User Experiences of Development of Dependence on the Synthetic Cannabinoids, 5f-AKB48 and 5F-PB-22, and Subsequent Withdrawal Syndromes

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 565-579

  Van Hout, Marie Claire ^a   Hearne, Evelyn ^a  

^a South East Technological University   (Ireland)

Author keywords

5f AKB48; 5F PB 22; Herbal cannabis, Spice, withdrawal; Synthetic cannabinoid

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961774327     PISSN: 15571874     EISSN: 15571882     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9650-x     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Arfken, C. L., Owens, D., Madeja, C., & DeAngelis, C. (2014). Exploratory comparative study on the diffusion of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathiones. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46, 362–368. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.959214.
2. Auwärter, V., Dresen, S., Weinmann, W., Müller, M., Pütz, M., & Ferreirós, N. (2009). ‘spice’ and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 44, 832–837. doi:10.1002/jms. 1558.
3. Banerji S, Deutsch CM, Bronstein AC (2010) SPICE Ain’t So Nice. http://rmpdc.org/Portals/23/Spice Poster Final 2010.pdf Accessed May 22nd 2015.
4. Barratt, M. J., Cakic, V., & Lenton, S. (2013). Patterns of synthetic cannabinoid use in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32, 141–146. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00519.x.
5. Baumann, M. H., Solis Jr., E., Watterson, L. R., Marusich, J. A., Fantegrossi, W. E., & Wiley, J. L. (2014). Baths salts, spice, and related designer drugs: the science behind the headlines. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 15150–15158. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3223-14.2014.
6. Bebarta, V. S., Ramirez, S., & Varney, S. V. (2012). Spice: A new “legal” herbal mixture abused by young active duty military personnel. Substance Abuse, 33, 191–194. doi:10.1080/08897077.2011.637610.
7. Behonick, G., Shanks, K. G., Firchau, D. J., Mathur, G., Lynch, C. F., Nashelsky, M., Jaskierny, D. J., & Meroueh, C. (2014). Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5FPB22. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 38, 559–562. doi:10.1093/jat/bku048.
8. Berry-Caban, C. S., Ee, J., Ingram, V., Berry, C. E., & Kim, E. H. (2013). Synthetic cannabinoid overdose in a 20-year-old Male US soldier. Substance Abuse, 34, 70–72. doi:10.1080/08897077.2012.677754.
9. Brents, L. K., & Prather, P. L. (2014). The K2/spice phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 46, 72–85. doi:10.3109/03602532.2013.839700.
10. Brents, L. K., Reichard, E. E., Zimmerman, S. M., Moran, J. H., Fantegrossi, W. E., & Prather, P. L. (2011). Phase I hydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 retain in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid 1 receptor affinity and activity. PloS One, 6, e21917. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021917.
11. Brents, L. K., Gallus-Zawada, A., Radominska-Pandya, A., Vasilievik, T., Prisinzano, T. E., Fantegrossi, W. E., Moran, J. H., & Prather, P. L. (2012). Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 83, 952–961. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.004.
12. Bright, S. J., Bishop, B., Kane, R., Marsh, A., & Barratt, M. J. (2013). Kronic hysteria: exploring the intersection between Australian synthetic cannabis legislation, the media, and drug-related harm. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 24, 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.12.002.
13. Bryner J (2010) Fake weed, real drug: K2 causing hallucinations in teens. In: Live Science. Available via DIALOG. http://www.livescience.com/health/fake-marijuana-k2-hallucinations-100303.html. Accessed March 16th 2010.
14. Budney, A. J., & Stanger, C. (2012). Cannabis use and misuse. In J. M. Rey (Ed.), IACAPAP e-textbook of child and adolescent mental health (p. G2). Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Profession.
15. Castellanos, D., Singh, S., Thornton, G., Avila, M., & Moreno, A. (2011). Synthetic cannabinoid use: A case series of adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 347–349. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.002.
16. Caviness, C. M., Tzilos, G., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D. (2015). Synthetic cannabinoids: use and predictors in a community sample of young adults. Substance Abuse, 36, 368–373. doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.9591.
17. Chung, T., Martin, C. S., Cornelius, J. R., & Clark, D. B. (2008). Cannabis withdrawal predicts severity of cannabis involvement at 1-year follow-up among treated adolescents. Addiction, 103, 787–799. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02158.x.
18. Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., Sanci, L., & Patton, G. C. (2002). Cannabis dependence in young adults: an Australian population study. Addiction, 97, 187–194.
19. Copersino, M. L., Boyd, S. J., Tashkin, D. P., Huestis, M. A., Heishman, S. J., Dermand, J. C., Simmons, M. S., & Gorelick, D. A. (2006). Cannabis withdrawal among non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis users. The American Journal on Addictions, 15, 8–14.
