Review article: The global emergence of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 514-533

  Thung, I ^a   Aramin, H ^a   Vavinskaya, V ^a   Gupta, S ^a   Park, J Y ^b   Crowe, S E ^a   Valasek, M A ^a  

^a UCSD MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BISMUTH; BISMUTH CITRATE; CLARITHROMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ESOMEPRAZOLE; FURAZOLIDONE; LANSOPRAZOLE; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE; RIFABUTIN; SITAFLOXACIN; TETRACYCLINE; TROVAFLOXACIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CHINA; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG EFFICACY; ERADICATION THERAPY; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INVASIVE PROCEDURE; ITALY; JAPAN; MICROBIAL VIABILITY; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; SWEDEN; TAIWAN; UNITED STATES; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; HEALTH; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CHINA; CLARITHROMYCIN; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; FEMALE; GLOBAL HEALTH; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; PREVALENCE; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84954362099     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: 13652036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/apt.13497     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al,. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-The Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-64.
2. Williams MP, Pounder RE,. Helicobacter pylori: from the benign to the malignant. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (11 Suppl.): S11-6.
3. Blaser MJ, Atherton JC,. Helicobacter pylori persistence: biology and disease. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 321-33.
4. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, et al,. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 74-94.
5. Marshall BJ, Warren JR,. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; 1: 1311-5.
6. Vakil N, Megraud F,. Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 985-1001.
7. Fukase K, Kato M, Kikuchi S, et al,. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 392-7.
8. Banic M, Franceschi F, Babic Z, Gasbarrini A,. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2012; 17 (Suppl. 1): 49-55.
9. Chen B-F, Xu X, Deng Y, et al,. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and serum interleukin-18 in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 124-8.
10. Brown LM,. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev 2000; 22: 283-97.
11. Vale FF, Vítor JMB,. Transmission pathway of Helicobacter pylori: does food play a role in rural and urban areas? Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 138: 1-12.
12. Khalifa MM, Sharaf RR, Aziz RK,. Helicobacter pylori: a poor man's gut pathogen? Gut Pathog 2010; 2: 2.
13. Bassily S, Frenck RW, Mohareb EW, et al,. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Egyptian newborns and their mothers: a preliminary report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61: 37-40.
14. Yang Y-J, Sheu B-S, Lee S-C, Yang H-B, Wu J-J,. Children of Helicobacter pylori-infected dyspeptic mothers are predisposed to H. pylori acquisition with subsequent iron deficiency and growth retardation. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 249-55.
15. Kivi M, Johansson ALV, Reilly M, Tindberg Y,. Helicobacter pylori status in family members as risk factors for infection in children. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133: 645-52.
16. Weyermann M, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H,. Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood: independent contributions of infected mothers, fathers, and siblings. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 182-9.
17. Opekun AR, Gilger MA, Denyes SM, et al,. Helicobacter pylori infection in children of Texas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31: 405-10.
18. Gisbert JP, Pajares JM,. Review article: Helicobacter pylori "rescue" regimen when proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies fail. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1047-57.
19. Glupczynski Y, Mégraud F, Lopez-Brea M, Andersen LP,. European multicentre survey of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 820-3.
20. Graham DY, Shiotani A,. New concepts of resistance in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5: 321-31.
21. Gisbert JP, Pajares JM,. Helicobacter pylori "rescue" therapy after failure of two eradication treatments. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 363-72.
22. Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, et al,. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013; 62: 34-42.
23. Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P,. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 565-70.
24. Boyanova L, Mitov I,. Geographic map and evolution of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibacterial agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8: 59-70.
25. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al,. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64: 1353-67.
26. Zullo A, Hassan C, Lorenzetti R, Winn S, Morini S,. A clinical practice viewpoint: to culture or not to culture Helicobacter pylori? Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35: 357-61.
27. De Boer WA, Tytgat GN,. Regular review: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. BMJ 2000; 320: 31-4.
28. Calvet X, Gené E, Sanfeliu I,. Therapeutic strategies in Helicobacter pylori infection. Med Clin (Barc) 2001; 116: 239.
29. Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, et al,. Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2011; 20: 299-304.
