. Eur Heart J 2013;34: 3137-3144.
48. Deckert T, Poulsen JE, Larsen M. Prognosis of diabetics with diabetes onset before the age of thirty-one. I. Survival, causes of death, and complications. Diabetologia 1978;14:363-370.
49. Tunbridge WM; Medical Services Study Group and British Diabetic Association. Factors contributing to deaths of diabetics under fifty years of age. Lancet 1981;2:569-572.
50. Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD, et al. The British Diabetic Association Cohort Study, I: All-cause mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999;16:459-465.
51. Patterson CC, Dahlquist G, Harjutsalo V, et al. Early mortality in EURODIAB populationbased cohorts of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood since 1989. Diabetologia 2007;50: 2439-2442.
52. Jacobson AM, Musen G, Ryan CM, et al.; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Research Group. Long-term effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1842-1852.
53. Feltbower RG, Bodansky HJ, Patterson CC, et al. Acute complications and drug misuse are important causes of death for children and young adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the Yorkshire Register of Diabetes in Children and Young Adults. Diabetes Care 2008;31:922-926.
54. Skrivarhaug T, Bangstad HJ, Stene LC, Sandvik L, Hanssen KF, Joner G. Long-term mortality in a nationwide cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients in Norway. Diabetologia 2006;49:298-305.
55. Tanenberg RJ, Newton CA, Drake AJ. Confirmation of hypoglycemia in the "dead-in-bed" syndrome, as captured by a retrospective continuous glucose monitoring system. Endocr Pract 2010;16:244-248.
56. Holstein A, Egberts EH. Risk of hypoglycaemia with oral antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003;111:405-414.
57. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010;340:b4909.
58. Khunti K, Davies M, Majeed A, Thorsted BL, Wolden ML, Paul SK. Hypoglycemia and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in insulin-treated people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A cohort study. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:316-322.
59. Chow E, Bernjak A, Williams S, et al. Risk of cardiac arrhythmias during hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes 2014;63:1738-1747.
60. Reno CM, Daphna-Iken D, Chen YS, VanderWeele J, Jethi K, Fisher SJ. Severe hypoglycemia-induced lethal cardiac arrhythmias are mediated by sympathoadrenal activation. Diabetes 2013;62:3570-3581.
61. Wild D, von Maltzahn R, Brohan E, Christensen T, Clauson P, Gonder-Frederick L. A critical review of the literature on fear of hypoglycemia in diabetes: Implications for diabetes management and patient education. Patient Educ Couns 2007;68:10-15.
62. Johnson SR, Cooper MN, Davis EA, Jones TW. Hypoglycaemia, fear of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents. Diabet Med 2013;30: 1126-1131.
63. Gerich J, Davis J, Lorenzi M, et al. Hormonal mechanisms of recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. Am J Physiol 1979;236: E380-E385.
64. Cryer PE. Mechanisms of hypoglycemiaassociated autonomic failure in diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013;369:362-372.
65. Chan O, Sherwin R. Influence of VMH fuel sensing on hypoglycemic responses. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013;24:616-624.
66. Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Frier BM. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 1994;17:697- 703.
67. Clarke WL, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Julian D, Schlundt D, Polonsky W. Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with IDDM. A prospective study of hypoglycemic frequency and associated symptoms. Diabetes Care 1995;18:517-522.
68. Høi-Hansen T, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Thorsteinsson B. Classification of hypoglycemia awareness in people with type 1 diabetes in clinical practice. J Diabetes Complications 2010;24:392-397.
69. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-986.
70. Cooper MN, O'Connell SM, Davis EA, Jones TW. A population-based study of risk factors for severe hypoglycaemia in a contemporary cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2013;56:2164-2170.
71. Karges B, Rosenbauer J, Kapellen T, et al. Hemoglobin A1c levels and risk of severe hypoglycemia in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes from Germany and Austria: A trend analysis in a cohort of 37, 539 patients between 1995 and 2012. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001742.
