Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 649-659

  Grimsgaard, Sameline ^a   Bønaa, Kaare H ^a   Hansen, John Bjarne ^a   Nordøy, Arne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoie acid; Fatty acids; N 3 fatty acids; Phospholipids; Randomized controlled trials; Triacylglycerols

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; PHOSPHOLIPID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FATTY ACID BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PHOSPHOLIPID BLOOD LEVEL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ZEA MAYS;

EID: 0030763797     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.3.649     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:438-63.
2. Childs MT, King IB, Knopp RH. Divergent lipoprotein responses to fish oils with various ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:632-9.
3. Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 1993;88:523-33.
4. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 1989;30:785-807.
5. Schmidt EB, Dyerberg J. Omega-3 fatty acids. Current status in cardiovascular medicine. Drugs 1994;47:405-24.
6. Charnock JS, Abeywardena MY, Poletti VM, McLennan PL. Differences in fatty acid composition of various tissues of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) after different lipid supplemented diets. Comp Biochem Physiol 1992;101:387-93.
7. Otten W, Wirth C, Iaizzo PA, Eichinger HM. A high omega 3 fatty acid diet alters fatty acid composition of heart, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in swine. Ann Nutr Metab 1993;37:134-41.
8. Cao JM, Blond JP, Juaneda P, Durand G, Bezard J. Effect of low levels of dietary fish oil on fatty acid desaturation and tissue fatty acids in obese and lean rats. Lipids 1995;30:825-32.
9. De Caterina R, Cybulsky MI, Clinton SK, Gimbrone MA Jr, Libby P. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate reduces cytokineinduced expression of proatherogenic and proinflammatory proteins in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1829-36.
10. Hirai A, Terano T, Makuta H, et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function and serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 1989;19:627-30.
11. Benistant C, Achard F, Marcelon G, Lagarde M. Platelet inhibitory functions of aortic endothelial cells. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Atherosclerosis 1993;104:27-35.
12. Wong SH, Fisher EA, Marsh JB. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on apoprotein B mRNA and secretion of very low density lipoprotein in HepG2 cells. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9:836-41.
13. Willumsen N, Hexeberg S, Skorve J, Lundquist M, Berge RK. Docosahexaenoic acid shows no triglyceride-lowering effects but increases the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in liver of rats. J Lipid Res 1993;34:13-22.
14. Rambjør GS, Wålen AI, Windsor SL, Harris WS. Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans. Lipids 1996;31:S-45-9.
15. von Schacky C, Weber PC. Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in humans. J Clin Invest 1985;76:2446-50.
16. Hirai A, Terano T, Takenaga M, et al. Effect of supplementation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemostatic function in healthy subjects. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 1987;17B:838-45.
17. Bønaa KH, Arnesen E. Association between heart rate and atherogenic blood lipid fractions in a population. The Tromsø Study. Circulation 1992;86:394-405.
18. Nordic Guidelines. Good clinical trial practice. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic Council on Medicines, 1989. (NLN publication no. 28.)
19. Blaker B, Rimestad AH. Food composition tables. Oslo: National Nutrition Council, 1991.
20. Rimestad AH, Trygg K. Food composition tables supplement 2. Oslo: National Nutrition Council, 1988.
21. Bergstrøm L, Danfors S, Hagman U. Food composition tables. 2nd ed. Stockholm: National Food Administration Liber tryck AB, 1986.
22. Bergstrøm L. Food composition tables. 3rd ed. Stockholm: National Food Administration, 1993.
23. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.
24. Folch J, Lees M, Stanley S. A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J Biol Chem 1957;226:497-509.
25. Kaluzny MA, Duncan LA, Merritt MV, Epps DE. Rapid separation of lipid classes in high yield and purity using bonded phase columns. J Lipid Res 1985;26:135-40.
26. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT guide for personal computers, version 6 edition. Gary, NC: SAS Institute Inc, 1987.
27. Rothman KJ. No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology 1990;1:43-6.
28. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE. Applied regression analyis and other multivariate methods. 2nd ed. Belmont. CA: PWS-KENT, 1988.
29. Willumsen N, Skorve J, Hexeberg S, Rustan AC, Berge RK. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in rats is reflected in increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation followed by diminished lipogenesis. Lipids 1993;28:683-90.
30. Kobatake Y, Kuroda K, Jinnouchi H, Nishide E, Innami S. Differential effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids on lowering of triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the serum of rats on hypercholesterolemic diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1984;30:357-72.
31. Ikeda I, Wakamatsu K, Inayoshi A, Imaizumi K, Sugano M, Yazawa K. alpha-Linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids affect lipid metabolism differently in rats. J Nutr 1994;124:1898-906.
32. Ha YC, Barter PJ. Differences in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity in sixteen vertebrate species. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1982;71:265-9.
33. Marangoni F, Angeli MT, Colli S, et al. Changes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plasma and circulating cells of normal subjects, after prolonged administration of 20:5 (EPA) and 22:6 (DHA) ethyl esters and prolonged washout. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993;1210:55-62.
34. Sanders TA, Hinds A. The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br J Nutr 1992;68:163-73.
35. Tall A. Plasma lipid transfer proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 1995;64:235-57.
36. Sparks D, Frohlich JJ, Pritchard PH. Lipid transfer proteins, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am Heart J 1991;122:601-7 (editorial).
37. Nestel PJ, Connor WE, Reardon MF, Connor S, Wong S, Boston R. Suppression by diets rich in fish oil of very low density lipoprotein production in man. J Clin Invest 1984;74:82-9.
38. Nossen JO, Rustan AC, Gloppestad SH, Malbakken S, Drevon CA. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerols by cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986;879:56-65.
39. Harris WS, Connor WE, Illingworth DR, Rothrock DW, Foster DM. Effects of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in humans. J Lipid Res 1990;31:1549-58.
40. Abbey M, Clifton P, Kestin M, Belling B, Nestel P. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:85-94.
41. Bønaa KH, Bjerve KS, Nordøy A. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma phospholipids are divergently associated with high density lipoprotein in humans. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:675-81.
42. Rapp JH, Connor WE, Lin DS, Porter JM. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil. Their incorporation into advanced human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:903-11.
43. Fischer S, Vischer A, Preac Mursic V, Weber PC. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid is retroconverted in man to eicosapentaenoic acid. which can be quickly transformed to prostaglandin I3. Prostaglandins 1987;34:367-75.
44. Salem N Jr, Wegher B, Mena P, Uauy R. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are biosynthesized from their 18-carbon precursors in human infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:49-54.
45. Brenner RR. Nutritional and hormonal factors influencing desaturation of essential fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 1981;20:41-7.
46. Garg ML, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. Effect of dietary cholesterol and/or omega 3 fatty acids on lipid composition and delta 5-desaturase activity of rat liver microsomes. J Nutr 1988;118:661-8.
47. Garg ML, Sebokova E, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. Delta 6-desaturase activity in liver microsomes of rats fed diets enriched with cholesterol and/or omega 3 fatty acids. Biochem J 1988;249:351-6.
48. Christiansen EN, Lund JS, Rortveit T, Rustan AC. Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on fatty acid desaturation in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991;1082:57-62.
49. Garg ML, Wierzbicki AA, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. Dietary cholesterol and/or n-3 fatty acid modulate delta 9-desaturase activity in rat liver microsomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988;962: 330-6.