30. Bastos J, Peleteiro B, Barros R, et al,. Sociodemographic determinants of prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Portuguese adults. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 413-22.
31. Bruce MG, Maaroos HI,. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2008; 13 (Suppl. 1): 1-6.
32. Fujimoto Y, Furusyo N, Toyoda K, Takeoka H, Sawayama Y, Hayashi J,. Intrafamilial transmission of Helicobacter pylori among the population of endemic areas in Japan. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 170-6.
33. Ford AC, Axon ATR,. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. Helicobacter 2010; 15 (Suppl. 1): 1-6.
34. Sánchez Ceballos F, Taxonera Samsõ C, García Alonso C, Alba Lõpez C, Sainz de Los Terreros Soler L, Díaz-Rubio M,. [Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the healthy population of Madrid (Spain)]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2007; 99: 497-501.
35. Zhang M, Zhou Y-Z, Li X-Y, et al,. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in elderly people in the Beijing region, China. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 3635-9.
36. Fujisawa T, Kumagai T, Akamatsu T, Kiyosawa K, Matsunaga Y,. Changes in seroepidemiological pattern of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus over the last 20 years in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2094-9.
37. Rahman R, Asombang AW, Ibdah JA,. Characteristics of gastric cancer in Asia. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 4483-90.
38. Ma JL, You WC, Gail MH, et al,. Helicobacter pylori infection and mode of transmission in a population at high risk of stomach cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 570-3.
39. Fock KM, Ang TL,. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 479-86.
40. Lin H-Y, Chuang C-K, Lee H-C, Chiu N-C, Lin S-P, Yeung C-Y,. A seroepidemiologic study of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus infection in primary school students in Taipei. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2005; 38: 176-82.
41. Yim JY, Kim N, Choi SH, et al,. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in South Korea. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 333-40.
42. Lim SH, Kwon J-W, Kim N, et al,. Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea: nationwide multicenter study over 13 years. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 104.
43. Martín-de-Argila C, Boixeda D, Cantõn R, et al,. Helicobacter pylori infection in a healthy population in Spain. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 1165-8.
44. Macenlle García R, Gayoso Diz P, Sueiro Benavides RA, Fernández Seara J,. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the general adult population of the province of Ourense. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006; 98: 241-8.
45. Grande M, Cadeddu F, Villa M, et al,. Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Surg Oncol 2008; 6: 74.
46. Scarpa M, Angriman I, Prando D, et al,. Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a cross sectional study. Hepatogast-roenterology 2011; 58: 69-75.
47. Ierardi E, Giorgio F, Losurdo G, Di Leo A, Principi M,. How antibiotic resistances could change Helicobacter pylori treatment: a matter of geography? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 8168-80.
48. Storskrubb T, Aro P, Ronkainen J, et al,. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori strains in a random adult Swedish population. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 224-30.
49. Sörberg M, Nyrén O, Granström M,. Unexpected decrease with age of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence among Swedish blood donors. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4038-42.
50. Boyanova L, Koumanova R, Jelev C, Petrov S,. Helicobacters in Bulgarian children. J R Soc Med 1997; 90: 588-9.
51. Us D, Hasçelik G,. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in an asymptomatic Turkish population. J Infect 1998; 37: 148-50.
52. 13C-Urea breath test. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1215.
53. Grad YH, Lipsitch M, Aiello AE,. Secular trends in Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in adults in the United States: evidence for sustained race/ethnic disparities. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175: 54-9.
54. Pérez-Pérez GI, Bhat N, Gaensbauer J, et al,. Country-specific constancy by age in cagA+ proportion of Helicobacter pylori infections. Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 453-6.
55. Bernstein CN, McKeown I, Embil JM, et al,. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori, incidence of gastric cancer, and peptic ulcer-associated hospitalizations in a Canadian Indian population. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: 668-74.
56. Chen Y, Blaser MJ,. Association between gastric Helicobacter pylori colonization and glycated hemoglobin levels. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 1195-202.
57. Meyer JM, Silliman NP, Wang W, et al,. Risk factors for Helicobacter pylori resistance in the United States: the surveillance of H. pylori antimicrobial resistance partnership (SHARP) study, 1993-1999. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 13-24.
