메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 194, Issue 1-4, 2015, Pages 1-96

Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere

Author keywords

Aerosols and Clouds; Atmospheric Chemistry; Atmospheric Processes; Climate; Energetic Electron Precipitation (EEP); Energetic Particle Precipitation (EPP); Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs); Global Electric Circuit; Ions; Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs); The Earth Atmosphere: Lower Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; COSMIC RAYS; COSMOLOGY; EARTH (PLANET); EARTH ATMOSPHERE; ELECTRIC NETWORK ANALYSIS; ELECTRON SCATTERING; ELEMENTARY PARTICLES; IONOSPHERE; IONS; MAGNETOSPHERE; NETWORKS (CIRCUITS); PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); TROPOSPHERE; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 84948094227     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: 15729672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11214-015-0185-4     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (233)

References (330)
  • 3
    • 84876003828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5–350 GeV
    • M. Aguilar, G. Alberti, B. Alpat, A. Alvino, G. Ambrosi, K. Andeen, H. Anderhub, L. Arruda, P. Azzarello, A. Bachlechner, et al. First result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5–350 GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(14), 141102 (2013). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102
    • (2013) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.110 , Issue.14
    • Aguilar, M.1    Alberti, G.2    Alpat, B.3    Alvino, A.4    Ambrosi, G.5    Andeen, K.6    Anderhub, H.7    Arruda, L.8    Azzarello, P.9    Bachlechner, A.10
  • 4
    • 84855328134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timelines of cosmic ray intensity, Ap, IMF, and sunspot numbers since 1937
    • H.S. Ahluwalia, Timelines of cosmic ray intensity, Ap, IMF, and sunspot numbers since 1937. J. Geophys. Res. 116, 12106 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JA017021
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116 , pp. 12106
    • Ahluwalia, H.S.1
  • 5
    • 84877041630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing baseline stability of some neutron monitors in Europe, Africa, and Asia
    • H.S. Ahluwalia, R.C. Ygbuhay, Testing baseline stability of some neutron monitors in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Adv. Space Res. 51, 1990–1995 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.01.014
    • (2013) Adv. Space Res. , vol.51 , pp. 1990-1995
    • Ahluwalia, H.S.1    Ygbuhay, R.C.2
  • 6
    • 0028571988 scopus 로고
    • Energetic particle-induced enhancements of stratospheric nitric acid
    • A.C. Aikin, Energetic particle-induced enhancements of stratospheric nitric acid. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 859–862 (1994). doi:10.1029/94GL00914
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 859-862
    • Aikin, A.C.1
  • 7
    • 0002782215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 by different ion-molecule reaction mechanisms
    • 3 by different ion-molecule reaction mechanisms. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 12921–12926 (1997). doi:10.1029/97JD00419
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 12921-12926
    • Aikin, A.C.1
  • 8
    • 0347125191 scopus 로고
    • The auroral oval, the auroral substorm, and their relations with the internal structure of the magnetosphere
    • S.-I. Akasofu, The auroral oval, the auroral substorm, and their relations with the internal structure of the magnetosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 14, 587–595 (1966). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(66)90043-2
    • (1966) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 587-595
    • Akasofu, S.-I.1
  • 9
    • 79960088208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Relationship of the 27-day Variations of the Solar Wind Velocity and Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity in Minimum Epoch of Solar Activity
    • M.V. Alania, R. Modzelewska, A. Wawrzynczak, On the Relationship of the 27-day Variations of the Solar Wind Velocity and Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity in Minimum Epoch of Solar Activity. Sol. Phys. 270, 629–641 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9778-6
    • (2011) Sol. Phys. , vol.270 , pp. 629-641
    • Alania, M.V.1    Modzelewska, R.2    Wawrzynczak, A.3
  • 10
    • 0242626134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heliospheric modulation strength: effective neutron monitor energy
    • K. Alanko, I.G. Usoskin, K. Mursula, G.A. Kovaltsov, Heliospheric modulation strength: effective neutron monitor energy. Adv. Space Res. 32, 615–620 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00348-X
    • (2003) Adv. Space Res. , vol.32 , pp. 615-620
    • Alanko, K.1    Usoskin, I.G.2    Mursula, K.3    Kovaltsov, G.A.4
  • 12
    • 0001620997 scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray total ionization, 1970–1972
    • H.R. Anderson, Cosmic ray total ionization, 1970–1972. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 3958–3960 (1973). doi:10.1029/JA078i019p03958
    • (1973) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.78 , pp. 3958-3960
    • Anderson, H.R.1
  • 13
    • 84861120257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitating radiation belt electrons and enhancements of mesospheric hydroxyl during 2004–2009
    • M.E. Andersson, P.T. Verronen, S. Wang, C.J. Rodger, M.A. Clilverd, B.R. Carson, Precipitating radiation belt electrons and enhancements of mesospheric hydroxyl during 2004–2009. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D09304 (2012). doi:10.1029/2011JD017246
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.117
    • Andersson, M.E.1    Verronen, P.T.2    Wang, S.3    Rodger, C.J.4    Clilverd, M.A.5    Carson, B.R.6
  • 14
    • 84893375138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal hotspots in the mesospheric OH variations due to energetic electron precipitation
    • M.E. Andersson, P.T. Verronen, C.J. Rodger, M.A. Clilverd, S. Wang, Longitudinal hotspots in the mesospheric OH variations due to energetic electron precipitation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 1095–1105 (2014a). doi:10.5194/acp-14-1095-2014
    • (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.14 , pp. 1095-1105
    • Andersson, M.E.1    Verronen, P.T.2    Rodger, C.J.3    Clilverd, M.A.4    Wang, S.5
  • 15
    • 84927716921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missing driver in the Sun-Earth connection from energetic electron precipitation impacts mesospheric ozone
    • M.E. Andersson, P.T. Verronen, C.J. Rodger, M.A. Clilverd, A. Seppälä, Missing driver in the Sun-Earth connection from energetic electron precipitation impacts mesospheric ozone. Nat. Commun. 5, 5197 (2014b). doi:10.1038/ncomms6197
    • (2014) Nat. Commun. , vol.5 , pp. 5197
    • Andersson, M.E.1    Verronen, P.T.2    Rodger, C.J.3    Clilverd, M.A.4    Seppälä, A.5
  • 16
