The synthesis, regulation and modification of lignocellulosic biomass as a resource for biofuels and bioproducts

Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts

Volumn 9781461433484, Issue , 2013, Pages 281-314

  Harris, Darby ^a   Petti, Carloalberto ^a   De Bolt, Seth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOMASS; CELLULOSE;

BIO-ENERGY; BIOPRODUCTS; BIORESOURCE; CELL WALLS; CONVERSION PROCESS; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; PLANT BIOMASS; PLANT CELL WALL; RENEWABLE CARBON SOURCES; STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS;

BIOFUELS;

EID: 84949177622     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3348-4_17     Document Type: Chapter

References (217)

1. Akin D (2007) Grass lignocellulose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 137-140:3-15
2. Andersson-Gunnerås S, Mellerowicz EJ, Love J et al (2006) Biosynthesis of cellulose-enriched tension wood in Populus : global analysis of transcripts and metabolites identi fies biochemical and developmental regulators in secondary wall biosynthesis. Plant J 45:144-165
3. Appenzeller L, Doblin M, Barreiro R et al (2004) Cellulose synthesis in maize: isolation and expression analysis of the cellulose synthase ( CesA ) gene family. Cellulose 11:287-299
4. Arioli T, Pend L, Betzner A et al (1998) Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Science 279:717-720
5. Beeckman T, Przemeck GKH, Stamatiou G et al (2002) Genetic complexity of cellulose synthase A gene function in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Plant Physiol 130:1883-1893
6. Berlin A, Gilkes N, Kurabi A et al (2005) Weak lignin-binding enzymes-A novel approach to improve activity of cellulases for hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121:163-170
7. Bhandari S, Fujino T, Thammanagowda S et al (2006) Xylem-speci fic and tension stressresponsive coexpression of KORRIGAN endoglucanase and three secondary wall-associated cellulose synthase genes in aspen trees. Planta 224:828-837
8. Bichet A, Desnos T, Turner S et al (2001) BOTERO1 is required for normal orientation of cortical microtubules and anisotropic cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant J 25:137-148
9. Bindschedler LV, Tuerck L, Maunders M et al (2007) Modi fication of hemicellulose content by antisense down-regulation of UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase in tobacco and its consequences for cellulose extractibility. Phytochemistry 68:2635-2648
10. Bindschedler LV, Wheatley E, Gay E et al (2005) Characterisation and expression of the pathway from UDP-glucose to UDP-xylose in differentiating tobacco tissue. Plant Mol Biol 57:285-301
11. Biswas GCG, Ransom C, Sticklen M (2006) Expression of biologically active Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase in transgenic maize plants. Plant Sci 171:617-623
12. Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:519-546
13. Bonawitz ND, Chapple C (2010) The genetics of lignin biosynthesis: connecting genotype to phenotype. Annu Rev Genet 44:337-363
14. Bosca S, Barton CJ, Taylor NG et al (2006) Interactions between MUR10/CesA7-dependent secondary cellulose biosynthesis and primary cell wall structure. Plant Physiol 142: 1353-1363
15. Bouquin T, Mattsson O, Naested H et al (2003) The Arabidopsis lue1 mutant de fines a katanin p60 ortholog involved in hormonal control of microtubule orientation during cell growth. J Cell Sci 116:791-801
16. Bowling AJ, Vaughn KC (2008) Immunocytochemical characterization of tension wood: gelatinous fibers contain more than just cellulose. Am J Bot 95:655-663
17. Brocard-Gifford I, Lynch TJ, Garcia ME et al (2004) The Arabidopsis thaliana ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE8 locus encodes a novel protein mediating abscisic acid and sugar responses essential for growth. Plant Cell 16:406-421
18. Brosse N, Sannigrahi P, Ragauskas A (2009) Pretreatment of Miscanthus x giganteus using the ethanol organosolv process for ethanol production. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:8328-8334
19. Brown RM (1996) The biosynthesis of cellulose. J Macromol Sci A33:1345-1373
20. Burk DH, Liu B, Zhong R, Morrison WH et al (2001) A katanin-like protein regulates normal cell wall biosynthesis and cell elongation. Plant Cell 13:807-828
21. Burton RA, Shirley NJ, King BJ et al (2004) The CesA gene family of Barley. Quantitative analysis of transcripts reveals two groups of co-expressed genes. Plant Physiol 134: 224-236
22. Canam T, Park J-Y, Yu K et al (2006) Varied growth, biomass and cellulose content in tobacco expressing yeast-derived invertases. Planta 224:1315-1327
23. Caño-Delgado A, Pen field S, Smith C et al (2003) Reduced cellulose synthesis invokes ligni fication and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 34:351-362
24. Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM (1993) Structural models of primary-cell walls in flowering plants- consistency of molecular-structure with the physical-properties of the walls during growth. Plant J 3:1-30