20. Cornelius, J. R., Chung, T., Martin, C., Wood, D. S., & Clark, D. B. (2008). Cannabis withdrawal is common among treatment-seeking adolescents with cannabis dependence and major depression, and is associated with rapid relapse to dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1500–1505. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.001.
21. Dargan, P. I., Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., & Wood, D. M. (2011). The impact of changes in UK classification of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in ‘spice’. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 22, 274–277. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.02.006.
22. Deluca, P., Schifano, F., Davey, Z., Corazza, O., di Furia, L., Farre, M., Flesland, L., Mannonen, M., Majava, A., Valentina, M., Pagani, S., Peltoniemi, T., Scherbaum, N., Siemann, H., Skutle, A., Torrens, M., Pezzolesi, C., & van der Kreeft, P. (2009). Spice report Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Project. King’s College London: The Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group.
23. Dresen, S., Kneisel, S., Weinmann, W., Zimmermann, R., & Auwarter, V. (2011). Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type and methanandamide in serum and its application to forensic samples. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 46, 163–171. doi:10.1002/jms.1877.
24. Egan, K. L., Suerken, C. K., Reboussin, B. A., Spangler, J., Wagoner, K. G., Sutfin, E. L., Debinski, B., & Wolfson, M. (2015). K2 and spice use among a cohort of college students in southeast region of the USA. The Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 41, 317–322. doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1043438.
25. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction – EMCDDA (2009) Thematic paper - Understanding the ‘spice’ phenomenon. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available via DIALOG. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/thematic-papers/spice. Accessed 28th July 2013.
26. Ernst, L., Schiebel, H. M., Theuring, C., Lindigkeit, R., & Beuerle, T. (2011). Identification and characterization of JWH-122 used as new ingredient in “spice-like” herbal incenses. Forensic Science International, 208, e31–e35. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.020.
27. Every-Palmer, S. (2010). Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH-018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Addiction, 105, 1859–1860. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03119.x.
28. Every-Palmer, S. (2011). Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117, 152–157. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012.
29. Fantegrossi, W. E., Moran, J. H., Radominska-Pandya, A., & Prather, P. L. (2014). Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ9-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity? Life Sciences, 97, 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.017.
30. Fattore, L., & Fratta, W. (2011). Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 60. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00060.
31. Forrester, M. B., Kleinschmidt, K., Schwarz, E., & Young, A. (2011). Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 30, 351–358. doi:10.1080/10550887.2011.609807.
32. Gillespie, N. A., Neale, M. C., Prescott, C. A., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). Addiction, 10, 920–930.
33. Gossop, M., Darke, S., Griffiths, P., Hando, J., Powis, B., Hall, W., & Strang, J. (1995). The severity of dependence scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction, 90, 607–614.
34. Griffiths, P., Sedefov, R., Gallegos, A., & Lopez, D. (2010). How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: ‘spice’ a case study. Addiction, 105, 951–953. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02874.x.
35. Grigoryev, A., Melnik, A., Savchuk, S., Simonov, A., & Rozhanets, V. (2011a). Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of the synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetic JWH-250, the psychoactive component of smoking mixtures. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 879, 2519–2526. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.004.
36. Grigoryev, A., Savchuk, S., Melnik, A., Moskaleva, N., Dzhurko, J., Ershov, M., Nosyrev, A., Vedenin, A., Izotov, B., Zabirova, I., & Rozhanets, V. (2011b). Chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, psychoactive components of smoking mixtures. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 879, 1126–1136. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.034.
37. Gunderson, E. W., Haughey, H. M., Ait-Daoud, N., Joshi, A. S., & Hart, C. L. (2012). “spice” and “K2” herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of synthetic cannabinoid use in humans. The American Journal on Addictions, 21, 320–326. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00240.x.
38. Gunderson, E. W., Haughey, H. M., Ait-Daoud, N., Joshi, A. S., & Hart, C. L. (2014). A survey of synthetic cannabinoid consumption by current cannabis users. Substance Abuse, 35, 184–189. doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.846288.
39. Helander, A., Beck, O., Hägerkvist, R., & Hulthén, P. (2013). Identification of novel psychoactive drug use in Sweden based on laboratory analysis: initial experiences from the STRIDA project. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 73, 400–406. doi:10.3109/00365513.2013.793817.
40. Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Szabo, B., & Auwarter, V. (2013). Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction, 108, 534–544. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04078.x.
41. Hillebrand, J., Olszewski, D., & Sedefov, R. (2010). Legal highs on the internet. Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 330–340. doi:10.3109/10826080903443628.
42. Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., King, L., Timbers, S., Maynard, S., Dargan, P. I., & Wood, D. M. (2010). Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in “herbal high” products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34, 252–260.
43. Hurst, D., Loeffler, G., & McLay, R. (2011). Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1119. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176.
44. Husserl, E. (1970). Logical investigation. New York: Humanities Press.
45. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & JE, S. (2015). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975-2014: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Institute For Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan.
46. Karlsson, G. (1995). Psychological qualitative research from a phenomenological perspective. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
47. Kavanagh P, Spiers P, O’Brien J, McNamara S, Angelov D, Mullan D, Talbot B, Ryder S (2010) Head shop ‘legal highs’ active constituents identification chart (July/August 2010, ‘714’ – ‘823’). Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, TCD, Dublin. Available via http://www.drugs.ie/pdfs/2010/head_shop_ID_poster_may_post_ban.pdf. Accessed 20th July 2015.
48. Kikura-Hanajiri, R., Uchiyama, N., & Goda, Y. (2011). Survey of current trends in the abuse of psychotropic substances and plants in Japan. Leg Med (Tokyo), 13, 109–115. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.02.003.
49. Kjellgren, A., & Jonsson, K. (2013). Methoxetamine (MXE)–a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a “legal high” from the internet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45, 276–286.
50. Levasseur, J. J. (2003). The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 408–420. doi:10.1177/1049732302250337.
51. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
52. Lindigkeit, R., Boehme, A., Eiserloh, I., Luebbecke, M., Wiggermann, M., Ernst, L., & Beuerle, T. (2009). Spice: A never ending story? Forensic Science International, 191, 58–63. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.008.
53. McElrath, K., & Van Hout, M. C. (2011). A preference for mephedrone: Drug Markets, drugs of choice and the emerging ‘legal high’ scene. Journal of Drug Issues, 41, 487–507.
54. Meshack A, Peters RJ.Jr, Mi-Ting L, Hill M, Abughosh S, Essien EJ, Savage C (2013) The beliefs of teenage male cannabinoid users: a qualitative study. American Journal of Health Studies 28:109–113.
55. Müller, H., Huttner, H. B., Kohrmann, M., Wielopolski, J. E., Kornhuber, J., & Sperling, W. (2010a). Panic attack after spice abuse in a patient with ADHD. Pharmacopsychiatry, 43, 152–153. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1243252.
56. Müller, H., Sperling, W., Kohrmann, M., Huttner, H. B., Kornhuber, J., & Maler, J. M. (2010b). The synthetic cannabinoid spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes. Schizophrenia Research, 118, 309–310. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.001.
57. Pierre, J. M. (2011). Cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, and psychosis risk: what the evidence says: research suggests marijuana may be a ‘component cause’ of psychosis. Current Psychology, 10, 9.
58. Rominger, A., Cumming, P., Xiong, G., Koller, G., Forster, S., Zwergal, A., Karamatskos, E., Bartenstein, P., La Fougere, C., & Pogarell, O. (2013). Effects of acute detoxification of the herbal blend ‘spice gold’ on dopamine D2/3 receptor availability: a [18F]fallypride PET study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 1606–1610. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.01.009.
59. Roussel, O., Carlin, M. G., Bouvot, X., & Tensorer, L. (2015). The emergence of synthetic cannabinoids in Mayotte. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique, 27, 18–22. doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2014.12.002.
60. Schifano, F., Deluca, P., Baldacchino, A., Peltoniemi, T., Scherbaum, N., Torrens, M., Farre, M., Flores, I., Rossi, M., Eastwood, D., Guionnet, C., Rawaf, S., Agosti, L., Di Furia, L., Brigada, R., Majava, A., Siemann, H., Leoni, M., Tomasin, A., Rovetto, F., & Ghodse, A. H. (2006). Drugs on the web; the Psychonaut 2002 EU project. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 30, 640–646.
61. Schifano, F., Corazza, O., Deluca, P., Davey, Z., Lucia, D. F., Farre, M., Flesland, L., Mannonen, M., Pagani, S., Peltoniemi, T., Pezzolesi, C., Scherbaum, N., Siemann, H., Skutle, A., Torrens, M., & Van Der Kreeft, P. (2009). Psychoactive drug mystical incense? overview of the online available information on spice products. Int J Cult Ment Health, 2, 137–144. doi:10.1080/17542860903350888.
62. Schifano, F., Ricciardi, A., Corazza, O., Deluca, P., Davey, Z., & Rafanelli, C. (2010). New drugs of abuse on the Web: the role of the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Rivista di Psichiatria, 45, 88–93.
63. Schneir, A. B., Cullen, J., & Ly, B. T. (2011). “spice” girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 40, 296–269. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014.