72. Lipska KJ, Warton EM, Huang ES, et al. HbA1c and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: The Diabetes and Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:3535-3542.
73. Monami M, Dicembrini I, Kundisova L, Zannoni S, Nreu B, Mannucci E. A meta-analysis of the hypoglycaemic risk in randomized controlled trials with sulphonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:833-840.
74. Weinstock RS, Xing D, Maahs DM, et al.; T1D Exchange Clinic Network. Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98: 3411-3419.
75. Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Berghold A, et al. Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2: CD003287.
76. Horvath K, Jeitler K, Berghold A, et al. Longacting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;2: CD005613.
77. Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Kristensen PL, Beck- Nielsen H, et al. Effect of insulin analogues on risk of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to recurrent severe hypoglycaemia (HypoAna trial): A prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint crossover trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:553- 561.
78. Johnson SR, Cooper MN, Jones TW, Davis EA. Long-term outcome of insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes assessed in a large population-based case-control study. Diabetologia 2013;56:2392-2400.
79. Pickup JC, Sutton AJ. Severe hypoglycaemia and glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes:metaanalysis of multiple daily insulin injections compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabet Med 2008;25:765-774.
80. Doyle EA, Weinzimer SA, Steffen AT, Ahern JA, Vincent M, Tamborlane WV. A randomized, prospective trial comparing the efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily injections using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1554-1558.
81. Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Garg S, et al.; Insulin Aspart CSII/MDI Comparison Study Group. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of insulin aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII. Diabetes Care 2005;28:533-538.
82. Bolli GB, Kerr D, Thomas R, et al. Comparison of a multiple daily insulin injection regimen (basal once-daily glargine plus mealtime lispro) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (lispro) in type 1 diabetes: A randomized open parallel multicenter study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1170-1176.
83. Fatourechi MM, Kudva YC, Murad MH, Elamin MB, Tabini CC, Montori VM. Clinical review: Hypoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:729-740.
84. Ramotowska A, Golicki D, D?zygało K, Szypowska A. The effect of using the insulin pump bolus calculator compared to standard insulin dosage calculations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus - systematic review. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013;121:248-254.
85. Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N, Nimri R, Oskarsson P, Bolinder J. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:795-800.
86. Pickup JC, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ. Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self monitoring of blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data. BMJ 2011;343:d3805.
87. Langendam M, Luijf YM, Hooft L, Devries JH, Mudde AH, Scholten RJ. Continuous glucose monitoring systems for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;1:CD008101.
88. Bay C, Kristensen PL, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Tarnow L, Thorsteinsson B. Nocturnal continuous glucosemonitoring: Accuracy and reliability of hypoglycemia detection in patients with type 1 diabetes at high risk of severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013;15:371-377.
89. Bergenstal RM, Klonoff DC, Garg SK, et al.; ASPIRE In-Home Study Group. Thresholdbased insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:224-232.
90. Ly TT, Nicholas JA, Retterath A, Lim EM, Davis EA, Jones TW. Effect of sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy and automated insulin suspension vs standard insulin pump therapy on hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310: 1240-1247.
91. Maahs DM, Calhoun P, Buckingham BA, et al.; In Home Closed Loop Study Group. A randomized trial of a home system to reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:1885-1891.
92. Yeh HC, Brown TT, Maruthur N, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of methods of insulin delivery and glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012;157: 336-347.
93. Leelarathna L, Dellweg S, Mader JK, et al.; AP@home Consortium. Day and night home closed-loop insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes: Three-center randomized crossover study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:1931-1937.
94. Russell SJ, El-Khatib FH, Sinha M, et al. Outpatient glycemic control with a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:313-325.
95. Ang M, Meyer C, Brendel MD, Bretzel RG, Linn T. Magnitude and mechanisms of glucose counterregulation following islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes suffering from severe hypoglycaemic episodes. Diabetologia 2014;57:623-632.
96. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-853.
97. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:103-117.
98. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al.; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-2653.
99. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-1589.