25. Carpita NC, McCann MC (2008) Maize and sorghum: genetic resources for bioenergy grasses. Trends Plant Sci 13:415-420
26. Chaffey N, Cholewa E, Regan S et al (2002) Secondary xylem development in Arabidopsis : a model for wood formation. Physiol Plant 114:594-600
27. Chen F, Dixon RA (2007) Lignin modi fication improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat Biotechnol 25:759-761
28. Chen F, Srinivasa Reddy MS, Temple S et al (2006) Multi-site genetic modulation of monolignol biosynthesis suggests new routes for formation of syringyl lignin and wall-bound ferulic acid in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Plant J 48:113-124
29. Chen X-A, Ishida N, Todaka N et al (2010) Promotion of ef ficient saccharification of crystalline cellulose by Aspergillus fumigatus Swo1. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:2556-2561
30. Chen Z, Hong X, Zhang H et al (2005) Disruption of the cellulose synthase gene, AtCesA8/ IRX1 , enhances drought and osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant J 43:273-283
31. Cho H-T, Cosgrove DJ (2000) Altered expression of expansin modulates leaf growth and pedicel abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:9783-9788
32. Choe S, Fujioka S, Noguchi T et al (2001) Overexpression of DWARF4 in the brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway results in increased vegetative growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis. Plant J 26:573-582
33. Choi D, Lee Y, Cho H-T et al (2003) Regulation of expansin gene expression affects growth and development in transgenic rice plants. Plant Cell 15:1386-1398
34. Chu Z, Chen H, Zhang Y et al (2007) Knockout of the AtCESA2 gene affects microtubule orientation and causes abnormal cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 143:213-224
35. Chum HL, Black SK (1990) Process for fractionating fast-pyrolysis oils, and products derived therefrom. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO
36. Coleman HD, Ellis DD, Gilbert M et al (2006) Up-regulation of sucrose synthase and UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase impacts plant growth and metabolism. Plant Biotechnol J 4: 87-101
37. Coleman HD, Park JY, Nair R et al (2008) RNAi-mediated suppression of p-coumaroyl-CoA 3 ¢ -hydroxylase in hybrid poplar impacts lignin deposition and soluble secondary metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:4501-4506
38. Coleman HD, Samuels AL, Guy RD et al (2008) Perturbed ligni fication impacts tree growth in hybrid poplar-A function of sink strength, vascular integrity, and photosynthetic assimilation. Plant Physiol 148:1229-1237
39. Coleman HD, Yan J, Mans field SD (2009) Sucrose synthase affects carbon partitioning to increase cellulose production and altered cell wall ultrastructure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:13118-13123
40. Cosgrove DJ (2005) Growth of the plant cell wall. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:850-861
41. Czernik S, Bridgwater AV (2005) Application of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. In: Bridgwater AV (ed) Fast pyrolysis of biomass: a handbook, vol 3. CPL Press, Newbury, UK, pp 105-120
42. Dai Z, Hooker BS, Anderson DB et al (2000) Improved plant-based production of E1 endoglucanase using potato: expression optimization and tissue targeting. Mol Breed 6:277-285
43. Daras G, Rigas S, Penning B et al (2009) The thanatos mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana cellulose synthase 3 ( AtCesA3 ) has a dominant-negative effect on cellulose synthesis and plant growth. New Phytol 184:114-126
44. DeBolt S, Campbell JE, Smith R Jr et al (2009) Life cycle assessment of native plants and marginal lands for bioenergy agriculture in Kentucky as a model for South-Eastern USA. Glob Chang Biol Bioenergy 1:308-316
45. DeBolt S, Gutierrez R, Ehrhardt DW et al (2007) Morlin, an inhibitor of cortical microtubule dynamics and cellulose synthase movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:5854-5859
46. Delmer DP (1999) Cellulose biosynthesis: exciting times for a dif ficult field of study. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50:245-276
47. Delmer DP, Amor Y (1995) Cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:987-1000
48. Demura T, Ye Z-H (2010) Regulation of plant biomass production. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13:298-303
49. Desprez T, Juraniec M, Crowell EF et al (2007) Organization of cellulose synthase complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:15572-15577
50. Desprez T, Vernhettes S, Fagard M et al (2002) Resistance against herbicide isoxaben and cellulose de ficiency caused by distinct mutations in same cellulose synthase isoform CESA6. Plant Physiol 128:482-490
51. Din N, Gilkes NR, Tekant B et al (1991) Non-hydrolytic disruption of cellulose fibres by the binding domain of a bacterial cellulase. Nat Biotechnol 9:1096-1099
