K2 and Spice use among a cohort of college students in southeast region of the USA

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 317-322

  Egan, Kathleen L ^a   Suerken, Cynthia K ^a   Reboussin, Beth A ^a   Spangler, John ^a   Wagoner, Kimberly G ^a   Sutfin, Erin L ^a   Debinski, Beata ^a   Wolfson, Mark ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

College student; K2; Spice; Synthetic marijuana

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS DERIVATIVE; ILLICIT DRUG; STREET DRUG;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CANNABIS USE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLLEGE STUDENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INCIDENCE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREVALENCE; SENSATION SEEKING; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SUBSTANCE USE; UNITED STATES; ADOLESCENT; CANNABIS SMOKING; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; NORTH CAROLINA; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STUDENT; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNIVERSITY; VIRGINIA; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; NORTH CAROLINA; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; STREET DRUGS; STUDENTS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNIVERSITIES; VIRGINIA; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84946021054     PISSN: 00952990     EISSN: 10979891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1043438     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Griffiths P, Sedefov R, Gallegos A, Lopez D. How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: "spice" a case study. Addiction 2010;105:951-953.
2. National Institute on Drug Abuse. DrugFacts: Spice (Synthetic Marijuana). 2012. Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/spice-synthetic-marijuana [last accessed 16 Jan 2014].
3. Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM. Here today, gone tomorrow⋯ and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol 2012;8:15-32.
4. Seely KA, Lapoint J, Moran JH, Fattore L. Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012;39:234-243.
5. Seely KA, Prather PL, James LP, Moran JH. Marijuana-based drugs: innovative therapeutics or designer drugs of abuse? Mol Interv 2011;11:36-51.
6. Spaderna M, Addy PH, D'Souza DC. Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2013;228:525-540.
7. Arnett JJ. The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. J Drug Issues 2005;35:235-254.
8. Johnston L, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the Future, national survey results on drug use, 1975-2007: Volume II college students and young adults ages 19-45. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse; 2008.
9. Johnston L, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Miech RA. Monitoring the Future, national survey results on drug use, 1975-2013: Volume 2, college students and adults ages 19-55. Ann Arbor (MA): Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; 2014.
10. Stone AL, Becker LG, Huber AM, Catalano RF. Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addict Behav 2012;37:747-775.
11. Castellanos D, Singh S, Thornton G, Avila M, Moreno A. Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2011;49:347-349.
12. Forrester MB, Kleinschmidt K, Schwarz E, Young A. Synthetic cannabinoid and marijuana exposures reported to poison centers. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012;31:1006-1011.
13. Hoyte CO, Jacob J, Monte AA, Al-Jumaan M, Bronstein AC, Heard KJ. A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data system in 2010. Ann Emerg Med 2012;60:435-438.
14. Stogner JM, Miller BL. A spicy kind of high: a profile of synthetic cannabinoid users. J Subst Use 2014;19:199-205.
15. Vandrey R, Dunn KE, Fry JA, Girling ER. A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids). Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;120:238-241.
16. Wood KE. Exposure to bath salts and synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol from 2009 to 2012 in the United States. J Pediatr 2013;163: 213-216.
17. Xingdi Hu, Primack BA, Barnett TE, Cook RL. College students and use of K2: an emerging drug of abuse in young persons. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2011;6:16-19.
18. Stogner JM, Eassey JM, Baldwin JM, Miller BL. Innovative alcohol use: assessing the prevalence of alcohol without liquid and other non-oral routes of alcohol administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;142:74-78.
19. Bell R, Wechsler H, Johnston LD. Correlates of college student marijuana use: results of a US National Survey. Addiction 1997;92: 571-581.
20. McCabe SE, Schulenberg JE, Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Kloska DD. Selection and socialization effects of fraternities and sororities on US college student substance use: a multi-cohort national longitudinal study. Addiction 2005;100: 512-524.
21. Brook JS, Zhang C, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personal predictors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011;165:55-60.
22. Martin CA, Kelly TH, Rayens MK, Brogli BR, Brenzel A, Smith WJ, Omar HA, et al. Sensation seeking, puberty, and nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana use in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:1495-1502.
