Advanced topical drug delivery system for the management of vaginal candidiasis

Drug Delivery

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 550-563

  Johal, Himmat Singh ^a   Garg, Tarun ^a   Rath, Goutam ^a   Goyal, Amit Kumar ^a  

^a ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

Author keywords

Bio adhesive polymers; liposomes; nanotechnology; novel drug delivery systems; vaginal candidiasis

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; AGGLUTININ LIKE SEQUENCE PROTEIN; ALPHA INTEGRIN; ANTIBODY; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; B GLUCAN CONJUGATE VACCINE; CANDIDA ALBICANS EXTRACT; CD18 ANTIGEN; CYCLODEXTRIN; FUNGAL PROTEIN; FUNGAL RNA; FUNGUS VACCINE; HEPCIDIN; HEPTICIN 20; HUMAN DOMAIN ANTIBODY; HYPHAL WALL PROTEIN; LIPOSOME; MICROSPHERE; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR; DRUG CARRIER; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; NANOPARTICLE; POLYMER;

ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; CREAM; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; ENDOCYTOSIS; FEMALE; FUNGAL CELL WALL; GEL; HUMAN; MICROCAPSULE; MICROEMULSION; NONHUMAN; OINTMENT; PATHOGENESIS; POWDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUPPOSITORY; TABLET; TABLET FORMULATION; TOPICAL TREATMENT; VAGINA CANDIDIASIS; VAGINA EPITHELIUM; VAGINA RING; ADHESION; ANIMAL; CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; DRUG EFFECTS; INTRAVAGINAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MUCOSA; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHARMACEUTICS; PROCEDURES; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VAGINA;

ADHESIVENESS; ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVAGINAL; ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; ANIMALS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL; DOSAGE FORMS; DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG COMPOUNDING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLYMERS; PREVALENCE; TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; VAGINA;

EID: 84954348551     PISSN: 10717544     EISSN: 15210464     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.928760     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Abrams L, Weintraub H. (1983). Disposition of radioactivity following intravaginal administration of 3H-miconazole nitrate. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 147: 970-1
2. Abruquah H. (2012). Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from women attending a gynaecological clinic in Kumasi, Ghana. J Sci Technol (Ghana) 32: 39-45
3. Ahmad FJ, Alam MA, Khan ZI, et al. (2008). Development and in vitro evaluation of an acid buffering bioadhesive vaginal gel for mixed vaginal infections. Acta pharmaceutica 58: 407-19
4. Alexander NJ, Baker E, Kaptein M, et al. (2004). Why consider vaginal drug administration? Fertil Steril 82: 1-12
5. Alli J, Okonko I, Odu N, et al. (2011). Detection and prevalence of Candida isolates among patients in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res 1 (3): 176-184
6. Ameen DW. (2011). Development and in vitro evaluation of bioadhesive vaginal tablet using econazole nitrate as a model drug. Iraqi J Pharmaceut Sci 57: 57-65
7. Bacci A, Montagnoli C, Perruccio K, et al. (2002). Dendritic cells pulsed with fungal RNA induce protective immunity to Candida albicans in hematopoietic transplantation. J Immunol 168: 2904-13
8. Bachhav YG, Patravale VB. (2009). Microemulsion-based vaginal gel of clotrimazole: formulation, in vitro evaluation, and stability studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 10: 476-81
9. Basnet P, Hussain H, Tho I, et al. (2012). Liposomal delivery system enhances anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. J Pharmaceut Sci 101: 598-609
10. Bhalekar MR, Pokharkar V, Madgulkar A, et al. (2009). Preparation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 10: 289-96
11. Bhat S, Shivakumar H. (2010a). Bioadhesive controlled release clotrimazole vaginal tablets. Trop J Pharmaceut Res 9 (4): 339-46