52. Ding S-Y, Himmel ME (2006) The maize primary cell wall micro fibril: a new model derived from direct visualization. J Agric Food Chem 54:597-606
53. Djerbi S, Lindskog M, Arvestad L et al (2005) The genome sequence of black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ) reveals 18 conserved cellulose synthase ( CesA ) genes. Planta 221:739-746
54. Doblin MS, Kurek I, Jacob-Wilk D et al (2002) Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes. Plant Cell Physiol 43:1407-1420
55. Dodd AN, Salathia N, Hall A et al (2005) Plant circadian clocks increase photosynthesis, growth, survival, and competitive advantage. Science 309:630-633
56. Ebrigenova A (2006) Structural diversity and application potential of hemicelluloses. Macromol Symp 232:1-12
57. Ellis C, Karafyllidis I, Wasternack C et al (2002) The Arabidopsis mutant cev1 links cell wall signaling to jasmonate and ethylene responses. Plant Cell 14:1557-1566
58. Eriksson ME, Israelsson M, Olsson O et al (2000) Increased gibberellin biosynthesis in transgenic trees promotes growth, biomass production and xylem fiber length. Nat Biotechnol 18:784-788
59. Fagard M, Desnos T, Desprez T et al (2000) PROCUSTE1 encodes a cellulose synthase required for normal cell elongation speci fically in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 12:2409-2424
60. Feraru E, Feraru MI, Kleine-Vehn J Jr et al (2011) PIN polarity maintenance by the cell wall in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 21:338-343
61. Fort DA, Remsing RC, Swatloski RP et al (2007) Can ionic liquids dissolve wood? Processing and analysis of lignocellulosic materials with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Green Chem 9:63-69
62. Freudenberg K, Chen CL, Harkin JM et al (1965) Observations on lignin. Chem Commun 224-225
63. Garvin DF, Gu Y-Q, Hasterok R et al (2008) Development of genetic and genomic research resources for Brachypodium distachyon , a new model system for grass crop research. Crop Sci 48:S69-S84
64. Geisler-Lee J, Geisler M, Coutinho PM et al (2006) Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes. Gene identi fication and expression analyses. Plant Physiol 140:946-962
65. Gillmor CS, Poindexter P, Lorieau J et al (2002) a -Glucosidase I is required for cellulose biosynthesis and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. J Cell Biol 156:1003-1013
66. Gírio FM, Fonseca C, Carvalherio F et al (2010) Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: a review. Bioresour Technol 101:4775-4800
67. Gomez LD, Steele-King CG, McQueen-Mason SJ (2008) Sustainable liquid biofuels from biomass: the writing's on the walls. New Phytol 178:473-485
68. Grabber JH, Hat field RD, Lu F et al (2008) Coniferyl ferulate Incorporation into lignin enhances the alkaline deligni fication and enzymatic degradation of cell walls. Biomacromolecules 9:2510-2516
69. Gray-Mitsumune M, Blomqvist K, McQueen-Mason S et al (2008) Ectopic expression of a wood-abundant expansin PttEXPA1 promotes cell expansion in primary and secondary tissues in aspen. Plant Biotechnol J 6:62-72
70. Gross GG, Stöckigt J, Mansell RL et al (1973) Three novel enzymes involved in the reduction of ferulic acid to coniferyl alcohol in higher plants: ferulate: CoA ligase, feruloyl-CoA reductase and coniferyl alcohol oxidoreductase. FEBS Lett 31:283-286
71. Gu Y, Kaplinsky N, Bringmann M et al (2010) Identi fication of a cellulose synthaseassociated protein required for cellulose biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 12866-12871
72. Harper AD, Bar-Peled M (2002) Biosynthesis of UDP-xylose. Cloning and characterization of a novel Arabidopsis gene family, UXS, encoding soluble and putative membrane-bound UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase isoforms. Plant Physiol 130:2188-2198
73. Harris D, Corbin K, Wang T et al. (2012) Cellulose micro fibril crystallinity is reduced by mutating the C-terminal transmembrane region residues of CESA1A-V903 and CESA3T-1942 of cellulose synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:4098-4103
74. Harris D, DeBolt S (2008) Relative crystallinity of plant biomass: studies on assembly, adaptation and acclimation. PLoS One 3:e2897
75. Harris D, DeBolt S (2010) Synthesis, regulation and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Plant Biotechnol J 8:244-262
76. Harris D, Stork J, DeBolt S (2009) Genetic modi fication in cellulose-synthase reduces crystallinity and improves biochemical conversion to fermentable sugar. Glob Chang Biol Bioenergy 1:51-61
77. Hauser M-T, Benfey PN (1993) Genetic regulation of root expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana. In: Pugdomenech P, Coruzzi G (eds) NATO-ASI plant molecular biology series. Springer, New York, pp 31-40
78. Hématy K, Sado PE, Van Tuinen A et al (2007) A receptor-like kinase mediates the response of Arabidopsis cells to the inhibition of cellulose synthesis. Curr Biol 17:922-931