58. Graham DY,. Helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 719-31.e3.
59. Graham DY, Shiotani A,. Which therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection? Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 10-2.
60. Chuah S-K, Tsay F-W, Hsu P-I, Wu D-C,. A new look at anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 3971-5.
61. Graham DY, Fischbach L,. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gut 2010; 59: 1143-53.
62. Kobayashi I, Murakami K, Kato M, et al,. Changing antimicrobial susceptibility epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori strains in Japan between 2002 and 2005. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 4006-10.
63. Duck WM, Sobel J, Pruckler JM, et al,. Antimicrobial resistance incidence and risk factors among Helicobacter pylori-infected persons, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1088-94.
64. Perez Aldana L, Kato M, Nakagawa S, et al,. The relationship between consumption of antimicrobial agents and the prevalence of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance. Helicobacter 2002; 7: 306-9.
65. McMahon BJ, Hennessy TW, Bensler JM, et al,. The relationship among previous antimicrobial use, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment outcomes for Helicobacter pylori infections. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 463-9.
66. Bruce MG, Bruden DL, McMahon BJ, et al,. Alaska sentinel surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Alaska native persons, 1999-2003. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 581-8.
67. Carothers JJ, Bruce MG, Hennessy TW, et al,. The relationship between previous fluoroquinolone use and levofloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: e5-8.
68. McNulty CAM, Lasseter G, Shaw I, et al,. Is Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance surveillance needed and how can it be delivered? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 1221-30.
69. Cars O, Mölstad S, Melander A,. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet (London, England) 2001; 357: 1851-3.
70. Horiki N, Omata F, Uemura M, et al,. Annual change of primary resistance to clarithromycin among Helicobacter pylori isolates from 1996 through 2008 in Japan. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 86-90.
71. Okamura T, Suga T, Nagaya T, et al,. Antimicrobial resistance and characteristics of eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori in Japan: a multi-generational comparison. Helicobacter 2014; 19: 214-20.
72. Gao W, Cheng H, Hu F, et al,. The evolution of Helicobacter pylori antibiotics resistance over 10 years in Beijing, China. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 460-6.
73. Zhang Y-X, Zhou L-Y, Song Z-Q, Zhang J-Z, He L-H, Ding Y,. Primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with dyspeptic symptoms in Beijing: a prospective serial study. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 2786-92.
74. De Francesco V, Giorgio F, Hassan C, et al,. Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2010; 19: 409-14.
75. Tsay F-W, Wu D-C, Kao S-S, et al,. Reverse sequential therapy achieves a similar eradication rate as standard sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized controlled trial. Helicobacter 2015; 20: 71-7.
76. Kim JJ, Reddy R, Lee M, et al,. Analysis of metronidazole, clarithromycin and tetracycline resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Korea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 459-61.
77. Hwang TJ, Kim N, Bin Kim H, et al,. Change in antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains and the effect of A2143G point mutation of 23S rRNA on the eradication of H. pylori in a single center of Korea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: 536-43.
78. Lee JH, Shin J-H, Roe IH, et al,. Impact of clarithromycin resistance on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1600-3.
79. Mégraud F,. H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004; 53: 1374-84.
80. Agudo S, Pérez-Pérez G, Alarcõn T, Lõpez-Brea M,. High prevalence of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains and risk factors associated with resistance in Madrid, Spain. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 3703-7.
81. Saracino IM, Zullo A, Holton J, et al,. High prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Italy. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012; 21: 363-5.
82. Boyanova L, Nikolov R, Gergova G, et al,. Two-decade trends in primary Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Bulgaria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 67: 319-26.
83. Boyanova L, Davidkov L, Gergova G, et al,. Helicobacter pylori susceptibility to fosfomycin, rifampin, and 5 usual antibiotics for H. pylori eradication. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79: 358-61.
84. Osato MS, Reddy R, Reddy SG, Penland RL, Malaty HM, Graham DY,. Pattern of primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole or clarithromycin in the United States. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1217-20.
85. Shiota S, Reddy R, Alsarraj A, El-Serag HB, Graham DY,. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori among male United States Veterans. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1616-24.