12. Bhat SR, Shivakumar HG. (2010b). Formulation development and evaluation of thermosensitive gel for vaginal drug delivery. Latin Am J Pharm 29 (7): 1093-9
13. Bhowmik BB, Nayak BS, Chatterjee A. (2009). Formulation development and characterization of metronidazole microencapsulated bioadhesive vaginal gel. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 1: 240-57
14. Bilensoy E, Rouf MA, Vural I, et al. (2006). Mucoadhesive, thermosensitive, prolonged-release vaginal gel for clotrimazole: β-cyclodextrin complex. AAPS PharmSciTech 7: E54-60
15. Brannon-Peppas L. (1993). Novel vaginal drug release applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11: 169-77
16. Cárdenas-Freytag L, Cheng E, Mayeux P, et al. (1999). Effectiveness of a vaccine composed of heat-killed Candida albicans and a novel mucosal adjuvant, LT (R192G), against systemic candidiasis. Infect Immun 67: 826-33
17. Carr PL, Felsenstein D, Friedman RH. (1998). Evaluation and management of vaginitis. J Gen Intern Med 13: 335-46
18. Cejtin HE, Mason ED. (2000). A guide to the diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis and cervicitis. Hosp Phys 53-63
19. Choudhury A, Das S, Kar M. (2011). A review on novelty and potentiality of vaginal drug delivery. Int J PharmTech Res 3: 1033-44
20. D Amati G, Di Gioia C, Pannunzi LP, et al. (2003). Functional anatomy of the human vagina. J Endocrinol Investig 26: 92-6
21. Dangi AA, Sheth NR, Patel H, et al. (2011). Formulation and evaluation of once daily mucoadhesive vaginal tablet of clotrimazole using natural and synthetic polymers. Asian J. Pharm. Health Sci 1: 176-82
22. De Bernardis F, Amacker M, Arancia S, et al. (2012). A virosomal vaccine against candidal vaginitis: immunogenicity, efficacy and safety profile in animal models. Vaccine 30: 4490-8
23. De Bernardis F, Boccanera M, Adriani D, et al. (2002). Intravaginal and intranasal immunizations are equally effective in inducing vaginal antibodies and conferring protection against vaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun 70: 2725-9
24. De Bernardis F, Liu H, O'Mahony R, et al. (2007). Human domain antibodies against virulence traits of Candida albicans inhibit fungus adherence to vaginal epithelium and protect against experimental vaginal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 195: 149-57
25. De Blaey C, Polderman J. (1980). Rationales in the design of rectal and vaginal delivery forms of drugs. Drug Design 9: 237-66
26. De St Groth SF, Scheidegger D. (1980). Production of monoclonal antibodies: strategy and tactics. J Immunol Meth 35: 1-21
27. Del Gaudio G, Lombardi L, Maisetta G, et al. (2013). Antifungal activity of the noncytotoxic human peptide hepcidin 20 against fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata in human vaginal fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemotherap 57: 4314-21
28. Dhanaraj A, Jaya Raja Kumar, Jayachandran K, et al. (2013). Development and in vitro/in vivo evalution of tripolymers based clotrimazole in situ gel for oral thrush. Journal of pharmaceutical science and technology 3 (10): 985-95
29. Dias LB, Melhem MDSC, Szeszs MW, et al. (2011). Vulvovaginal candidiasis in Mato Grosso, Brazil: pregnancy status, causative species and drugs tests. Brazil J Microbiol 42: 1300-7
30. El-Din S, Reynolds M, Ashbee H, et al. (2001). An investigation into the pathogenesis of vulvo-vaginal candidosis. Sex Trans Infect 77: 179-83
31. Ernest J. (1992). Topical antifungal agents. Obstetr Gynecol Clin N Am 19: 587-607
32. Faraji R, Rahimi MA, Assarehzadegan M. (2012). Prevalence of vaginal candidiasis infection in women referred to Kermanshah hygienic centers, Iran in 2010. Life Sci J 6: 2273-8
33. Faro S. (1994). Systemic vs. topical therapy for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Infect Dis Obstetr Gynecol 1: 202-8
34. Fong I. (1992). The value of chronic suppressive therapy with itraconazole versus clotrimazole in women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Genitourinary Med 68: 374-7