79. Hepler PK, Newcomb EH (1964) Microtubules and fibrils in the cytoplasm of coleus cells undergoing secondary wall deposition. J Cell Biol 20:529-533
80. Hermans PH (1949) Physics and chemistry of cellulose fibres. Elsevier, Amsterdam
81. Herth W (1983) Arrays of plasma membrane "rosettes" in cellulose micro fibril formation of Spirogyra. Planta 159:347-356
82. Himmel ME, Ding SY, Johnson DK et al (2007) Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 315:804-807
83. Holbrey JD, Seddon KR (1999) Ionic liquids. Clean Technol Environ Policy 1:223-236
84. Holland N, Holland D, Helentjaris T et al (2000) A comparative analysis of the plant cellulose synthase ( CesA ) gene family. Plant Physiol 123:1313-1324
85. Hu S-Q, Gao Y-G, Tajima K et al (2010) Structure of bacterial cellulose synthase subunit D octamer with four inner passageways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:17957-17961
86. Jacob-Wilk D, Kurek I, Hogan P et al (2006) The cotton fiber zinc-binding domain of cellulose synthase A1 from Gossypium hirsutum displays rapid turnover in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12191-12196
87. Joshi C (2003) Xylem-speci fic and tension stress-responsive expression of cellulose synthase genes from aspen trees. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 105:17-25
88. Joshi CP, Bhandari S, Ranjan P et al (2004) Genomics of cellulose biosynthesis in poplars. New Phytol 164:53-61
89. Jouanin L, Goujon T, de Nadai V et al (2000) Ligni fication in transgenic poplars with extremely reduced caffeic acid O-methyltransferase activity. Plant Physiol 123:1363-1373
90. Kaida R, Satoh Y, Bulone V et al (2009) Activation of b -glucan synthases by wall-bound purple acid phosphatase in tobacco cells. Plant Physiol 150:1822-1830
91. Kilpeläinen I, Xie H, King A et al (2007) Dissolution of wood in ionic liquids. J Agric Food Chem 55:9142-9148
92. Kohorn BD, Johansen S, Shishido A et al (2009) Pectin activation of MAP kinase and gene expression is WAK2 dependent. Plant J 60:974-982
93. Koukol J, Conn EE (1961) The metabolism of aromatic compounds in higher plants. IV. Puri fication and properties of the phenylalanine deaminase of Hordeum vulgare. J Biol Chem 236:2692-2698
94. Koyama M, Helbert W, Imai T et al (1997) Parallel-up structure evidences the molecular directionality during biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:9091-9095
95. Kubo M, Udagawa M, Nishikubo N et al (2005) Transcription switches for protoxylem and metaxylem vessel formation. Genes Dev 19:1855-1860
96. Lai-Kee-Him J, Chanzy H, Müller M et al (2002) In vitro versus in vivo cellulose micro fibrils from plant primary wall synthases: structural differences. J Biol Chem 277:36931-36939
97. Lally D, Ingmire P, Tong H-Y et al (2001) Antisense expression of a cell wall-associated protein kinase, WAK4, inhibits cell elongation and alters morphology. Plant Cell 13:1317-1332
98. Lane D, Wiedemeier A, Peng L et al (2001) Temperature sensitive alleles of RSW2 link the KORRIGAN endo-1,4-beta-glucanase to cellulose synthesis and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 126:278-288
99. Lapierre C, Pollet B, Petit-Conil M et al (1999) Structural alterations of lignins in transgenic poplars with depressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase or caffeic acid O-methyltransferase activity have an opposite impact on the ef ficiency of industrial kraft pulping. Plant Physiol 119:153-163
100. Lee C, Teng Q, Huang W et al (2009) The F8H glycosyltransferase is a functional paralog of FRA8 involved in glucuronoxylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 50:812-827
101. Lee C, Zhong R, Richardson EA et al (2007) The PARVUS gene is expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening and is essential for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol 48:1659-1672
102. Lertpiriyapong K, Sung ZR (2003) The elongation defective mutant of Arabidopsis is impaired in the gene encoding a serine-rich secreted protein. Plant Mol Biol 53:581-595
103. Levy I, Shani Z, Shoseyov O (2002) Modi fication of polysaccharides and plant cell wall by endo-1,4- b -glucanase and cellulose-binding domains. Biomol Eng 19:17-30
104. Li L, Zhou YH, Cheng XF et al (2003) Combinatorial modi fication of multiple lignin traits in trees through multigene cotransformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:4939-4944
105. Li X, Weng JK, Chapple C (2008) Improvement of biomass through lignin modi fication. Plant J 54:569-581
106. Liang H, Frost CJ, Wei X et al (2008) Improved sugar release from lignocellulosic material by introducing a tyrosine-rich cell wall peptide gene in poplar. Clean Soil Air Water 36:662-668
107. Liepman AH, Nairn CJ, Willats WGT et al (2007) Functional genomic analysis supports conservation of function among cellulose synthase-like a gene family members and suggests diverse roles of mannans in plants. Plant Physiol 143:1881-1893