    • 84876182734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray modulation of infra-red radiation in the atmosphere
    • 6 pp
    • K.L. Aplin, M. Lockwood, Cosmic ray modulation of infra-red radiation in the atmosphere. Env. Res. Letts. 8, 015026 (2013). 6 pp. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015026
    • (2013) Env. Res. Letts. , vol.8
    • Aplin, K.L.1    Lockwood, M.2
  • 17
    • 0001454482 scopus 로고
    • Acetonitrile in the stratosphere and implications for positive ion composition
    • E. Arijs, G. Brasseur, Acetonitrile in the stratosphere and implications for positive ion composition. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4003–4016 (1986). doi:10.1029/JD091iD03p04003
    • (1986) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.91 , pp. 4003-4016
    • Arijs, E.1    Brasseur, G.2
  • 18
    • 84995080433 scopus 로고
    • Ion-induced nucleation of atmospheric water vapor at the mesopause
    • F. Arnold, Ion-induced nucleation of atmospheric water vapor at the mesopause. Planet. Space Sci. 28, 1003–1009 (1980a). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(80)90061-6
    • (1980) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 1003-1009
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 19
    • 0001259690 scopus 로고
    • Multi-ion complexes in the stratosphere—implications for trace gases and aerosol
    • F. Arnold, Multi-ion complexes in the stratosphere—implications for trace gases and aerosol. Nature 284, 610 (1980b). doi:10.1038/284610a0
    • (1980) Nature , vol.284 , pp. 610
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 20
    • 33847261637 scopus 로고
    • Solvated electrons in the upper atmosphere
    • F. Arnold, Solvated electrons in the upper atmosphere. Nature 294, 732 (1981). doi:10.1038/294732a0
    • (1981) Nature , vol.294 , pp. 732
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 21
    • 0020427743 scopus 로고
    • Ion nucleation—a potential source for stratospheric aerosols
    • F. Arnold, Ion nucleation—a potential source for stratospheric aerosols. Nature 299, 134–137 (1982). doi:10.1038/299134a0
    • (1982) Nature , vol.299 , pp. 134-137
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 22
    • 49749150496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric ions and aerosol formation
    • F. Arnold, Atmospheric ions and aerosol formation. Space Sci. Rev. 137, 225–239 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9390-8
    • (2008) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.137 , pp. 225-239
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 23
    • 0021091916 scopus 로고
    • New (Formula Presented.) and (Formula Presented.) vapour measurements in the stratosphere—evidence for a volcanic influence
    • F. Arnold, T. Buehrke, New (Formula Presented.) and (Formula Presented.) vapour measurements in the stratosphere—evidence for a volcanic influence. Nature 301, 293–295 (1983). doi:10.1038/301293a0
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 293-295
    • Arnold, F.1    Buehrke, T.2
  • 25
    • 33751319038 scopus 로고
    • Implications for trace gases and aerosols of large negative ion clusters in the stratosphere
    • F. Arnold, A.A. Viggiano, H. Schlager, Implications for trace gases and aerosols of large negative ion clusters in the stratosphere. Nature 297, 371–376 (1982). doi:10.1038/297371a0
    • (1982) Nature , vol.297 , pp. 371-376
    • Arnold, F.1    Viggiano, A.A.2    Schlager, H.3
  • 26
    • 0025591271 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for stratospheric ozone-depleting heterogeneous chemistry on volcanic aerosols from El Chichon
    • F. Arnold, T. Buehrke, S. Qiu, Evidence for stratospheric ozone-depleting heterogeneous chemistry on volcanic aerosols from El Chichon. Nature 348, 49 (1990). doi:10.1038/348049a0
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 49
    • Arnold, F.1    Buehrke, T.2    Qiu, S.3
  • 27
    • 0034352839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemiion concentration measurements in jet engine exhaust at the ground: Implications for ion chemistry and aerosol formation in the wake of a jet aircraft
    • F. Arnold, A. Kiendler, V. Wiedemer, S. Aberle, T. Stilp, R. Busen, Chemiion concentration measurements in jet engine exhaust at the ground: Implications for ion chemistry and aerosol formation in the wake of a jet aircraft. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1723–1726 (2000). doi:10.1029/1999GL011096
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 1723-1726
    • Arnold, F.1    Kiendler, A.2    Wiedemer, V.3    Aberle, S.4    Stilp, T.5    Busen, R.6
  • 29
    • 0034486298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the Sun on the Earth’s environment
    • D.N. Baker, Effects of the Sun on the Earth’s environment. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 62, 1669–1681 (2000). doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00119-X
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.62 , pp. 1669-1681
    • Baker, D.N.1
  • 30
    • 0343862048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar disturbances and correlated geospace responses: Relativistic magnetospheric electron acceleration
    • Wilson A., (ed), ESA Special Publication, 415
    • D.N. Baker, T.I. Pulkkinen, Solar disturbances and correlated geospace responses: Relativistic magnetospheric electron acceleration, in Correlated Phenomena at the Sun, in the Heliosphere and in Geospace, ed. by A. Wilson ESA Special Publication, vol. 415, 1997, p. 199
    • (1997) Correlated Phenomena at the Sun, in the Heliosphere and in Geospace , pp. 199
    • Baker, D.N.1    Pulkkinen, T.I.2
  • 31
    • 0027797045 scopus 로고
    • Satellite and rocket studies of relativistic electrons and their influence on the middle atmosphere
    • D.N. Baker, R.A. Goldberg, F.A. Herrero, J.B. Blake, L.B. Callis, Satellite and rocket studies of relativistic electrons and their influence on the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 55, 1619–1628 (1993). doi:10.1016/0021-9169(93)90167-W
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.55 , pp. 1619-1628
    • Baker, D.N.1    Goldberg, R.A.2    Herrero, F.A.3    Blake, J.B.4    Callis, L.B.5
  • 33
    • 84865754172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A small spacecraft mission with large accomplishments
    • D.N. Baker, G.M. Mason, J.E. Mazur, A small spacecraft mission with large accomplishments. Eos 93, 325–326 (2012). doi:10.1029/2012EO340001
    • (2012) Eos , vol.93 , pp. 325-326
    • Baker, D.N.1    Mason, G.M.2    Mazur, J.E.3
  • 36
    • 2542432416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global observations of nitric oxide in the thermosphere
    • C. Barth, K. Mankoff, S. Bailey, S. Solomon, Global observations of nitric oxide in the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A1), 1027 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009458
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.A1 , pp. 1027
    • Barth, C.1    Mankoff, K.2    Bailey, S.3    Solomon, S.4
  • 37
    • 77149153846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic particle precipitation in ECHAM5/MESSy1—Part 1: Downward transport of upper atmospheric (Formula Presented.) produced by low energy electrons