35. Francois M, Snoeckx E, Putteman P, et al. (2003). A mucoadhesive, cyclodextrin-based vaginal cream formulation of itraconazole. Aaps Pharmsci 5: 50-4
36. Gagandeep GT, Malik B, Rath G, Goyal AK. (2014). Development and characterization of nano-fiber patch for the treatment of glaucoma. Eur J Pharm Sci 53: 10-6
37. Garg T, Bilandi A, Kapoor B. (2011). Scaffold: tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Int Res J Pharm 2: 37-42
38. Garg T, Goyal AK. (2012). Iontophoresis: drug delivery system by applying an electrical potential across the skin. Drug Deliv Lett 2: 270-80
39. Garg T, Goyal AK. (2014a). Biomaterial-based scaffolds-current status and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11: 767-89
40. Garg T, Goyal AK. (2014b). Liposomes: targeted and controlled delivery system. Drug Deliv Lett 4: 62-71
41. Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. (2014a). Comprehensive review on additives of topical dosage forms for drug delivery. Drug Deliv
42. Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. (2014b). Novel technology to improve drug loading in polymeric nanofibers. Drug Deliv Lett 4: 79-86
43. Garg T, Singh O, Arora S, Murthy R. (2012). Scaffold: a novel carrier for cell and drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 29: 1-63
44. Garg T, Singh S, Goyal AK. (2013). Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels: an excellent carrier for drug and cell delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 30: 369-409
45. Gearhart MO. (1994). Worsening of liver function with fluconazole and review of azole antifungal hepatotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother 28: 1177-81
46. Goyal G, Garg T, Malik B, et al. (2013). Development and characterization of niosomal gel for topical delivery of benzoyl peroxide. Drug Deliv
47. Gupta NV, Natasha S, Getyala A, Bhat RS. (2013). Bioadhesive vaginal tablets containing spray dried microspheres loaded with clotrimazole for treatment of vaginal Candidiasis. Acta Pharmaceutica 63: 359-72
48. Haas TA, Plow EF. (1994). Integrin-ligarid interactions: a year in review. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6: 656-62
49. Han Y, Morrison RP, Cutler JE. (1998). A vaccine and monoclonal antibodies that enhance mouse resistance to Candida albicans vaginal infection. Infect Immun 66: 5771-6
50. Han Y, Ulrich MA, Cutler JE. (1999). Candida albicans mannan extract-protein conjugates induce a protective immune response against experimental candidiasis. J Infect Dis 179: 1477-84
51. Hani U, Shivakumar H. (2013). Development of miconazole nitrate thermosensitive bioadhesive vaignal gel for vaginal candidiasis. American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery 3: 358-368
52. Hani U, Shivakumar H, Gowrav M. (2014). Formulation design and evaluation of a novel vaginal delivery system of clotrimazole. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 5 (1): 220-27
53. Hay RJ. (1993). Risk/benefit ratio of modern antifungal therapy: focus on hepatic reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 29: S50-4
54. Hussain A, Ahsan F. (2005). The vagina as a route for systemic drug delivery. J Control Rel 103: 301-13
55. Hwang S, Owada E, Suhardja L, et al. (1977). Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs IV: methodology for determination of membrane surface pH. J Pharmaceut Sci 66: 778-81
56. Hwang S, Owada E, Yotsuyanagi T, et al. (1976). Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs II: in situ vaginal absorption of unbranched aliphatic alcohols. J Pharmaceut Sci 65: 1574-78
57. Ibrahim AS, Spellberg BJ, Avenissian V, et al. (2005). Vaccination with recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p improves survival during murine disseminated candidiasis by enhancing cell-mediated, not humoral, immunity. Infect Immun 73: 999-1005
58. Jain SK, Singh R, Sahu B. (1997). Development of a liposome based contraceptive system for intravaginal administration of progesterone. Drug Dev Indust Pharm 23: 827-30