64. Seely, K. A., Prather, P. L., James, L. P., & Moran, J. H. (2011). Marijuana-based drugs: innovative therapeutics or designer drugs of abuse? Molecular Interventions, 11, 36–51. doi:10.1124/mi.11.1.6.
65. Seely, K. A., Lapoint, J., Moran, J. H., & Frattore, L. (2012). Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 39, 234–243. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017.
66. Simmons, J. R., Skinner, C. G., Williams, J., Kang, C. S., Schwartz, M. D., & Wills, B. K. (2011a). Intoxication from smoking “spice”. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 57, 187–188. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.08.039.
67. Simmons, J., Cookman, L., Kang, C., & Skinner, C. (2011b). Three cases of “spice” exposure. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 49, 431–433. doi:10.3109/15563650.2011.584316.
68. Sobolevsky, T., Prasolov, I., & Rodchenkov, G. (2010). Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine. Forensic Science International, 200, 141–147. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.003.
69. Soussan, C., & Kjellgren, A. (2014). The flip side of “spice”: the adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids as discussed on a Swedish internet forum. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 31, 207–220.
70. Spaderna, M., Addy, P. H., & D’Souza, D. C. (2013). Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology, 228, 525–540. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3188-4.
71. Tung, C. K., Chiang, T. P., & Lam, M. (2012). Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: a potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong. East Asian Arch Psychiatry, 22, 31–33.
72. Tuv, S. S., Strand, M. C., Karinen, R., Øiestad, E. L., Christophersen, A. S., & Vindenes, V. (2012). Effect and occurrence of synthetic cannabinoids. Tidsskrift for den Norske Lægeforening, 132, 2285–2288. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.12.0471.
73. Uchiyama, N., Kikura-Hanajiri, R., Ogata, J., & Goda, Y. (2010). Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products. Forensic Science International, 198, 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.01.004.
74. Van der Veer, N., & Fiday, J. (2011). Persistent psychosis following the use of spice. Schizophrenia Research, 130, 285–286. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.022.
75. Van Hout, M. C., & Bingham, T. (2012). A costly turn On: patterns of use and perceived consequences of mephedrone based head shop products amongst Irish injectors. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 23, 188–197. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.01.008.
76. Van Hout, M. C., & Brennan, R. (2011a). Plantfood for thought: A qualitative study of mephedrone use in Ireland. Drugs: Educ Prev Polic, 18, 371–381. doi:10.3109/09687637.2010.537713.
77. Van Hout, M. C., & Brennan, R. (2011b). Bump and grind: An exploratory study of mephedrone users’ perceptions of sexuality and sexual risk. Drug Alcohol Today, 11, 93–104.
78. Van Hout, M. C., & Brennan, R. (2011c). Heads held high: An exploratory study of legal highs in pre legislation Ireland. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 10, 256–272. doi:10.1080/15332640.2011.600210.
79. Van Hout, M. C., & Brennan, R. (2012). Curiosity killed M-cat: A post legislative study on mephedrone use in Ireland. Drugs: Educ Prev Polic, 19, 156–162.
80. Vandrey, R., Dunn, K. E., Fry, J. A., & Girling, E. R. (2012). A survey study to characterize use of spice products (synthetic cannabinoids). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120, 238–241. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.011.
81. Vardakou, I., Pistos, C., & Spiliopoulou, C. H. (2010). Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation. Toxicology Letters, 197, 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.06.002.
82. Vearrier, D., & Osterhoudt, K. C. (2010). A teenager with agitation: higher than she should have climbed. Pediatric Emergency Care, 26, 462–465. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416.
83. Wallendorf, M., & Belk, R. W. (1989). Assessing trustworthiness in naturalistic consumer research. In E. C. Hirschman (Ed.), Interpretive consumer research (pp. 69–84). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
84. Westphal, F., Junge, T., Sonnichsen, F., Rosner, P., & Schaper, J. (2010). Ein neuer wirkstoff in SPICE-artigen Kräutermischungen: charakterisierung von JWH-250, seinen methyl-und trimethylsilylderivaten [A new compound in herbal mixtures: characterisation of JWH-250, its methyl- and trimethylsilyl-derivatives]. Toxichem Krimtech, 77, 46–58.
85. Winstock, A. R., & Barratt, M. J. (2013). Synthetic cannabis: A comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131, 106–111. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.011.
86. Zimmermann, U. S., Winkelmann, P. R., Pilhatsch, M., Nees, J. A., Spanagel, R., & Schulz, K. (2009). Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of “spice gold”. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 106, 464–467. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0464.
87. Zuba, D., Byrska, B., & Maciow, M. (2011). Comparison of “herbal highs” composition. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 400, 119–126. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4743-7.