    • A.J.G. Baumgaertner, P. Jöckel, C. Brühl, Energetic particle precipitation in ECHAM5/MESSy1—Part 1: Downward transport of upper atmospheric NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ produced by low energy electrons. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 2729–2740 (2009)
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 2729-2740
    • Baumgaertner, A.J.G.1    Jöckel, P.2    Brühl, C.3
  • 38
    • 79955986626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomagnetic activity related (Formula Presented.) enhancements and polar surface air temperature variability in a chemistry climate model: Modulation of the NAM index
    • A.J.G. Baumgaertner, A. Seppälä, P. Jöckel, M.A. Clilverd, Geomagnetic activity related NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ enhancements and polar surface air temperature variability in a chemistry climate model: Modulation of the NAM index. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 4521–4531 (2011). doi:10.5194/acp-11-4521-2011
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 4521-4531
    • Baumgaertner, A.J.G.1    Seppälä, A.2    Jöckel, P.3    Clilverd, M.A.4
  • 39
    • 20444502993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar cosmic rays in the near Earth space and the atmosphere
    • G.A. Bazilevskaya, Solar cosmic rays in the near Earth space and the atmosphere. Adv. Space Res. 35, 458–464 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.019
    • (2005) Adv. Space Res. , vol.35 , pp. 458-464
    • Bazilevskaya, G.A.1
  • 40
    • 0242389817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On certain features of the energy spectrum of Solar events with relativistic protons
    • G.A. Bazilevskaya, A.I. Sladkova, On certain features of the energy spectrum of Solar events with relativistic protons. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. 67, 1431–1434 (2003)
    • (2003) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. , vol.67 , pp. 1431-1434
    • Bazilevskaya, G.A.1    Sladkova, A.I.2
  • 41
    • 0000655980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the stratospheric measurements of cosmic rays
    • G.A. Bazilevskaya, A.K. Svirzhevskaya, On the stratospheric measurements of cosmic rays. Space Sci. Rev. 85, 431–521 (1998)
    • (1998) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.85 , pp. 431-521
    • Bazilevskaya, G.A.1    Svirzhevskaya, A.K.2
  • 42
    • 84948095649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere as measured in the long-term LPI Balloon Experiment
    • EGS General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 27
    • G. Bazilevskaya, A. Svirzhevskaya, Solar cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere as measured in the long-term LPI Balloon Experiment, in EGS General Assembly Conference Abstracts. EGS General Assembly Conference Abstracts, vol. 27, 2002, p. 2827
    • (2002) EGS General Assembly Conference Abstracts , pp. 2827
    • Bazilevskaya, G.1    Svirzhevskaya, A.2
  • 45
    • 75149167596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar proton events recorded in the stratosphere during cosmic ray balloon observations in 1957–2008
    • G.A. Bazilevskaya, V.S. Makhmutov, Y.I. Stozhkov, A.K. Svirzhevskaya, N.S. Svirzhevsky, Solar proton events recorded in the stratosphere during cosmic ray balloon observations in 1957–2008. Adv. Space Res. 45, 603–613 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.009
    • (2010) Adv. Space Res. , vol.45 , pp. 603-613
    • Bazilevskaya, G.A.1    Makhmutov, V.S.2    Stozhkov, Y.I.3    Svirzhevskaya, A.K.4    Svirzhevsky, N.S.5
  • 46
    • 4644344692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aircraft measurements of high average charges on cloud drops in layer clouds
    • K.V. Beard, H.T. Ochs, C.H. Twohy, Aircraft measurements of high average charges on cloud drops in layer clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L14111 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004GL020465
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Beard, K.V.1    Ochs, H.T.2    Twohy, C.H.3
  • 47
    • 85168705181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forbush effects and their connection with solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic phenomena
    • 257
    • A.V. Belov, Forbush effects and their connection with solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic phenomena, in Proc IAU Symp., vol. 257 (2009), pp. 439–450. doi:10.1017/S1743921309029676
    • (2009) Proc IAU Symp. , pp. 439-450
    • Belov, A.V.1
  • 48
    • 0000400975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New high temporal and spatial resolution measurements by SAMPEX of the precipitation of relativistic electrons
    • J.B. Blake, M.D. Looper, D.N. Baker, R. Nakamura, B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, New high temporal and spatial resolution measurements by SAMPEX of the precipitation of relativistic electrons. Adv. Space Res. 18, 171–186 (1996)
    • (1996) Adv. Space Res. , vol.18 , pp. 171-186
    • Blake, J.B.1    Looper, M.D.2    Baker, D.N.3    Nakamura, R.4    Klecker, B.5    Hovestadt, D.6
  • 51
    • 0006312616 scopus 로고
    • A statistical study on the effects of IMF B(z) and solar wind speed on auroral ion and electron precipitation
    • D.H. Brautigam, M.S. Gussenhoven, D.A. Hardy, A statistical study on the effects of IMF B(z) and solar wind speed on auroral ion and electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 5525–5538 (1991). doi:10.1029/91JA00157
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 5525-5538
    • Brautigam, D.H.1    Gussenhoven, M.S.2    Hardy, D.A.3
  • 52
    • 33751120158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite observations of lightning-induced hard X-ray flux enhancements in the conjugate region
    • R. Bučík, K. Kudela, S.N. Kuznetsov, Satellite observations of lightning-induced hard X-ray flux enhancements in the conjugate region. Ann. Geophys. 24, 1969–1976 (2006). doi:10.5194/angeo-24-1969-2006
    • (2006) Ann. Geophys. , vol.24 , pp. 1969-1976
    • Bučík, R.1    Kudela, K.2    Kuznetsov, S.N.3
  • 53
    • 79955999363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of Galactic Cosmic Rays on atmospheric composition and dynamics
    • M. Calisto, I. Usoskin, E. Rozanov, T. Peter, Influence of Galactic Cosmic Rays on atmospheric composition and dynamics. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 4547–4556 (2011). doi:10.5194/acp-11-4547-2011
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 4547-4556
    • Calisto, M.1    Usoskin, I.2    Rozanov, E.3    Peter, T.4
  • 54
    • 84867533190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of a Carrington-like event on the atmospheric chemistry, temperature and dynamics
    • M. Calisto, P.T. Verronen, E. Rozanov, T. Peter, Influence of a Carrington-like event on the atmospheric chemistry, temperature and dynamics. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 8679–8686 (2012). doi:10.5194/acp-12-8679-2012.