59. Jindal N, Gill P, Aggarwal A. (2007). An epidemiological study of vulvovaginal candidiasis in women of childbearing age. Ind J Med Microbiol 25: 175
60. Johnson T, Greer I, Kelly R, Calder A. (1992). The effect of pH on release of PGE2 from vaginal and endocervical preparations for induction of labour: an in-vitro study. BJOG: An Int J Obstetr & Gynaecol 99: 877-80
61. Jouault T, El Abed-El Behi M, Martínez-Esparza M, et al. (2006). Specific recognition of Candida albicans by macrophages requires galectin-3 to discriminate Saccharomyces cerevisiae and needs association with TLR2 for signaling. J Immunol 177: 4679-87
62. Jyotsana M, Sagar B, Mahesh D. (2010). Mucosal drug delivery system. IJRAP 1: 63-7
63. Kang J-W, Davaa E, Kim Y-T, Park J-S. (2010). A new vaginal delivery system of amphotericin B: a dispersion of cationic liposomes in a thermosensitive gel. J Drug Target 18: 637-44
64. Karavana SY, Rençber S, Şenyigit ZA, Baloglu E. (2012). A new in-situ gel formulation of itraconazole for vaginal administration. Pharmacol Pharm 3 (4): 417-26
65. Kast CE, Valenta C, Leopold M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. (2002). Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery system for clotrimazole. J Control Rel 81: 347-54
66. Kataria K, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. (2014). Novel technology to improve drug loading in polymeric nanofibers. Drug Deliv Lett 4: 79-86
67. Katz DF, Dunmire EN. (1993). Cervical mucus: problems and opportunities for drug delivery via the vagina and cervix. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11: 385-401
68. Kaur M, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. (2014). Current nanotechnological strategies for effective delivery of bioactive drug molecules in the treatment of tuberculosis. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 31: 49-88
69. Khan F, Baqai R. (2010). In vitro antifungal sensitivity of fluconazole, clotrimazole and nystatin against vaginal candidiasis in females of childbearing age. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 22: 197-200
70. Kim SW, Bae YH, Okano T. (1992). Hydrogels: swelling, drug loading, and release. Pharmaceut Res 9: 283-90
71. Lee CH, Anderson M, Chien YW. (1996). Characterization of in-vitro spermicidal activity of chelating agent against human sperm. J Pharmaceut Sci 85: 649-54
72. Lee V. (1990). Peptide and protein drug delivery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
73. Liu Y, Filler SG. (2011). Candida albicans Als3, a multifunctional adhesin and invasin. Eukaryotic Cell 10: 168-73
74. Loza L, Fu Y, Ibrahim AS, et al. (2004). Functional analysis of the Candida albicans ALS1 gene product. Yeast 21: 473-82
75. Masters WH, Johnson VE. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston (MA): Little, Brown & Co
76. Mathiowitz E, Chickering III DE, Lehr C-M. (2013). Bioadhesive drug delivery systems: fundamentals, novel approaches, and development. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
77. Mcgregor JA, Ismail M, Mccormack WM. (1998). A pilot study of metronidazole vaginal gel versus oral metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis. Sex Trans Dis 25: 176-9
78. Miller RA, Maloney DG, Warnke R, Levy R. (1982). Treatment of B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. New Engl J Med 306: 517-22
79. Newson L. (2013). Management of vulvovaginal infections in primary care part 1: Candidiasis. Br J Fam Med 1: 3
80. Ning M, Guo Y, Pan H, et al. (2005). Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of liposomal/niosomal gel delivery systems for clotrimazole. Drug Dev Industr Pharm 31: 375-83
81. Novak A, De La Loge C, Abetz L, Van Der Meulen E. (2003). The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing®: an international study of user acceptability. Contraception 67: 187-94
82. Ogunshe AA, Lawal OA, Iheakanwa CI. (2008). Effects of Simulated Preparations of Plants used in Nigerian Traditional Medicine on Candida spp. Associated with Vaginal Candidiasis. Ethnobot Res Appl 6: 373-83