108. Lynd LR, Wyman CE, Gerngross TU (1999) Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnol Prog 15:777-793
109. MacKay JJ, O'Malley DM, Presnell T et al (1997) Inheritance, gene expression, and lignin characterization in a mutant pine de ficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:8255-8260
110. Mans field SD, Mooney C, Saddler JN (1999) Substrate and enzyme characteristics that limit cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Prog 15:804-816
111. McCarthy RL, Zhong R, Ye Z-H (2009) MYB83 is a direct target of SND1 and acts redundantly with MYB46 in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 50:1950-1964
112. McQueen-Mason S, Cosgrove DJ (1994) Disruption of hydrogen-bonding between plant-cell wall polymers by proteins that induce wall extension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 6574-6578
113. Mellerowicz EJ, Sundberg B (2008) Wood cell walls: biosynthesis, developmental dynamics and their implications for wood properties. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:293-300
114. Mitchell RAC, Dupree P, Shewry PR (2007) A novel bioinformatics approach identi fies candidate genes for the synthesis and feruloylation of arabinoxylan. Plant Physiol 144:43-53
115. Mitsuda N, Iwase A, Yamamoto H et al (2007) NAC transcription factors, NST1 and NST3, are key regulators of the formation of secondary walls in woody tissues of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:270-280
116. Mitsuda N, Seki M, Shinozaki K et al (2005) The NAC transcription factors NST1 and NST2 of Arabidopsis regulate secondary wall thickenings and are required for anther dehiscence. Plant Cell 17:2993-3006
117. Mortimer J, Miles G, Brown D et al (2010) Absence of branches from xylan in Arabidopsis gux mutants reveals potential for simpli fication of lignocellulosic biomass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:17409-17414
118. Mosier N, Wyman C, Dale B et al (2005) Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 96:673-686
119. Mouille G, Robin S, Lecomte M et al (2003) Classi fication and identi fication of Arabidopsis cell wall mutants using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. Plant J 35:393-404
120. Nakashima J, Chen F, Jackson L et al (2008) Multi-site genetic modi fication of monolignol biosynthesis in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ): effects on lignin composition in speci fic cell types. New Phytol 179:738-750
121. Nicol F, His I, Jauneau A et al (1998) A plasma membrane-bound putative endo-1,4- b -Dglucanase is required for normal wall assembly and cell elongation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 17:5563-5576
122. Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose 1 b from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 124:9074-9082
123. Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama J, Chanzy H et al (2003) Crystal structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose 1 a from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 125:14300-14306
124. National Science Foundation (2008) Breaking the chemical and engineering barriers to lignocellulosic biofuels: Next generation hydrocarbon biore fineries. In: Huber G (ed.) University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Washington, D.C.
125. Nühse TS, Stensballe A, Jensen ON et al (2004) Phosphoproteomics of the Arabidopsis plasma membrane and a new phosphorylation site database. Plant Cell 16:2394-2405
126. O'Connell A, Holt K, Piquemal J et al (2002) Improved paper pulp from plants with suppressed cinnamoyl-CoA reductase or cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Transgenic Res 11:495-503
127. O'Sullivan A (1997) Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels. Cellulose 4:173-207
128. Oraby H, Venkatesh B, Dale B et al (2007) Enhanced conversion of plant biomass into glucose using transgenic rice-produced endoglucanase for cellulosic ethanol. Transgenic Res 16:739-749
129. Pagant S, Bichet A, Sugimoto K et al (2002) KOBITO1 encodes a novel plasma membrane protein necessary for normal synthesis of cellulose during cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14:2001-2013
130. Pan GX, Spencer L, Leary GJ (1999) Reactivity of ferulic acid and its derivatives toward hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. J Agric Food Chem 47:3325-3331
131. Paredez AR, Persson S, Ehrhardt DW et al (2008) Genetic evidence that cellulose synthase activity in fluences microtubule cortical array organization. Plant Physiol 147:1723-1734
132. Paredez AR, Somerville CR, Ehrhardt DW (2006) Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science 312:1491-1495
133. Park J-Y, Canam T, Kang K-Y et al (2008) Over-expression of an Arabidopsis family A sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene alters plant growth and fibre development. Transgenic Res 17:181-192
134. Pauly M, Keegstra K (2008) Cell-wall carbohydrates and their modi fication as a resource for biofuels. Plant J 54:559-568