    • (2012) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.12 , pp. 8679-8686
    • Calisto, M.1    Verronen, P.T.2    Rozanov, E.3    Peter, T.4
  • 55
    • 0026282822 scopus 로고
    • Precipitating relativistic electrons—their long-term effect on stratospheric odd nitrogen levels
    • L.B. Callis, R.E. Boughner, D.N. Baker, J.B. Blake, J.D. Lambeth, Precipitating relativistic electrons—their long-term effect on stratospheric odd nitrogen levels. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 2939–2976 (1991). doi:10.1029/90JD02184
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 2939-2976
    • Callis, L.B.1    Boughner, R.E.2    Baker, D.N.3    Blake, J.B.4    Lambeth, J.D.5
  • 57
    • 0000632569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar atmospheric coupling by electrons (SOLACE) 2. Calculated stratospheric effects of precipitating electrons, 1979–1988
    • L.B. Callis, M. Natarajan, J.D. Lambeth, D.N. Baker, Solar atmospheric coupling by electrons (SOLACE) 2. Calculated stratospheric effects of precipitating electrons, 1979–1988. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 28421–28438 (1998). doi:10.1029/98JD02407
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 28421-28438
    • Callis, L.B.1    Natarajan, M.2    Lambeth, J.D.3    Baker, D.N.4
  • 58
    • 0037081948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed and calculated mesospheric NO, 1992–1997
    • L.B. Callis, M. Natarajan, J.D. Lambeth, Observed and calculated mesospheric NO, 1992–1997. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (2), D1030 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001GL013995
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.2
    • Callis, L.B.1    Natarajan, M.2    Lambeth, J.D.3
  • 60
    • 0034538060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronal mass ejections and Forbush decreases
    • H.V. Cane, Coronal mass ejections and Forbush decreases. Space Sci. Rev. 93, 55–77 (2000). doi:10.1023/A:1026532125747
    • (2000) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.93 , pp. 55-77
    • Cane, H.V.1
  • 61
    • 0037195628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate
    • K.S. Carslaw, R.G. Harrison, J. Kirkby, Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate. Science 298, 1732–1737 (2002). doi:10.1126/science.1076964
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 1732-1737
    • Carslaw, K.S.1    Harrison, R.G.2    Kirkby, J.3
  • 62
    • 0001160448 scopus 로고
    • Reviews of topical problems: Investigation of stratosphere cosmic ray intensity fluctuations induced by processes on the Sun
    • A.N. Charakhchyan, Reviews of topical problems: Investigation of stratosphere cosmic ray intensity fluctuations induced by processes on the Sun. Sov. Phys. Usp. 7, 358–374 (1964)
    • (1964) Sov. Phys. Usp. , vol.7 , pp. 358-374
    • Charakhchyan, A.N.1
  • 63
    • 0001818304 scopus 로고
    • Spectral characteristics of plasma sheet ion and electron populations during disturbed geomagnetic conditions
    • S.P. Christon, D.J. Williams, D.G. Mitchell, C.Y. Huang, L.A. Frank, Spectral characteristics of plasma sheet ion and electron populations during disturbed geomagnetic conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1–22 (1991). doi:10.1029/90JA01633
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 1-22
    • Christon, S.P.1    Williams, D.J.2    Mitchell, D.G.3    Huang, C.Y.4    Frank, L.A.5
  • 64
    • 77649317357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating possible links between incoming cosmic ray fluxes and lightning activity over the United States
    • T.G. Chronis, Investigating possible links between incoming cosmic ray fluxes and lightning activity over the United States. J. Climate 22, 5748 (2009). doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2912.1
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 5748
    • Chronis, T.G.1
  • 69
    • 0005044809 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a solar influence on the atmospheric electric elements at Mauna Loa Observatory
    • W.E. Cobb, Evidence of a solar influence on the atmospheric electric elements at Mauna Loa Observatory. Mon. Weather Rev. 95, 905 (1967)
    • (1967) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.95 , pp. 905
    • Cobb, W.E.1
  • 70
    • 84948085814 scopus 로고
    • Balloon measurements of the air-earth current density at the South Pole before and after a solar flare
    • W.E. Cobb, Balloon measurements of the air-earth current density at the South Pole before and after a solar flare, in Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity, 1978, pp. 552–554
    • (1978) Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity , pp. 552-554
    • Cobb, W.E.1
  • 72
    • 0002339965 scopus 로고
    • Photochemical reactions initiated by and influencing ozone in the troposphere
    • P.J. Crutzen, Photochemical reactions initiated by and influencing ozone in the troposphere. Tellus 26, 47 (1974)
    • (1974) Tellus , vol.26 , pp. 47
    • Crutzen, P.J.1
  • 73
    • 0000983261 scopus 로고
    • Solar proton events—stratospheric sources of nitric oxide
    • P.J. Crutzen, I.S.A. Isaksen, G.C. Reid, Solar proton events—stratospheric sources of nitric oxide. Science 189, 457–459 (1975). doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.457
    • (1975) Science , vol.189 , pp. 457-459
    • Crutzen, P.J.1    Isaksen, I.S.A.2    Reid, G.C.3
  • 74
    • 0002043273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anomalous cosmic rays and solar modulation
    • A.C. Cummings, E.C. Stone, Anomalous cosmic rays and solar modulation. Space Sci. Rev. 83, 51–62 (1998)
    • (1998) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.83 , pp. 51-62
    • Cummings, A.C.1    Stone, E.C.2
  • 76
    • 84869173811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes on historical aspects on the earliest known observations of noctilucent clouds
    • P. Dalin, N. Pertsev, V. Romejko, Notes on historical aspects on the earliest known observations of noctilucent clouds. Hist. Geo- Space Sci. 3, 87–97 (2012). doi:10.5194/hgss-3-87-2012
    • (2012) Hist. Geo- Space Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 87-97
    • Dalin, P.1    Pertsev, N.2    Romejko, V.3
  • 77
    • 24744456269 scopus 로고
    • Cyclotron resonance precipitation of energetic electrons from the inner magnetosphere
    • D.W. Datlowe, W.L. Imhof, Cyclotron resonance precipitation of energetic electrons from the inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6477–6491 (1990). doi:10.1029/JA095iA05p06477
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 6477-6491
    • Datlowe, D.W.1    Imhof, W.L.2
  • 78
    • 1642538444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) observations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) over two solar cycles
    • M.T. DeLand, E.P. Shettle, G.E. Thomas, J.J. Olivero, Solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) observations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) over two solar cycles. J. Geophys. Res. 108, D8445 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JD002398
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108
    • DeLand, M.T.1    Shettle, E.P.2    Thomas, G.E.3    Olivero, J.J.4
  • 79