86. Mitui M, Patel A, Leos NK, Doern CD, Park JY,. Novel Helicobacter pylori sequencing test identifies high rate of clarithromycin resistance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: 6-9.
87. An B, Moon BS, Kim H, et al,. Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains and its effect on H. pylori eradication rates in a single center in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2013; 33: 415.
88. Chang W-L, Sheu B-S, Cheng H-C, Yang Y-J, Yang H-B, Wu J-J,. Resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin of Helicobacter pylori before and after clarithromycin-based therapy in Taiwan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 1230-5.
89. Chung J-W, Lee GH, Jeong J-Y, et al,. Resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains to antibiotics in Korea with a focus on fluoroquinolone resistance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 493-7.
90. Cuadrado-Lavin A, Salcines-Caviedes JR, Carrascosa MF, et al,. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to six antibiotics currently used in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67: 170-3.
91. Ferrero M, Ducõns JA, Sicilia B, Santolaria S, Sierra E, Gomollõn F,. Factors affecting the variation in antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori over a 3-year period. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 16: 245-8.
92. Gotoh A, Kawakami Y, Akahane T, et al,. Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates against agents commonly administered for eradication therapy and the efficacy of chemotherapy. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41: 7-12.
93. Hiyama T, Tanaka S, Masuda H, et al,. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole determined by 23S ribosomal RNA and rdxA gene analyses in Hiroshima, Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 1202-7.
94. Kato M, Yamaoka Y, Kim JJ, et al,. Regional differences in metronidazole resistance and increasing clarithromycin resistance among Helicobacter pylori isolates from Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 2214-6.
95. Kim N, Kim JM, Kim CH, et al,. Institutional difference of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains in Korea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 683-7.
96. Liou J-M, Chang C-Y, Chen M-J, et al,. The primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Taiwan after the National Policy to Restrict Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relation to Virulence Factors-A Nationwide Study, Schildgen O, editor. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0124199.
97. Lõpez-Brea M, Domingo D, Sanchez I, Alarcon T,. Evolution of resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates from Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 279-81.
98. Lõpez-Brea M, Martínez MJ, Domingo D, Alarcõn T,. A 9 year study of clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori from Spanish children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48: 295-7.
99. Perna F, Gatta L, Figura N, et al,. Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2157-61.
100. Pilotto A, Rassu M, Leandro G, Franceschi M, Di Mario F,. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Northeast Italy: a multicentre study. GISU. Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Ulcer. Dig Liver Dis 2000; 32: 763-8.
101. Poon S-K, Lai C-H, Chang C-S, et al,. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Taiwan in relation to consumption of antimicrobial agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34: 162-5.
102. Realdi G, Dore MP, Piana A, et al,. Pretreatment antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection: results of three randomized controlled studies. Helicobacter 1999; 4: 106-12.
103. Boyanova L, Stancheva I, Spassova Z, Katzarov N, Mitov I, Koumanova R,. Primary and combined resistance to four antimicrobial agents in Helicobacter pylori in Sofia, Bulgaria. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 415-8.
104. Boyanova L, Gergova G, Nikolov R, et al,. Prevalence and evolution of Helicobacter pylori resistance to 6 antibacterial agents over 12 years and correlation between susceptibility testing methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 60: 409-15.
105. Ozcay F, Kocak N, Temizel INS, et al,. Helicobacter pylori infection in Turkish children: comparison of diagnostic tests, evaluation of eradication rate, and changes in symptoms after eradication. Helicobacter 2004; 9: 242-8.
106. Caliskan R, Tokman HB, Erzin Y, et al,. Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains to five antibiotics, including levofloxacin, in Northwestern Turkey. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48: 278-84.
107. Megraud F,. Surveillance de la résistance de Helicobacter pylori aux antibiotiques. In:, Desenclos JC, Vaillant V, Bonmarin I, eds. Surveillance Nationale des Maladies Infectieuses 1998-2000. St Maurice, France: Inst Veill Sanit, 2003; 327-9.
108. Wolle K, Leodolter A, Malfertheiner P, König W,. Antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori in Germany: stable primary resistance from 1995 to 2000. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51: 705-9.
109. Toracchio S, Marzio L,. Primary and secondary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in central Italy during the years 1998-2002. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35: 541-5.