135. Pear JR, Kawagoe Y, Schreckengost WE et al (1996) Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial celA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:12637-12642
136. Pedersen JF, Vogel KP, Funnell DL (2005) Impact of reduced lignin on plant fitness. Crop Sci 45:812-819
137. Peña MJ, Zhong R, Zhou G-K et al (2007) Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9 : implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant Cell 19:546-563
138. Persson S, Paredez A, Carroll A et al (2007) Genetic evidence for three unique components in primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:15566-15571
139. Pieslinger AM, Hoep flinger MC, Tenhaken R (2010) Cloning of glucuronokinase from Arabidopsis thaliana , the last missing enzyme of the myo-inositol oxygenase pathway to nucleotide sugars. J Biol Chem 285:2902-2910
140. Piston F, Uauy C, Fu L et al (2010) Down-regulation of four putative arabinoxylan feruloyl transferase genes from family PF02458 reduces ester-linked ferulate content in rice cell walls. Planta 231:677-691
141. Porchia AC, Sørensen SO, Scheller HV (2002) Arabinoxylan biosynthesis in wheat. Characterization of arabinosyltransferase activity in golgi membranes. Plant Physiol 130:432-441
142. Pu Y, Jiang N, Ragauskas AJ (2007) Ionic liquid as a green solvent for lignin. J Wood Chem Technol 27:23-33
143. Qian X, Ding S-Y, Nimlos MR et al (2005) Atomic and electronic structures of molecular crystalline cellulose I b : a first-principles investigation. Macromolecules 38:10580-10589
144. Raes J, Rohde A, Christensen JH et al (2003) Genome-wide characterization of the ligni fication toolbox in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 133:1051-1071
145. Ragauskas AJ, Williams CK, Davison BH et al (2006) The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311:484-489
146. Rajangam AS, Kumar M, Aspeborg H et al (2008) MAP20, a microtubule-associated protein in the secondary cell walls of hybrid aspen, is a target of the cellulose synthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. Plant Physiol 148:1283-1294
147. Ralph J, Akiyama T, Kim H et al (2006) Effects of coumarate 3-hydroxylase down-regulation on lignin structure. J Biol Chem 281:8843-8853
148. Ralph J, Kim H, Lu F et al (2008) Identi fication of the structure and origin of a thioacidolysis marker compound for ferulic acid incorporation into angiosperm lignins (and an indicator for cinnamoyl CoA reductase de ficiency). Plant J 53:368-379
149. Ralph J, Lundquist K, Brunow G et al (2004) Lignins: natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoids. Phytochem Rev 3:29-60
150. Ransom C, Balan V, Biswas G et al (2007) Heterologous Acidothermus cellulolyticus 1,4- b -endoglucanase E1 produced within the corn biomass converts corn stover into glucose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 137-140:207-219
151. Reddy MSS, Chen F, Shadle G et al (2005) Targeted down-regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes for forage quality improvement in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16573-16578
152. Regalbuto JR (2009) Cellulosic biofuels-got gasoline? Science 325:822-824
153. Richmond T (2000) Higher plant cellulose synthases. Genome Biol 1:30011-30016
154. Rippert P, Puyaubert J, Grisollet D et al (2009) Tyrosine and phenylalanine are synthesized within the plastids in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 149:1251-1260
155. Roudier F, Fernandez AG, Fujita M et al (2005) COBRA, an Arabidopsis extracellular glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, speci fically controls highly anisotropic expansion through its involvement in cellulose micro fibril orientation. Plant Cell 17:1749-1763
156. Saloheimo M, Paloheimo M, Hakola S et al (2002) Swollenin, a Trichoderma reesei protein with sequence similarity to the plant expansins, exhibits disruption activity on cellulosic materials. Eur J Biochem 269:4202-4211
157. Sato S, Kato T, Kakegawa K et al (2001) Role of the putative membrane-bound endo-1-4- beta-glucanase KORRIGAN in cell elongation and cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 42:251-263
158. Scheible W-R, Eshed R, Richmond T et al (2001) Modi fications of cellulose synthase confer resistance to isoxaben and thiazolidinone herbicides in Arabidopsis Ixr1 mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:10079-10084
159. Scheible W-R, Pauly M (2004) Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: novel players and insights. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:285-295
160. Scheller HV, Ulvskov P (2010) Hemicelluloses. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:263-289
161. Schindelman G, Morikami A, Jung J et al (2001) COBRA encodes a putative GPI-anchored protein, which is polarly localized and necessary for oriented cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 15:1115-1127