    • 29844453607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmocosmics: A Geant 4 code for computing the interaction of cosmic rays with the Earth’s atmosphere
    • L. Desorgher, E.O. Flückiger, M. Gurtner, M.R. Moser, R. Bütikofer, Atmocosmics: A Geant 4 code for computing the interaction of cosmic rays with the Earth’s atmosphere. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 20, 6802–6804 (2005). doi:10.1142/S0217751X05030132
    • (2005) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A , vol.20 , pp. 6802-6804
    • Desorgher, L.1    Flückiger, E.O.2    Gurtner, M.3    Moser, M.R.4    Bütikofer, R.5
  • 81
    • 84995114679 scopus 로고
    • The auroral oval—a reevaluation
    • R.H. Eather, The auroral oval—a reevaluation Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 11, 155–167 (1973). doi:10.1029/RG011i001p00155
    • (1973) Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 155-167
    • Eather, R.H.1
  • 82
    • 78651102856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric effects of October 2003 solar proton event simulated with the chemistry-climate model SOCOL using complete and parameterized ion chemistry
    • T. Egorova, E. Rozanov, Y. Ozolin, A. Shapiro, M. Calisto, T. Peter, W. Schmutz, The atmospheric effects of October 2003 solar proton event simulated with the chemistry-climate model SOCOL using complete and parameterized ion chemistry. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 73, 356–365 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.01.009
    • (2011) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.73 , pp. 356-365
    • Egorova, T.1    Rozanov, E.2    Ozolin, Y.3    Shapiro, A.4    Calisto, M.5    Peter, T.6    Schmutz, W.7
  • 83
    • 0037101747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray-induced aerosol-formation: First observational evidence from aircraft-based ion mass spectrometer measurements in the upper troposphere
    • S. Eichkorn, S. Wilhelm, H. Aufmhoff, K.H. Wohlfrom, F. Arnold, Cosmic ray-induced aerosol-formation: First observational evidence from aircraft-based ion mass spectrometer measurements in the upper troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(14), D1698 (2002). doi:10.1029/2002GL015044
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.14
    • Eichkorn, S.1    Wilhelm, S.2    Aufmhoff, H.3    Wohlfrom, K.H.4    Arnold, F.5
  • 84
    • 0007448981 scopus 로고
    • Natural and transmission line produced positive ions
    • F.L. Eisele, Natural and transmission line produced positive ions. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 6309–6318 (1989). doi:10.1029/JD094iD05p06309
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 6309-6318
    • Eisele, F.L.1
  • 85
    • 50249085185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal, Kp, solar wind, and solar flux variations in long-term singlepass satellite estimates of electron and ion auroral hemispheric power
    • B.A. Emery, V. Coumans, D.S. Evans, G.A. Germany, M.S. Greer, E. Holeman, K. Kadinsky-Cade, F.J. Rich, W. Xu, Seasonal, Kp, solar wind, and solar flux variations in long-term singlepass satellite estimates of electron and ion auroral hemispheric power. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A6311 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012866
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Emery, B.A.1    Coumans, V.2    Evans, D.S.3    Germany, G.A.4    Greer, M.S.5    Holeman, E.6    Kadinsky-Cade, K.7    Rich, F.J.8    Xu, W.9
  • 86
    • 50949118188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of atmospheric ions in aerosol nucleation a review
    • M.B. Enghoff, H. Svensmark, The role of atmospheric ions in aerosol nucleation a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 4911–4923 (2008)
    • (2008) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.8 , pp. 4911-4923
    • Enghoff, M.B.1    Svensmark, H.2
  • 89
    • 0001670264 scopus 로고
    • The August 1972 solar proton event and the atmospheric ozone layer
    • P. Fabian, J.A. Pyle, R.J. Wells, The August 1972 solar proton event and the atmospheric ozone layer. Nature 277, 458–460 (1979). doi:10.1038/277458a0
    • (1979) Nature , vol.277 , pp. 458-460
    • Fabian, P.1    Pyle, J.A.2    Wells, R.J.3
  • 90
    • 0036558556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar proton events and the fair weather electric field at ground
    • W.M. Farrell, M.D. Desch, Solar proton events and the fair weather electric field at ground. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(9), 1323 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001GL013908
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 1323
    • Farrell, W.M.1    Desch, M.D.2
  • 91
    • 38249006752 scopus 로고
    • An alternative interpretation of auroral precipitation and luminosity observations from the DE, DMSP, AUREOL, and Viking satellites in terms of their mapping to the nightside magnetosphere
    • I.I. Feldshtein, I.I. Galperin, An alternative interpretation of auroral precipitation and luminosity observations from the DE, DMSP, AUREOL, and Viking satellites in terms of their mapping to the nightside magnetosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 55, 105–121 (1993)
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.55 , pp. 105-121
    • Feldshtein, I.I.1    Galperin, I.I.2
  • 92
    • 34249930252 scopus 로고
    • Auroral oval
    • Y.I. Feldstein, Auroral oval. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 1210 (1973). doi:10.1029/JA078i007p01210
    • (1973) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.78 , pp. 1210
    • Feldstein, Y.I.1
  • 93
    • 33845555915 scopus 로고
    • Ion chemistry of the stratosphere
    • E.E. Ferguson, F. Arnold, Ion chemistry of the stratosphere. Acc. Chem. Res. 14, 327–334 (1981)
    • (1981) Acc. Chem. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 327-334
    • Ferguson, E.E.1    Arnold, F.2
  • 94
    • 0002151077 scopus 로고
    • Chap. 2—Ion chemistry of the Earth’s atmosphere
    • Bowers M.T., (ed), Academic Press, New York
    • E.E. Ferguson, F.C. Fehsenfeld, D.L. Albritton, Chap. 2—Ion chemistry of the Earth’s atmosphere, in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, ed. by M.T. Bowers (Academic Press, New York, 1979), pp. 45–82. 978-0-12-120801-1. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-120801-1.50008-9. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780121208011500089
    • (1979) Gas Phase Ion Chemistry , pp. 45-82
    • Ferguson, E.E.1    Fehsenfeld, F.C.2    Albritton, D.L.3
  • 96
    • 0001139675 scopus 로고
    • Noctilucent clouds
    • B. Fogle, B. Haurwitz, Noctilucent clouds. Space Sci. Rev. 6, 279–340 (1966). doi:10.1007/BF00173768
    • (1966) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.6 , pp. 279-340
    • Fogle, B.1    Haurwitz, B.2
  • 97
    • 0001498347 scopus 로고
    • World-wide cosmic-ray variations, 1937–1952
    • S.E. Forbush, World-wide cosmic-ray variations, 1937–1952. J. Geophys. Res. 59, 525–542 (1954)
    • (1954) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.59 , pp. 525-542
    • Forbush, S.E.1
  • 98
    • 0001279773 scopus 로고
    • Cosmic-ray intensity variations during Two Solar Cycles
    • S.E. Forbush, Cosmic-ray intensity variations during Two Solar Cycles. J. Geophys. Res. 63, 651–669 (1958). doi:10.1029/JZ063i004p00651