83. Owen DH, Dunmire EN, Plenys AM, Katz DF. (1999). Factors influencing nonoxynol-9 permeation and bioactivity in cervical mucus. J Control Rel 60: 23-34
84. Paavonen J. (1982). Physiology and ecology of the vagina. Scandi J Infect Dis. Suppl 40: 31-5
85. Pachl J, Svoboda P, Jacobs F, et al. (2006). A randomized, blinded, multicenter trial of lipid-associated amphotericin B alone versus in combination with an antibody-based inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 in patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1404-13
86. Parnami N, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. (2013). Development and characterization of nanocarriers for topical treatment of psoriasis by using combination therapy. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol
87. Patel A, Patel J. (2012). Mucoadhesive microemulsion based prolonged release vaginal gel for anti-fungal drug. Am J PharmTech Res 2: 649-61
88. Patel A, Patel K, Patel J. (2012). Design, development and in vitro evaluation of sertaconazole mucoadhesive vaginal tablet. Der Pharmacia Lettre 4: 418-27
89. Patel GM, Patel AP. (2010). A novel effervescent bioadhesive vaginal tablet of ketoconazole: formulation and invitro evaluation. Int J PharmTech Res 2 (1): 656
90. Patel N, Rajesh K. (2014). Ophthalmic in situ gel. Pharmagene 1: 29-33
91. Pavelić Z, Skalko-basnet N, Jalsenjak I. (1999). Liposomes containing drugs for treatment of vaginal infections. Eur J Pharmaceut Sci 8: 345-51
92. Pavelić Z, Skalko-Basnet N, Schubert R. (2001). Liposomal gels for vaginal drug delivery. Int J Pharmaceut 219: 139-49
93. Peppas N, Bures P, Leobandung W, Ichikawa H. (2000). Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharmaceut Biopharmaceut 50: 27-46
94. Pietrella D, Rachini A, Torosantucci A, et al. (2010). A β-glucan-conjugate vaccine and anti-β-glucan antibodies are effective against murine vaginal candidiasis as assessed by a novel in vivo imaging technique. Vaccine 28: 1717-25
95. Pirotta MV, Garland SM. (2006). Genital Candida species detected in samples from women in Melbourne, Australia, before and after treatment with antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3213-17
96. Polonelli L, Seguy N, Conti S, et al. (1997). Monoclonal yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Clin Diagnos Lab Immunol 4: 142-6
97. Rauceo JM, De Armond R, Otoo H, et al. (2006). Threonine-rich repeats increase fibronectin binding in the Candida albicans adhesin Als5p. Eukaryotic Cell 5: 1664-73
98. Richter SS, Galask RP, Messer SA, et al. (2005). Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2155-62
99. Robinson JR, Bologna WJ. (1994). Vaginal and reproductive system treatments using a bioadhesive polymer. J Control Rel 28: 87-94
100. Sandini S, La Valle R, De Bernardis F, et al. (2007). The 65 kDa mannoprotein gene of Candida albicans encodes a putative β-glucanase adhesin required for hyphal morphogenesis and experimental pathogenicity. Cell Microbiol 9: 1223-38
101. Santoni G, Spreghini E, Lucciarini R, et al. (2001). Involvement of vβ3 integrin-like receptor and glycosaminoglycans in Candida albicans germ tube adhesion to vitronectin and to a human endothelial cell line. Microbial Pathogen 31: 159-72
102. Shafik SA, Hassan YM, Eldin AK. (2007). Vaginal candidiasis: incidence, etiology and pathogenesis. JASMR 2: 115-27
103. Sharma G, Jain S, Tiwari A, Kaur G. (2006). Once daily bioadhesive vaginal clotrimazole tablets: design and evaluation. Acta Pharmaceutica-Zagreb-56: 337
104. Singh A, Sharma PK, Garg VK, Garg G. (2010). Hydrogels: a review. Int J Pharmaceut Sci Rev Res 4 (2): 97-105
105. Singh H, Sharma R, Joshi M, et al. (2014). Transmucosal delivery of Docetaxel by mucoadhesive polymeric nanofibers. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol
106. Sjöberg I, Cajander S, Rylander E. (1988). Morphometric characteristics of the vaginal epithelium during the menstrual cycle. Gynecol Obstetr Invest 26: 136-44
