Krill oil reduces plasma triacylglycerol level and improves related lipoprotein particle concentration, fatty acid composition and redox status in healthy young adults - a pilot study

Lipids in Health and Disease

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Berge, Rolf K ^a,b   Ramsvik, Marie S ^a,c   Bohov, Pavol ^a   Svardal, Asbjørn ^a   Nordrehaug, Jan E ^a   Rostrup, Espen ^b   Bruheim, Inge ^c   Bjørndal, Bodil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c RimfrostAS   (Norway)

Author keywords

Carnitine; Choline; DHA; DPA; EPA; Krill oil; Lipoprotein particle size; Phospholipids; TMAO

Indexed keywords

ACYLCARNITINE; AGENTS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM; ARACHIDONIC ACID; ASTAXANTHIN; BETAINE; CARNITINE; CHOLINE; CHYLOMICRON; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; DOCOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACID; GAMMA BUTYROBETAINE; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; KRILL OIL; LIPOPROTEIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHOLIPID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; CYTOKINE; EDIBLE OIL; METHYLAMINE; TRIMETHYLOXAMINE; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ADULT; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ERYTHROCYTE; EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID COMPOSITION; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; PILOT STUDY; SIDE EFFECT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFECTS; KRILL; METABOLISM; PARTICLE SIZE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BETAINE; CARNITINE; CHOLINE; CHYLOMICRONS; CYTOKINES; DIETARY FATS, UNSATURATED; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; ERYTHROCYTES; EUPHAUSIACEA; FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL; MALE; METHYLAMINES; PARTICLE SIZE; PILOT PROJECTS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84949782983     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1476511X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0162-7     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. The top 10 causes of death - Fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en. Accessed 4 Dec 2015 ]
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidelines for assessment and management of total cardiovascular risk. 2007.
3. Emberson JR, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Walker M. Re-assessing the contribution of serum total cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking to the aetiology of coronary heart disease: impact of regression dilution bias. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1719-26.
4. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in the 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937-52.
5. Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Maroni J, Szarek M, Grundy SM, et al. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1301-10.
6. Miller M, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Qin J, Ray KK, Braunwald E, et al. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:724-30.
7. Egeland GM, Igland J, Sulo G, Nygard O, Ebbing M, Tell GS. Non-fasting triglycerides predict incident acute myocardial infarction among those with favourable HDL-cholesterol: Cohort Norway. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22:872-81.
8. Galeano NF, Al-Haideri M, Keyserman F, Rumsey SC, Deckelbaum RJ. Small dense low density lipoprotein has increased affinity for LDL receptor-independent cell surface binding sites: a potential mechanism for increased atherogenicity. J Lipid Res. 1998;39:1263-73.
9. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2002;112:298-304.
10. Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S201-213.
11. Mori TA, Woodman RJ. The independent effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;9:95-104.
12. von Schacky C. A review of omega-3 ethyl esters for cardiovascular prevention and treatment of increased blood triglyceride levels. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2:251-62.
13. Enns JE, Yeganeh A, Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Friesen C, Zahradka P, et al. The impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the incidence of cardiovascular events and complications in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:70.
14. Kotwal S, Jun M, Sullivan D, Perkovic V, Neal B. Omega 3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:808-18.
15. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2012;308:1024-33.
16. Calder PC. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1505S-19S.
17. Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2004;6:461-7.
18. Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, De Caterina R. Basic mechanisms behind the effects of n-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008;79:109-15.
19. Berge K, Musa-Veloso K, Harwood M, Hoem N, Burri L. Krill oil supplementation lowers serum triglycerides without increasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with borderline high or high triglyceride levels. Nutr Res. 2014;34:126-33.
20. Burri L, Johnsen L. Krill products: an overview of animal studies. Nutrients. 2015;7:3300-21.
21. Ulven SM, Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, Basu S, Elind E, Haider T, et al. Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers. Lipids. 2011;46:37-46.
22. Tillander V, Bjorndal B, Burri L, Bohov P, Skorve J, Berge RK, et al. Fish oil and krill oil supplementations differentially regulate lipid catabolic and synthetic pathways in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2014;11:20.
23. Kohler A, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, Niskanen T, Bruheim I. Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects - a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2015;14:19.
24. Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013;19:576-85.
25. Tang WH, Wang Z, Levison BS, Koeth RA, Britt EB, Fu X, et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1575-84.
26. Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B, et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472:57-63.
27. Rebouche CJ, Seim H. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:39-61.