23. Buckman JF, Yusko DA, White HR, Pandina RJ. Risk profile of male college athletes who use performance-enhancing substances. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2009;70:919-923.
24. Wechsler H, Davenport AE, Dowdall GW, Grossman SJ, Zanakos SI. Binge drinking, tobacco, and illicit drug use and involvement in college athletics. J Am Coll Health 1997;45: 195-200.
25. Jessor R, Chase JA, Donovan JE. Psychosocial correlates of marijuana use and problem drinking in a national sample of adolescents. Am J Public Health 1980;70:604-613.
26. Faircloth J, Khandheria B, Shum S. Case report: adverse reaction to synthetic marijuana. Am J Addict 2012;21:289-290.
27. Jerry J, Collins G, Streem D. Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: the emerging "incense" and "bath salt" phenomenon. Cleve Clin J Med 2012;79:258-264.
28. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Synthetic drugs (a.k.a. K2, Spice, bath salts, etc.). Available from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/ondcp-fact-sheets/synthetic-drugs-k2-spice-bath-salts [last accessed 26 Aug 2014].
29. Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A, Kane C. Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 2011;128:e1622-1627.
30. Every-Palmer S. Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;117:152-157.
31. Haiken M. "Spice" or synthetic marijuana linked to psychosis, brain, and kidney damage. Forbes 2013. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/melaniehaiken/2013/06/29/spice-or-syntheticmarijuana-may-cause-psychosis-brain-and-kidney-damage/ [last accessed 25 Mar 2014].
32. Lapoint J, James LP, Moran CL, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS, Moran JH. Severe toxicity following synthetic cannabinoid ingestion. Clin Toxicol 2011;49:760-764.
33. Alexander B. Synthetic pot warning: "Spice" users don't how deadly drug can be. TODAY 2014. Available from: http://www.today.com/health/synthetic-pot-warning-spice-users-dont-howdeadly-drug-can-1D80058128 [last accessed 15 Aug 2014].
34. Update: Drug-related emergency department visits involving synthetic cannabinoids. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014. Available from: http://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/201410161215 [last accessed 21 Oct 2014].
35. Spangler J, Song E, Pockey J, Sutfin EL, Reboussin BA, Wagoner KG, Wolfson M, et al. Correlates of smokeless tobacco use among first year college students. Health Educ J 2014;73: 693-701.
36. Suerken CK, Reboussin BA, Sutfin EL, Wagoner KG, Spangler J, Wolfson M. Prevalence of marijuana use at college entry and risk factors for initiation during freshman year. Addict Behav 2014;39: 302-307.
37. Wolfson M, Pockey JR, Reboussin BA, Sutfin EL, Egan KL, Wagoner KG, Spangler JG, et al. First-year college students' interest in trying dissolvable tobacco products. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;134:309-313.
38. Hoyle RH, Stephenson MT, Palmgreen P, Lorch, EP, Donohew R. Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personal Individ Differ 2002;32:401-414.
39. Stephenson MT, Hoyle RH, Palmgreen P, Slater MD. Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;72:279-286.
40. Pfeffermann D, Skinner C, Holmes D, Goldstein H, Rasbash J. Weighting for unequal selection probabilities in multilevel models. JR Stat Soc Ser B 1998;60:123-140.
41. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Chemicals used in "Spice" and "K2" type products now under federal control and regulation. 2011. Available from: http://www.justice.gov/dea/divisions/hq/2011/hq030111.shtml [last accessed 26 Aug 2014].
42. Drug Enforcement Agency. Congress agrees to add 26 synthetic drugs to Controlled Substances Act. 2012. Available from: http://www.justice.gov/dea/divisions/hq/2012/hq061912.shtml [last accessed 26 Aug 2014].
43. National Conference of State Legislatures. Synthetic cannabinoids (a.k.a. "K2"/"Spice") Enactments. 2012. Available from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/syntheticcannabinoids-enactments.aspx [last accessed 26 Aug 2014].
44. The Partnership at Drugfree.org. Federal law banning synthetic drugs may not be effective, some experts say. 2012. Available from: http://www.drugfree.org/join-together/drugs/federal-law-banningsynthetic-drugs-may-not-be-effective-some-experts-say [last accessed 11 Nov 2013].
45. Bachman JG, Wadsworth KN, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD, Schulenberg JE. Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: the impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities. New York: Psychology Press; 2013.
46. White H, McMorris BJ, Catalono RF, Fleming CB, Haggerty KP, Abbott RD. Increases in alcohol and marijuana use during the transition out of high school into emerging adulthood: the effects of leaving home, going to college, and high school protective factors. J Stud Alcohol 2006;67:810-822.
47. Jarrett T, Blosnich J, Tworek C, Horn K. Hookah use among U.S. college students: results from the National College Health Assessment II. Nicotine Tob Res 2012. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts003.
48. Sutfin EL, McCoy TP, Reboussin BA, Wagoner KG, Spangler J, Wolfson M. Prevalence and correlates of waterpipe tobacco smoking by college students in North Carolina. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;115:131-136.