162. Seifert GJ (2004) Nucleotide sugar interconversions and cell wall biosynthesis: how to bring the inside to the outside. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:277-284
163. Shani Z, Dekel M, Tsabary G et al (2004) Growth enhancement of transgenic poplar plants by overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana endo-1,4- b -glucanase (cel1). Mol Breed 14:321-330
164. Shen H, Yin Y, Chen F et al (2009) A bioinformatic analysis of NAC genes for plant cell wall development in relation to lignocellulosic bioenergy production. BioEnergy Res 2:217-232
165. Shoseyov O, Shani Z, Levy I (2006) Carbohydrate binding modules: biochemical properties and novel applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70:283-295
166. Singh S, Fischer U, Singh M et al (2008) Insight into the early steps of root hair formation revealed by the procuste1 cellulose synthase mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol 8:57
167. Smidansky E, Martin J, Hannah C et al (2003) Seed yield and plant biomass increases in rice are conferred by deregulation of endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Planta 216:656-664
168. Smith AM, Stitt M (2007) Coordination of carbon supply and plant growth. Plant Cell Environ 30:1126-1149
169. Sørensen A, Teller PJ, Hilstrøm T et al (2008) Hydrolysis of Miscanthus for bioethanol production using dilute acid presoaking combined with wet explosion pre-treatment and enzymatic treatment. Bioresour Technol 99:6602-6607
170. Sticklen MB (2008) Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: towards affordable cellulosic ethanol. Nat Rev Genet 9:433-443
171. Stokstad E (2006) GENOMICS: poplar tree sequence yields genome double take. Science 313:1556a
172. Stork J, Harris D, Grif fiths J et al (2010) CELLULOSE SYNTHASE9 serves a nonredundant role in secondary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis epidermal testa cells. Plant Physiol 153:580-589
173. Stork J, Montross M, Smith R et al (2009) Regional examination shows potential for native feedstock options for cellulosic biofuel production. Glob Chang Biol Bioenergy 1:230-239
174. Sturcová A, His I, Apperley DC et al (2004) Structural details of crystalline cellulose from higher plants. Biomacromolecules 5:1333-1339
175. Sullivan JT (1955) Cellulose and lignin in forage grasses and their digestion coef ficients. J Anim Sci 14:710-717
176. Szyjanowicz PMJ, McKinnon I, Taylor NG et al (2004) The irregular xylem 2 mutant is an allele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 37:730-740
177. Tan H, Yang R, Sun W et al (2009) Peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment to remove bagasse lignin prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:1473-1479
178. Tanaka K, Murata K, Yamazaki M et al (2003) Three distinct rice cellulose synthase catalytic subunit genes required for cellulose synthesis in the secondary wall. Plant Physiol 133:73-83
179. Taylor NG (2007) Identi fication of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 (IRX3) in vivo phosphorylation sites-A potential role in regulating protein degradation. Plant Mol Biol 64:161-171
180. Taylor NG, Gardiner JC, Whiteman R et al (2004) Cellulose synthesis in the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall. Cellulose 11:329-338
181. Taylor NG, Howells RM, Huttly AK et al (2003) Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:1450-1455
182. Taylor NG, Laurie S, Turner SR (2000) Multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 12:2529-2540
183. Taylor NG, Scheible WR, Cutler S (1999) The irregular xylem3 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis. Plant Cell 11:769-779
184. Teymouri F, Alizadeh H, Laureano-Pérez L et al (2004) Effects of ammonia fiber explosion treatment on activity of endoglucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus in transgenic plant. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 116:1183-1191
185. Triplett B, Timpa J (1995) Characterization of cell-wall polymers from cotton ovule culture fiber cells by gel permeation chromatography. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 31:171-175
186. Turner SR, Somerville CR (1997) Collapsed xylem phenotype of Arabidopsis identi fies mutants de ficient in cellulose deposition in the secondary cell wall. Plant Cell 9:689-701
187. Urbanowicz BR, Catalá C, Irwin D et al (2007) A tomato endo- b -1,4-glucanase, SlCel9C1, represents a distinct subclass with a new family of carbohydrate binding modules (CBM49). J Biol Chem 282:12066-12074
188. Vanholme R, Demedts B, Morreel K et al (2010) Lignin biosynthesis and structure. Plant Physiol 153:895-905
189. Vergara CE, Carpita NC (2001) Beta-d-glycan synthases and the CesA gene family: lessons to be learned from the mixed-linkage (1 -> 3), (1 -> 4) beta-d-glucan synthase. Plant Mol Biol 47:145-160
190. Vermerris W, Saballos A, Ejeta G et al (2007) Molecular breeding to enhance ethanol production from corn and sorghum stover. Crop Sci 47:S142-S153