    • (1958) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.63 , pp. 651-669
    • Forbush, S.E.1
  • 100
    • 34249939306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localized aurora beyond the auroral oval
    • H.U. Frey, Localized aurora beyond the auroral oval. Rev. Geophys. 45, 1003 (2007). doi:10.1029/2005RG000174
    • (2007) Rev. Geophys. , vol.45 , pp. 1003
    • Frey, H.U.1
  • 101
    • 84899108138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local impact of solar variation on (Formula Presented.) in the lower mesosphere and upper stratosphere from 2007 to 2012
    • F. Friederich, M. Sinnhuber, B. Funke, T. von Clarmann, J. Orphal, Local impact of solar variation on NO2$\mathrm{NO}_{2}$ in the lower mesosphere and upper stratosphere from 2007 to 2012. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 4055–4064 (2014). doi:10.5194/acp-14-4055-2014
    • (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.14 , pp. 4055-4064
    • Friederich, F.1    Sinnhuber, M.2    Funke, B.3    von Clarmann, T.4    Orphal, J.5
  • 102
    • 0033489831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sun’s total irradiance: Cycles, trends and related climate change uncertainties since 1976
    • C. Fröhlich, J. Lean, The Sun’s total irradiance: Cycles, trends and related climate change uncertainties since 1976. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4377–4380 (1998). doi:10.1029/1998GL900157
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 4377-4380
    • Fröhlich, C.1    Lean, J.2
  • 103
    • 31644437044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downward transport of upper atmospheric (Formula Presented.) into the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters
    • B. Funke, M. López-Puertas, S. Gil-López, T. von Clarmann, G.P. Stiller, H. Fischer, S. Kellmann, Downward transport of upper atmospheric NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ into the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D24308 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005JD006463
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Funke, B.1    López-Puertas, M.2    Gil-López, S.3    von Clarmann, T.4    Stiller, G.P.5    Fischer, H.6    Kellmann, S.7
  • 105
    • 84906056476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesospheric and stratospheric (Formula Presented.) produced by energetic particle precipitation during 2002–2012
    • B. Funke, M. López-Puertas, G.P. Stiller, T. Clarmann, Mesospheric and stratospheric NOy$\mathrm{NO}_{y}$ produced by energetic particle precipitation during 2002–2012. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 4429–4446 (2014). doi:10.1002/2013JD021404
    • (2014) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.119 , pp. 4429-4446
    • Funke, B.1    López-Puertas, M.2    Stiller, G.P.3    Clarmann, T.4
  • 107
    • 0028792844 scopus 로고
    • High energy particle flux variations as earthquake predictors
    • A.M. Galper, S.V. Koldashov, S.A. Voronov, High energy particle flux variations as earthquake predictors. Adv. Space Res. 15, 131–134 (1995). doi:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00085-S
    • (1995) Adv. Space Res. , vol.15 , pp. 131-134
    • Galper, A.M.1    Koldashov, S.V.2    Voronov, S.A.3
  • 110
    • 20444477542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy and intensity for different periods of solar magnetic cycle
    • A. Gil, K. Iskra, R. Modzelewska, M.V. Alania, On the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy and intensity for different periods of solar magnetic cycle. Adv. Space Res. 35, 687–690 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.018
    • (2005) Adv. Space Res. , vol.35 , pp. 687-690
    • Gil, A.1    Iskra, K.2    Modzelewska, R.3    Alania, M.V.4
  • 111
    • 3743105118 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation and interpretation of the columnar resistance of the atmosphere
    • O.H. Gish, Evaluation and interpretation of the columnar resistance of the atmosphere. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr. 49, 159–168 (1944)
    • (1944) Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr. , vol.49 , pp. 159-168
    • Gish, O.H.1
  • 114
    • 84948120426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. Gringel, Examinations of electrical conductivity of air taking into account solar activity and the aerosol particle concentration up to heights of 35 km. PhD Thesis, Tuebingen, Universitaet, Fachbereich Physik, Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Dissertation (1978), 108 p. In German (1978)
    • W. Gringel, Examinations of electrical conductivity of air taking into account solar activity and the aerosol particle concentration up to heights of 35 km. PhD Thesis, Tuebingen, Universitaet, Fachbereich Physik, Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Dissertation (1978), 108 p. In German (1978)
  • 115
    • 21244473638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Runaway breakdown and the mysteries of lightning
    • A.V. Gurevich, K.P. Zybin, Runaway breakdown and the mysteries of lightning. Phys. Today 58(5), 37–43 (2005). doi:10.1063/1.1995746
    • (2005) Phys. Today , vol.58 , Issue.5 , pp. 37-43
    • Gurevich, A.V.1    Zybin, K.P.2
  • 116
    • 0000042997 scopus 로고
    • A statistical model of auroral electron precipitation
    • D.A. Hardy, M.S. Gussenhoven, E. Holeman, A statistical model of auroral electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 4229–4248 (1985). doi:10.1029/JA090iA05p04229
    • (1985) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.90 , pp. 4229-4248
    • Hardy, D.A.1    Gussenhoven, M.S.2    Holeman, E.3
  • 117
    • 0000269103 scopus 로고
    • Statistical and functional representations of the pattern of auroral energy flux, number flux, and conductivity
    • D.A. Hardy, M.S. Gussenhoven, R. Raistrick, W.J. McNeil, Statistical and functional representations of the pattern of auroral energy flux, number flux, and conductivity. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 12275–12294 (1987). doi:10.1029/JA092iA11p12275
    • (1987) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.92 , pp. 12275-12294
    • Hardy, D.A.1    Gussenhoven, M.S.2    Raistrick, R.3    McNeil, W.J.4
  • 118
    • 0001498407 scopus 로고
    • A statistical model of auroral ion precipitation
    • D.A. Hardy, M.S. Gussenhoven, D. Brautigam, A statistical model of auroral ion precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 370–392 (1989). doi:10.1029/JA094iA01p00370
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 370-392
    • Hardy, D.A.1    Gussenhoven, M.S.2    Brautigam, D.3
  • 119
    • 0000140492 scopus 로고
    • A statistical model of auroral ion precipitation. II—Functional representation of the average patterns
    • D.A. Hardy, M.S. Gussenhoven, D. Brautigam, W. McNeil, A statistical model of auroral ion precipitation. II—Functional representation of the average patterns. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 5539–5547 (1991). doi:10.1029/90JA02451
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 5539-5547
    • Hardy, D.A.1    Gussenhoven, M.S.2    Brautigam, D.3    McNeil, W.4
  • 120