110. Torres J, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Pérez-Pérez G, et al,. Increasing multidrug resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children and adults in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2677-80.
111. Bago J, Halle ZB, Strinic D, et al,. The impact of primary antibiotic resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate- vs. omeprazole-based one-week triple therapies in H. pylori eradication-A randomised controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002; 114: 448-53.
112. Fallone CA,. Epidemiology of the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Canada. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14: 879-82.
113. Cuchí Burgos E, Forné Bardera M, Quintana Riera S, Lite Lite J, Garau Alemany J,. [Evolution of the sensitivity of 235 strains of Helicobacter pylori from 1995 to 1998 and impact of antibiotic treatment]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2002; 20: 157-60.
114. Parsons HK, Carter MJ, Sanders DS, Winstanley T, Lobo AJ,. Helicobacter pylori antimicrobial resistance in the United Kingdom: the effect of age, sex and socio-economic status. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 1473-8.
115. Ling TKW, Leung WK, Lee CC, et al,. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori in Hong Kong (1997-2001). Helicobacter 2002; 7: 327-8.
116. Cabrita J, Oleastro M, Matos R, et al,. Features and trends in Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Lisbon area, Portugal (1990-1999). J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46: 1029-31.
117. Kim JM,. Distribution of fluoroquinolone MICs in Helicobacter pylori strains from Korean patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 965-7.
118. Lee CC, Lee VWY, Chan FKL, Ling TKW,. Levofloxacin-Resistant Helicobacter pylori in Hong Kong. Chemotherapy 2008; 54: 50-3.
119. Liao J, Zheng Q, Liang X, et al,. Effect of fluoroquinolone resistance on 14-day levofloxacin triple and triple plus bismuth quadruple therapy. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 373-7.
120. Miyachi H, Miki I, Aoyama N, et al,. Primary levofloxacin resistance and gyrA/B mutations among Helicobacter pylori in Japan. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 243-9.
121. Sun Q-J, Liang X, Zheng Q, et al,. Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics from 2000 to 2009 in Shanghai. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 5118-21.
122. Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Herscheid AJ, Pot RG, Kuipers EJ, Kusters JG, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM,. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxycillin, tetracycline and trovafloxacin in The Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 511-5.
123. Tankovic J, Lascols C, Sculo Q, Petit J-C, Soussy C-J,. Single and double mutations in gyrA but not in gyrB are associated with low- and high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3942-4.
124. Boyanova L, Mentis A, Gubina M, et al,. The status of antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in eastern Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 388-96.
125. Sugimoto M, Sahara S, Ichikawa H, Kagami T, Uotani T, Furuta T,. High Helicobacter pylori cure rate with sitafloxacin-based triple therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42: 477-83.
126. Song M, Ang TL,. Second and third line treatment options for Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 1517-28.
127. Selgrad M, Tammer I, Langner C, et al,. Different antibiotic susceptibility between antrum and corpus of the stomach, a possible reason for treatment failure of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 16245-51.
128. Godoy APO, Ribeiro ML, Benvengo YHB, et al,. Analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. BMC Gastroenterol 2003; 3: 20.
129. Yoon K-H, Park SW, Lee SW, Kim BJ, Kim JG,. Clarithromycin-based standard triple therapy can still be effective for Helicobacter pylori eradication in some parts of the Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1240-6.
130. Gerrits MM, Schuijffel D, van Zwet AA, Kuipers EJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Kusters JG,. Alterations in penicillin-binding protein 1A confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2229-33.
131. Stenström B, Mendis A, Marshall B,. Helicobacter pylori-The latest in diagnosis and treatment. Aust Fam Physician 2008; 37: 608-12.
132. Biological agents. Volume 100 B. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2012; 100 (Pt B): 1-441.
133. Chey WD, Wong BCY,. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1808-25.
134. Talley NJ, Vakil N,. Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2324-37.
135. Manes G, Menchise A, de Nucci C, Balzano A,. Empirical prescribing for dyspepsia: randomised controlled trial of test and treat versus omeprazole treatment. BMJ 2003; 326: 1118.
136. Rosenstock S, Jørgensen T, Andersen L, Bonnevie O,. Seroconversion and seroreversion in IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori: a serology based prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000; 54: 444-50.