191. Wagner TA, Kohorn BD (2001) Wall-associated kinases are expressed throughout plant development and are required for cell expansion. Plant Cell 13:303-318
192. Wang J, Howles PA, Cork AH et al (2006) Chimeric proteins suggest that the catalytic and/or C-terminal domains give CesA1 and CesA3 access to their speci fic sites in the cellulose synthase of primary walls. Plant Physiol 142:685-695
193. Webb M, Jouannic S, Foreman J et al (2002) Cell speci fication in the Arabidopsis root epidermis requires the activity of ECTOPIC ROOT HAIR 3 -A katanin-p60 protein. Development 129:123-131
194. Weng J-K, Li X, Stout J et al (2008) Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:7887-7892
195. Williamson RE, Burn JE, Birch R et al (2001) Morphology of a cellulose-de ficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasma 215:116-127
196. Wu A-M, Hörnblad E, Voxeur A et al (2010) Analysis of the Arabidopsis IRX9 / IRX9-L and IRX14 / IRX14-L pairs of glycosyltransferase genes reveals critical contributions to biosynthesis of the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan. Plant Physiol 153:542-554
197. Wu A-M, Rihouey C, Seveno M et al (2009) The Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10-LIKE glycosyltransferases are critical for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation. Plant J 57:718-731
198. Yang C, Xu Z, Song J et al (2007) Arabidopsis MYB26/MALE STERILE35 regulates secondary thickening in the endothecium and is essential for anther dehiscence. Plant Cell 19:534-548
199. Yu J, Hu S, Wang J et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome ( Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 296:79-92
200. Zakzeski J, Bruijnincx PCA, Jongerius AL et al (2010) The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev 110:3552-3599
201. Zeng W, Chatterjee M, Faik A (2008) UDP-Xylose-stimulated glucuronyltransferase activity in wheat microsomal membranes: characterization and role in glucurono(arabino)xylan biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 147:78-91
202. Zhang YHP, Lynd LR (2004) Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: noncomplexed cellulase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 88:797-824
203. Zhong R, Burk DH, Morrison WH III et al (2002) A kinesin-like protein is essential for oriented deposition of cellulose micro fibrils and cell wall strength. Plant Cell 14:3101-3117
204. Zhong R, Demura T, Ye Z-H (2006) SND1, a NAC domain transcription factor, is a key regulator of secondary wall synthesis in fibers of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18:3158-3170
205. Zhong R, Kays SJ, Schroeder BP et al (2002) Mutation of a chitinase-like gene causes ectopic deposition of lignin, aberrant cell shapes, and overproduction of ethylene. Plant Cell 14:165-179
206. Zhong R, Morrison WH III, Freshour GD et al (2003) Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 132:786-795
207. Zhong R, Peña MJ, Zhou G-K et al (2005) Arabidopsis Fragile Fiber8 , which encodes a putative glucuronyltransferase, is essential for normal secondary wall synthesis. Plant Cell 17:3390-3408
208. Zhong R, Richardson EA, Ye ZH (2007) The MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SND1 and regulates secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:2776-2792
209. Zhong R, Richardson EA, Ye ZH (2007) Two NAC domain transcription factors, SND1 and NST1, function redundantly in regulation of secondary wall synthesis in fibers of Arabidopsis. Planta 225:1603-1611
210. Zhong R, Ye Z-H (2007) Regulation of cell wall biosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10:564-572
211. Zhou J, Lee C, Zhong R et al (2009) MYB58 and MYB63 are transcriptional activators of the lignin biosynthetic pathway during secondary cell wall formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 21:248-266
212. Zhou Q, Baumann MJ, Piispanen PS et al (2006) Xyloglucan and xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XET): tools for ex vivo cellulose surface modi fication. Biocatal Biotransform 24:107-120
213. Zhou Q, Greffe L, Baumann MJ et al (2005) The use of xyloglucan as a molecular anchor for the elaboration of polymers from cellulose surfaces: a general route for the design of biocomposites. Macromolecules 38:3547-3549
214. Zhou Q, Rutland MW, Teeri TT et al (2007) Xyloglucan in cellulose modi fication. Cellulose 14:625-641
215. Ziegelhoffer T, Raasch JA, Austin-Phillips S (2001) Dramatic effects of truncation and sub-cellular targeting on the accumulation of recombinant microbial cellulase in tobacco. Mol Breed 8:147-158
216. Ziegler MT, Thomas SR, Danna KJ (2000) Accumulation of a thermostable endo-1,4- b - D-glucanase in the apoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Mol Breed 6:37-46
217. Zuo J, Niu Q-W, Nishizawa N et al (2000) KORRIGAN, an Arabidopsis endo-1,4- b - glucanase, localizes to the cell plate by polarized targeting and is essential for cytokinesis. Plant Cell 12:1137-1152