    • 0034530764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud formation and the possible significance of charge for atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei
    • R.G. Harrison, Cloud formation and the possible significance of charge for atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei. Space Sci. Rev. 94, 381–396 (2000)
    • (2000) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 381-396
    • Harrison, R.G.1
  • 121
    • 84874362408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Carnegie curve
    • R.G. Harrison, The Carnegie curve. Surv. Geophys. 34, 209–232 (2013). doi:10.1007/s10712-012-9210-2
    • (2013) Surv. Geophys. , vol.34 , pp. 209-232
    • Harrison, R.G.1
  • 122
    • 67650254209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed atmospheric electricity effect on clouds
    • R.G. Harrison, M.H.P. Ambaum, Observed atmospheric electricity effect on clouds. Environ. Res. Lett. 4(1), 014003 (2009). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014003
    • (2009) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.4 , Issue.1
    • Harrison, R.G.1    Ambaum, M.H.P.2
  • 123
    • 78449303503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observing Forbush decreases in cloud at Shetland
    • R.G. Harrison, M.H.P. Ambaum, Observing Forbush decreases in cloud at Shetland. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 72, 1408–1414 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.09.025
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.72 , pp. 1408-1414
    • Harrison, R.G.1    Ambaum, M.H.P.2
  • 124
    • 0142172032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ion-aerosol-cloud processes in the lower atmosphere
    • R.G. Harrison, K.S. Carslaw, Ion-aerosol-cloud processes in the lower atmosphere. Rev. Geophys. 41, 1012 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002RG000114
    • (2003) Rev. Geophys. , vol.41 , pp. 1012
    • Harrison, R.G.1    Carslaw, K.S.2
  • 125
    • 49749121054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ions in the terrestrial atmosphere and other solar system atmospheres
    • R.G. Harrison, H. Tammet, Ions in the terrestrial atmosphere and other solar system atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev. 137, 107–118 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9356-x
    • (2008) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.137 , pp. 107-118
    • Harrison, R.G.1    Tammet, H.2
  • 126
    • 74249115802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar modulation in surface atmospheric electricity
    • R.G. Harrison, I. Usoskin, Solar modulation in surface atmospheric electricity. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 72, 176–182 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.11.006
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.72 , pp. 176-182
    • Harrison, R.G.1    Usoskin, I.2
  • 127
    • 0002053906 scopus 로고
    • The neutron monitor
    • Wilson J.G., Wouthuysen S.A., (eds), North-Holland, Amsterdam–London
    • C.J. Hatton, The neutron monitor, in Processes in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, ed. by J.G. Wilson, S.A. Wouthuysen (North-Holland, Amsterdam–London, 1971), pp. 3–100
    • (1971) Processes in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics , pp. 3-100
    • Hatton, C.J.1
  • 128
    • 0013009312 scopus 로고
    • Parametrization of the cosmic ray ion-pair production rate above 18 km
    • M.G. Heaps, Parametrization of the cosmic ray ion-pair production rate above 18 km. Planet. Space Sci. 26, 513–517 (1978). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(78)90041-7
    • (1978) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 513-517
    • Heaps, M.G.1
  • 129
    • 0000828561 scopus 로고
    • Solar proton event—influence on stratospheric ozone
    • D.F. Heath, A.J. Krueger, P.J. Crutzen, Solar proton event—influence on stratospheric ozone. Science 197, 886–889 (1977). doi:10.1126/science.197.4306.886
    • (1977) Science , vol.197 , pp. 886-889
    • Heath, D.F.1    Krueger, A.J.2    Crutzen, P.J.3
  • 130
    • 11744313290 scopus 로고
    • New positive ion species in the stratosphere
    • G. Henschen, F. Arnold, New positive ion species in the stratosphere. Nature 291, 211–213 (1981). doi:10.1038/291211a0
    • (1981) Nature , vol.291 , pp. 211-213
    • Henschen, G.1    Arnold, F.2
  • 132
    • 0018293494 scopus 로고
    • Direct evidence of solar flare modification of stratospheric electric fields
    • R.H. Holzworth, F.S. Mozer, Direct evidence of solar flare modification of stratospheric electric fields. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 363–367 (1979). doi:10.1029/JC084iC01p00363
    • (1979) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.84 , pp. 363-367
    • Holzworth, R.H.1    Mozer, F.S.2
  • 133
    • 0023399044 scopus 로고
    • Solar flare perturbations in stratospheric current systems
    • R.H. Holzworth, K.W. Norville, P.R. Williamson, Solar flare perturbations in stratospheric current systems. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 852–855 (1987). doi:10.1029/GL014i008p00852
    • (1987) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.14 , pp. 852-855
    • Holzworth, R.H.1    Norville, K.W.2    Williamson, P.R.3
  • 135
    • 0041327165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relativistic electron acceleration and precipitation during resonant interactions with whistler-mode chorus
    • R.B. Horne, R.M. Thorne, Relativistic electron acceleration and precipitation during resonant interactions with whistler-mode chorus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, L1527 (2003). doi:10.1029/2003GL016973
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30
    • Horne, R.B.1    Thorne, R.M.2
  • 136
    • 72049110961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic electron precipitation from the outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms
    • R.B. Horne, M.M. Lam, J.C. Green, Energetic electron precipitation from the outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L19104 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL040236
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Horne, R.B.1    Lam, M.M.2    Green, J.C.3
  • 137
    • 0030377358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations and parameterization of the stratospheric electrical conductivity
    • H. Hu, R.H. Holzworth, Observations and parameterization of the stratospheric electrical conductivity. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 29539–29552 (1996). doi:10.1029/96JD01060
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 29539-29552
    • Hu, H.1    Holzworth, R.H.2
  • 138
    • 0000282885 scopus 로고
    • Field-aligned currents in the dayside cusp observed by Triad
    • T. Iijima, T.A. Potemra, Field-aligned currents in the dayside cusp observed by Triad. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 5971–5979 (1976a). doi:10.1029/JA081i034p05971
    • (1976) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.81 , pp. 5971-5979
    • Iijima, T.1    Potemra, T.A.2
  • 139
    • 0001247913 scopus 로고
    • The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad
    • T. Iijima, T.A. Potemra, The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2165–2174 (1976b). doi:10.1029/JA081i013p02165