28. Ikeda I, Wakamatsu K, Inayoshi A, Imaizumi K, Sugano M, Yazawa K. alpha-Linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids affect lipid metabolism differently in rats. J Nutr. 1994;124:1898-906.
29. Willumsen N, Hexeberg S, Skorve J, Lundquist M, Berge RK. Docosahexaenoic acid shows no triglyceride-lowering effects but increases the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in liver of rats. J Lipid Res. 1993;34:13-22.
30. Willumsen N, Skorve J, Hexeberg S, Rustan AC, Berge RK. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in rats is reflected in increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation followed by diminished lipogenesis. Lipids. 1993;28:683-90.
31. Assies J, Mocking RJ, Lok A, Ruhe HG, Pouwer F, Schene AH. Effects of oxidative stress on fatty acid- and one-carbon-metabolism in psychiatric and cardiovascular disease comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130:163-80.
32. Ueland T, Svardal A, Oie E, Askevold ET, Nymoen SH, Bjorndal B, et al. Disturbed carnitine regulation in chronic heart failure - increased plasma levels of palmitoyl-carnitine are associated with poor prognosis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:1892-9.
33. Reuter SE, Evans AM. Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51:553-72.
34. McQueen MJ, Hawken S, Wang X, Ounpuu S, Sniderman A, Probstfield J, et al. Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2008;372:224-33.
35. Calabresi L, Villa B, Canavesi M, Sirtori CR, James RW, Bernini F, et al. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate increases plasma high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol and paraoxonase levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism. 2004;53:153-8.
36. Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Kaden VN, Schild AL, et al. Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on fasting lipid profile in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011;57:489-94.
37. Kelley DS, Siegel D, Vemuri M, Mackey BE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:324-33.
38. Neff LM, Culiner J, Cunningham-Rundles S, Seidman C, Meehan D, Maturi J, et al. Algal docosahexaenoic acid affects plasma lipoprotein particle size distribution in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. 2011;141:207-13.
39. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products NaAN. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). In: Book Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). 2010.
40. Nestel P, Shige H, Pomeroy S, Cehun M, Abbey M, Raederstorff D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:326-30.
41. Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:649-59.
42. Hansen J-B, Grimsgaard S, Nilsen H, Nordøy A, Bønaa KH. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on fatty acid absorption, incorporation into serum phospholipids and postprandial triglyceridemia. Lipids. 1998;33:131-8.
43. Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van Birgelen AP, Penders M, Zegwaard M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res. 1997;38:2012-22.
44. Ramprasath VR, Eyal I, Zchut S, Jones PJ. Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in healthy individuals with response to 4-week n-3 fatty acid supplementation from krill oil versus fish oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:178.
45. Von Schacky C, Fischer J, Weber PC. Long- term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:1626-31.
46. Bjorndal B, Strand E, Gjerde J, Bohov P, Svardal A, Diehl BW, et al. Phospholipids from herring roe improve plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults. Lipids Health Dis. 2014;13:82.
47. Yamada KA, Kanter EM, Newatia A. Long-chain acylcarnitine induces Ca2+ efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;36:14-21.
48. Bjorndal B, Brattelid T, Strand E, Vigerust NF, Svingen GF, Svardal A, et al. Fish oil and the pan-PPAR agonist tetradecylthioacetic acid affect the amino acid and carnitine metabolism in rats. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66926.
49. Vigerust NF, Bjorndal B, Bohov P, Brattelid T, Svardal A, Berge RK. Krill oil versus fish oil in modulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism in mice transgenic for TNF-alpha. Eur J Nutr. 2012;52:1315-25.
50. Ueland PM, Holm PI, Hustad S. Betaine: a key modulator of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine status. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43:1069-75.
51. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. Choline. In: Book Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B12, Panthothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington (National Acedemies Press); 1998. p. 390-422.
52. Zeisel SH, Mar MH, Howe JC, Holden JM. Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. J Nutr. 2003;133:1302-7.
53. Vennemann FB, Ioannidou S, Valsta LM, Dumas C, Ocke MC, Mensink GB, et al. Dietary intake and food sources of choline in European populations. Br J Nutrit. 2015;12:1-10
54. Gammone MA, Riccioni G, D'Orazio N. Carotenoids: potential allies of cardiovascular health? Food Nutr Res. 2015;59:26762.
55. Clayton PR, Ladi S. From alga to omega; have we reached peak (fish) oil? J R Soc Med. 2015;108:351-7.
56. Strand E, Bjorndal B, Nygard O, Burri L, Berge C, Bohov P, et al. Long-term treatment with the pan-PPAR agonist tetradecylthioacetic acid or fish oil is associated with increased cardiac content of n-3 fatty acids in rat. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:82.
57. Ulbricht TL, Southgate DA. Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet. 1991;338:985-92.
58. Bjorndal B, Burri L, Wergedahl H, Svardal A, Bohov P, Berge RK. Dietary supplementation of herring roe and milt enhances hepatic fatty acid catabolism in female mice transgenic for hTNFalpha. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51:741-53.
59. Bjorndal B, Ramsvik MS, Lindquist C, Nordrehaug JE, Bruheim I, Svardal A, et al. A phospholipid-protein complex from antarctic krill reduced plasma homocysteine levels and increased plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and carnitine levels in male Wistar rats. Mar Drugs. 2015;13:5706-21.