137. Oderda G, Vaira D, Holton J,. Seroconversion for Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 286.
138. Andersen LP, Rosenstock SJ, Bonnevie O, Jørgensen T,. Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G, M, and A antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in an unselected Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 1157-64.
139. She RC, Wilson AR, Litwin CM,. Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM serologic testing compared to stool antigen testing. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009; 16: 1253-5.
140. Atherton JC,. Non-endoscopic tests in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 (Suppl. 1): 11-20.
141. Domínguez J, Forné M, Blanco S, et al,. Comparison of a monoclonal with a polyclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay stool test in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection before and after eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 1735-40.
142. Yaxley J, Chakravarty B,. Helicobacter pylori eradication-an update on the latest therapies. Aust Fam Physician 2014; 43: 301-5.
143. Lopes AI, Vale FF, Oleastro M,. Helicobacter pylori infection-recent developments in diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 9299-313.
144. Malfertheiner P, Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz J, Heckenmüller H, Neubrand M, Fischer HP, Sauerbruch T,. Modified rapid urease test for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 53-6.
145. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P,. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20: 1161-81.
146. Gisbert JP, González L, Calvet X, et al,. Proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and either amoxycillin or nitroimidazole: a meta-analysis of eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 1319-28.
147. Bang CS, Baik GH,. Attempts to enhance the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 5252-62.
148. Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, et al,. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-The Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 167-80.
149. Graham DY, Lee Y-C, Wu M-S,. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 177-86.e3; Discussion e12-3.
150. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain C, et al,. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56: 772-81.
151. Paoluzi P, Iacopini F, Crispino P, et al,. 2-week triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection is better than 1-week in clinical practice: a large prospective single-center randomized study. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 562-8.
152. McColl KEL,. Clinical practice. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1597-604.
153. Fischbach L, Evans EL,. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 343-57.
154. Sun Q, Liang X, Zheng Q, et al,. High efficacy of 14-day triple therapy-based, bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for initial Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 233-8.
155. Garcia N, Calvet X, Gené E, Campo R, Brullet E,. Limited usefulness of a seven-day twice-a-day quadruple therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 1315-8.
156. Perri F, Festa V, Merla A, Quitadamo M, Clemente R, Andriulli A,. Amoxicillin/tetracycline combinations are inadequate as alternative therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2002; 7: 99-104.
157. Wang Z, Wu S,. Doxycycline-based quadruple regimen versus routine quadruple regimen for rescue eradication of Helicobacter pylori: an open-label control study in Chinese patients. Singapore Med J 2012; 53: 273-6.
158. Akyildiz M, Akay S, Musoglu A, Tuncyurek M, Aydin A,. The efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate, amoxicillin and doxycycline or tetracycline regimens as a first line treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20: 53-7.
159. Malfertheiner P, Bazzoli F, Delchier J-C, et al,. Helicobacter pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 905-13.
160. Romano M, Cuomo A, Gravina AG, et al,. Empirical levofloxacin-containing versus clarithromycin-containing sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomised trial. Gut 2010; 59: 1465-70.
161. Webber MA, Piddock LJV,. The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 9-11.
162. Essa AS, Kramer JR, Graham DY, Treiber G,. Meta-analysis: four-drug, three-antibiotic, non-bismuth-containing "concomitant therapy" versus triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 109-18.
163. Georgopoulos S, Papastergiou V, Xirouchakis E, et al,. Nonbismuth quadruple "concomitant" therapy versus standard triple therapy, both of the duration of 10 days, for first-line H. pylori eradication: a randomized trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 228-32.
164. Wu D-C, Hsu P-I, Wu J-Y, et al,. Sequential and concomitant therapy with four drugs is equally effective for eradication of H pylori infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 36-41.e1.
165. Federico A, Nardone G, Gravina AG, et al,. Efficacy of 5-day levofloxacin-containing concomitant therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 55-61. e1; quize e13-4.
166. Kongchayanun C, Vilaichone R, Pornthisarn B, Amornsawadwattana S, Mahachai V,. Pilot studies to identify the optimum duration of concomitant Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in Thailand. Helicobacter 2012; 17: 282-5.