107. Sobel JD, Brooker D, Stein GE, et al. (1995). Single oral dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 172: 1263-8
108. Sobel JD, Wiesenfeld HC, Martens M, et al. (2004). Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med 351: 876-83
109. Song Y, Wang Y, Thakur R, et al. (2004). Mucosal drug delivery: membranes, methodologies, and applications. Crit Rev™ Therapeut Drug Carrier Syst 21 (3): 195-256
110. Spellberg BJ, Ibrahim AS, Avanesian V, et al. (2006). Efficacy of the anti-Candida rAls3p-N or rAls1p-N vaccines against disseminated and mucosal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 194: 256-60
111. Spreghini E, Gismondi A, Piccoli M, Santoni G. (1999). Evidence for vβ3 and vβ5 integrin-like vitronectin (VN) receptors in Candida albicans and their involvement in yeast cell adhesion to VN. J Infect Dis 180: 156-66
112. Stein GE, Gurwith D, Mummaw N, Gurwith M. (1986). Single-dose tioconazole compared with 3-day clotrimazole treatment in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29: 969-71
113. Stein GE, Mummaw N. (1993). Placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole for treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37: 89-92
114. Stewart-Tull D. (1964). Evidence that vaginal lactobacilli do not ferment glycogen. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 88: 676
115. Syed TS, Braverman PK. (2004). Vaginitis in adolescents. Adolesc Med Clin 15: 235-51
116. Torosantucci A, Bromuro C, Chiani P, et al. (2005). A novel glyco-conjugate vaccine against fungal pathogens. J Exp Med 202: 597-606
117. Torosantucci A, Chiani P, Bromuro C, et al. (2009). Protection by anti-β-glucan antibodies is associated with restricted β-1, 3 glucan binding specificity and inhibition of fungal growth and adherence. PLoS One 4: e5392
118. Vanic Z, Hafner A, Bego M, Skalko-basnet N. (2013). Characterization of various deformable liposomes with metronidazole. Drug Dev Indus Pharm 39: 481-8
119. Vermesh M, Fossum GT, Kletzky OA. (1988). Vaginal bromocriptine: pharmacology and effect on serum prolactin in normal women. Obstetr Gynecol 72: 693-8
120. Vermitsky J-P, Self MJ, Chadwick SG, et al. (2008). Survey of vaginal-flora Candida species isolates from women of different age groups by use of species-specific PCR detection. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1501-3
121. Vukovich R, Heald A, Darragh A. Vaginal absorption of 2 imidazole antifungal agents, econazole and miconazole. Clinical pharmacology & therapeutics. St Louis (MO): Westline Industrial DR, Mosby-Year Book INC. 11830; 1977: 121-21
122. Wang L, Tang X. (2008). A novel ketoconazole bioadhesive effervescent tablet for vaginal delivery: design, in vitro and in vivoevaluation. Int J Pharmaceut 350: 181-7
123. Washington N, Washington C, Wilson C. (2000). Physiological pharmaceutics: barriers to drug absorption. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
124. Watson C, Pirotta M. (2011). Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: current management. Austral Fam Phys 40: 149
125. Woolfson AD, Malcolm RK, Gallagher R. (2000). Drug delivery by the intravaginal route. Crit Rev™ Therapeut Drug Carrier Syst 17 (5): 509-55
126. Yamashita A, Oshima S, Matsuo K, et al. (1991). [Pharmacological studies of intravaginally applied dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S)]. Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 98: 31-9
127. Yang H, Parniak MA, Isaacs CE, et al. (2008). Characterization of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of the anti-HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor UC781. AAPS J 10: 606-13
128. Yellanki SK, Goranti S, Deb SK. (2010). Development of metronidazole intravaginal gel for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: effect of mucoadhesive natural polymers on the release of metronidazole. Int J PharmTech Res 2 (3): 1746-50
129. Yun Chang J, Oh Y-K, Soo Kong H, et al. (2002). Prolonged antifungal effects of clotrimazole-containing mucoadhesive thermosensitive gels on vaginitis. J Control Rel 82: 39-50