167. Hsu P-I, Wu D-C, Wu J-Y, Graham DY,. Modified sequential Helicobacter pylori therapy: proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin for 14 days with clarithromycin and metronidazole added as a quadruple (hybrid) therapy for the final 7 days. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 139-45.
168. Molina-Infante J, Romano M, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Federico A, Gravina A, Pozzati L,. 14-day, high-dose acid suppression, non-bismuth quadruple therapies ("hybrid" vs. "concomitant") for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized trial. Gut 2012; 61 (Suppl. 3): A47.
169. Molina-Infante J, Romano M, Fernandez-Bermejo M, et al,. Optimized nonbismuth quadruple therapies cure most patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in populations with high rates of antibiotic resistance. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 121-8.e1.
170. Berning M, Krasz S, Miehlke S,. Should quinolones come first in Helicobacter pylori therapy? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011; 4: 103-14.
171. Basu PP, Rayapudi K, Pacana T, Shah NJ, Krishnaswamy N, Flynn M,. A randomized study comparing levofloxacin, omeprazole, nitazoxanide, and doxycycline versus triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 1970-5.
172. Hsu PI, Wu DC, Chen A, et al,. Quadruple rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection after two treatment failures. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38: 404-9.
173. Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Hibi T,. Quinolone-based third-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 44: 119-24.
174. Gisbert JP, Calvet X,. Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 209-21.
175. Almeida C, Azevedo NF, Iversen C, Fanning S, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ,. Development and application of a novel peptide nucleic acid probe for the specific detection of Cronobacter genomospecies (Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75: 2925-30.
176. Kim SY, Jung SW, Kim JH, et al,. Effectiveness of three times daily lansoprazole/amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73: 140-3.
177. Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N, et al,. Evidence that the degree and duration of acid suppression are related to Helicobacter pylori eradication by triple therapy. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 317-23.
178. Kim YK, Kim JS, Kim B-W,. Recent trends of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in Korea. Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2012; 12: 219.
179. Qureshi NN, Gallaher B, Schiller NL,. Evolution of amoxicillin resistance of Helicobacter pylori in vitro: characterization of resistance mechanisms. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20: 509-16.
180. Klesiewicz K, Nowak P, Karczewska E, et al,. PCR-RFLP detection of point mutations A2143G and A2142G in 23S rRNA gene conferring resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori strains. Acta Biochim Pol 2014; 61: 311-5.
181. Goodwin A, Kersulyte D, Sisson G, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Berg DE, Hoffman PS,. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase. Mol Microbiol 1998; 28: 383-93.
182. Jenks PJ, Edwards DI,. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 1-7.
183. Mirzaei N, Poursina F, Moghim S, Rahimi E, Safaei HG,. The mutation of the rdxA gene in metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3: 90.
184. Gerrits MM, de Zoete MR, Arents NLA, Kuipers EJ, Kusters JG,. 16S rRNA mutation-mediated tetracycline resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2996-3000.
185. Cattoir V, Nectoux J, Lascols C, et al,. Update on fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori: new mutations leading to resistance and first description of a gyrA polymorphism associated with hypersusceptibility. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 389-96.
186. Moore RA, Beckthold B, Wong S, Kureishi A, Bryan LE,. Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 107-11.
187. Yamamoto T, Takano T, Higuchi W, et al,. Helicobacter pylori eradication by sitafloxacin-lansoprazole combination and sitafloxacin pharmacokinetics in Mongolian gerbils and its in vitro activity and resistance development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 4261-6.
188. Hirata Y, Ohmae T, Yanai A, et al,. Sitafloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates and sitafloxacin-based triple therapy as a third-line regimen in Japan. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39: 352-5.
189. Heep M, Beck D, Bayerdörffer E, Lehn N,. Rifampin and rifabutin resistance mechanism in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 1497-9.
190. Heep M, Rieger U, Beck D, Lehn N,. Mutations in the beginning of the rpoB gene can induce resistance to rifamycins in both Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1075-7.
191. Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Nishizawa T, et al,. Past rifampicin dosing determines rifabutin resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Digestion 2009; 79: 1-4.
192. Van der Ende A, van Doorn LJ, Rooijakkers S, Feller M, Tytgat GN, Dankert J,. Clarithromycin-susceptible and -resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates with identical randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR genotypes cultured from single gastric biopsy specimens prior to antibiotic therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2648-51.
193. Miendje Deyi VY, Burette A, Bentatou Z, et al,. Practical use of GenoType® HelicoDR, a molecular test for Helicobacter pylori detection and susceptibility testing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70: 557-60.
194. Grignon B, Tankovic J, Mégraud F, et al,. Validation of diffusion methods for macrolide susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 8: 61-6.
195. Hartzen SH, Andersen LP, Bremmelgaard A, et al,. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 230 Helicobacter pylori strains: importance of medium, inoculum, and incubation time. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2634-9.
196. Henriksen TH, Lia A, Schøyen R, Thoresen T, Berstad A,. Assessment of optimal atmospheric conditions for growth of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 718-20.
197. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Approved Standard M7-A5. Informational Supplement M100-S10. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2000.
198. Hachem CY, Clarridge JE, Reddy R, et al,. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori. Comparison of E-test, broth microdilution, and disk diffusion for ampicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 24: 37-41.
199. Destura RV, Labio ED, Barrett LJ, et al,. Laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility profile of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Philippines. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2004; 3: 25.
200. Glupczynski Y, Broutet N, Cantagrel A, et al,. Comparison of the E test and agar dilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 549-52.
201. Yilmaz O, Demiray E,. Clinical role and importance of fluorescence in situ hybridization method in diagnosis of H pylori infection and determination of clarithromycin resistance in H pylori eradication therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 671-5.
202. Burucoa C, Garnier M, Silvain C, Fauchère J-L,. Quadruplex real-time PCR assay using allele-specific scorpion primers for detection of mutations conferring clarithromycin resistance to Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 2320-6.
203. Van Doorn LJ, Glupczynski Y, Kusters JG, et al,. Accurate prediction of macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori by a PCR line probe assay for detection of mutations in the 23S rRNA gene: multicenter validation study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1500-4.
204. Schabereiter-Gurtner C, Hirschl AM, Dragosics B, et al,. Novel real-time PCR assay for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection and simultaneous clarithromycin susceptibility testing of stool and biopsy specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4512-8.
205. Mégraud F, Lehours P,. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 280-322.
206. Rüssmann H, Adler K, Haas R, Gebert B, Koletzko S, Heesemann J,. Rapid and accurate determination of genotypic clarithromycin resistance in cultured Helicobacter pylori by fluorescent in situ hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 4142-4.
207. Perry-O'Keefe H, Stender H, Broomer A, Oliveira K, Coull J, Hyldig-Nielsen JJ,. Filter-based PNA in situ hybridization for rapid detection, identification and enumeration of specific micro-organisms. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90: 180-9.
208. Stender H, Fiandaca M, Hyldig-Nielsen JJ, Coull J,. PNA for rapid microbiology. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 48: 1-17.
209. Cerqueira L, Azevedo NF, Almeida C, Jardim T, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ,. DNA mimics for the rapid identification of microorganisms by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9: 1944-60.
210. Gatta L, Vakil N, Vaira D, Scarpignato C,. Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy. BMJ 2013; 347: f4587.
211. Fujioka T, Aoyama N, Sakai K, et al,. A large-scale nationwide multicenter prospective observational study of triple therapy using rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2011; 47: 276-83.
212. Huang JQ, Hunt RH,. Treatment after failure: the problem of "non-responders". Gut 1999; 45 (Suppl. 1): I40-4.
213. Bruce MG, Bruden DL, Morris JM, et al,. Reinfection after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in three different populations in Alaska. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143: 1236-46.
214. Marais A, Monteiro L, Lamouliatte H, Samoyeau R, Megraud F,. Cag negative status of Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for failure of PPI-based triple therapies in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A214.
215. Van Doorn LJ, Schneeberger PM, Nouhan N, Plaisier AP, Quint WG, de Boer WA,. Importance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA status for the efficacy of antibiotic treatment. Gut 2000; 46: 321-6.
216. Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P,. New strategies for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8: 593-7.
217. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, et al,. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14: 742-50.