    • (1976) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.81 , pp. 2165-2174
    • Iijima, T.1    Potemra, T.A.2
  • 140
    • 0038236074 scopus 로고
    • The precipitation of relativistic electrons near the trapping boundary
    • W.L. Imhof, H.D. Voss, J. Mobilia, D.W. Datlowe, E.E. Gaines, The precipitation of relativistic electrons near the trapping boundary. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 5619–5629 (1991). doi:10.1029/90JA02343
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 5619-5629
    • Imhof, W.L.1    Voss, H.D.2    Mobilia, J.3    Datlowe, D.W.4    Gaines, E.E.5
  • 143
    • 0000408793 scopus 로고
    • Production of odd nitrogen in the stratosphere and mesosphere—an intercomparison of source strengths
    • C.H. Jackman, J.E. Frederick, R.S. Stolarski, Production of odd nitrogen in the stratosphere and mesosphere—an intercomparison of source strengths. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7495–7505 (1980). doi:10.1029/JC085iC12p07495
    • (1980) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.85 , pp. 7495-7505
    • Jackman, C.H.1    Frederick, J.E.2    Stolarski, R.S.3
  • 144
    • 0025620584 scopus 로고
    • Effect of solar proton events on the middle atmosphere during the past two solar cycles as computed using a two-dimensional model
    • C.H. Jackman, A.R. Douglass, R.B. Rood, R.D. McPeters, P.E. Meade, Effect of solar proton events on the middle atmosphere during the past two solar cycles as computed using a two-dimensional model. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 7417–7428 (1990)
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 7417-7428
    • Jackman, C.H.1    Douglass, A.R.2    Rood, R.B.3    McPeters, R.D.4    Meade, P.E.5
  • 145
    • 0029472099 scopus 로고
    • Two-dimensional and three-dimensional model simulations, measurements, and interpretation of the influence of the October 1989 solar proton events on the middle atmosphere
    • C.H. Jackman, M.C. Cerniglia, J.E. Nielsen, D.J. Allen, J.M. Zawodny, R.D. McPeters, A.R. Douglass, J.E. Rosenfield, R.B. Rood, Two-dimensional and three-dimensional model simulations, measurements, and interpretation of the influence of the October 1989 solar proton events on the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 11641–11660 (1995). doi:10.1029/95JD00369
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 11641-11660
    • Jackman, C.H.1    Cerniglia, M.C.2    Nielsen, J.E.3    Allen, D.J.4    Zawodny, J.M.5    McPeters, R.D.6    Douglass, A.R.7    Rosenfield, J.E.8    Rood, R.B.9
  • 149
    • 0346097533 scopus 로고
    • Proton range-energy tables, 1 keV–10 GeV, energy loss, range, path length, time-of-flight, straggling, multiple scattering, and nuclear interaction probability. Part I. For 63 compounds
    • J.F. Janni, Proton range-energy tables, 1 keV–10 GeV, energy loss, range, path length, time-of-flight, straggling, multiple scattering, and nuclear interaction probability. Part I. For 63 compounds. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 27, 147–339 (1982)
    • (1982) At. Data Nucl. Data Tables , vol.27 , pp. 147-339
    • Janni, J.F.1
  • 150
    • 0000172544 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional cosmic-ray simulations: Heliographic latitude and current-sheet tilt
    • J.R. Jokipii, J. Kóta, Three-dimensional cosmic-ray simulations: Heliographic latitude and current-sheet tilt. Space Sci. Rev. 72, 379–384 (1995). doi:10.1007/BF00768808
    • (1995) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 379-384
    • Jokipii, J.R.1    Kóta, J.2
  • 151
    • 84984444604 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two solutions of a geomagnetic problem
    • F.W. Jones, Comparison of two solutions of a geomagnetic problem. Geophys. J. Int. 39, 623–624 (1974). doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb05478.x
    • (1974) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.39 , pp. 623-624
    • Jones, F.W.1
  • 153
    • 0742304912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The University of Bern Atmospheric Ion Model: Time-dependent modeling of the ions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere
    • J. Kazil, E. Kopp, S. Chabrillat, J. Bishop, The University of Bern Atmospheric Ion Model: Time-dependent modeling of the ions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108, D4432 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JD003024
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108
    • Kazil, J.1    Kopp, E.2    Chabrillat, S.3    Bishop, J.4
  • 154
    • 33750519250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol nucleation over oceans and the role of galactic cosmic rays
    • J. Kazil, E.R. Lovejoy, M.C. Barth, K. O’Brien, Aerosol nucleation over oceans and the role of galactic cosmic rays. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 4905–4924 (2006)
    • (2006) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.6 , pp. 4905-4924
    • Kazil, J.1    Lovejoy, E.R.2    Barth, M.C.3    O’Brien, K.4
  • 155
    • 49849096356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropospheric new particle formation and the role of ions
    • J. Kazil, R.G. Harrison, E.R. Lovejoy, Tropospheric new particle formation and the role of ions. Space Sci. Rev. 137, 241–255 (2008). doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9388-2
    • (2008) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.137 , pp. 241-255
    • Kazil, J.1    Harrison, R.G.2    Lovejoy, E.R.3
  • 156
    • 84856196326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The present-day decadal solar cycle modulation of Earth’s radiative forcing via charged (Formula Presented.) aerosol nucleation
    • J. Kazil, K. Zhang, P. Stier, J. Feichter, U. Lohmann, K. O’Brien, The present-day decadal solar cycle modulation of Earth’s radiative forcing via charged H2SO4$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}$/H2O$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ aerosol nucleation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L2805 (2012). doi:10.1029/2011GL050058
    • (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.39
    • Kazil, J.1    Zhang, K.2    Stier, P.3    Feichter, J.4    Lohmann, U.5    O’Brien, K.6
  • 158
    • 44449172114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noctilucent clouds observed from the UK and Denmark—trends and variations over 43 years
    • S. Kirkwood, P. Dalin, A. Réchou, Noctilucent clouds observed from the UK and Denmark—trends and variations over 43 years. Ann. Geophys. 26, 1243–1254 (2008). doi:10.5194/angeo-26-1243-2008
    • (2008) Ann. Geophys. , vol.26 , pp. 1243-1254
    • Kirkwood, S.1    Dalin, P.2    Réchou, A.3
  • 159
    • 53549091603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of magnetic storms in variations in the atmospheric electric field at midlatitudes
    • N.G. Kleimenova, O.V. Kozyreva, S. Michnowski, M. Kubicki, Effect of magnetic storms in variations in the atmospheric electric field at midlatitudes. Geomagn. Aeron. 48, 622–630 (2008). doi:10.1134/S0016793208050071
    • (2008) Geomagn. Aeron. , vol.48 , pp. 622-630
    • Kleimenova, N.G.1    Kozyreva, O.V.2    Michnowski, S.3    Kubicki, M.4
  • 160
    • 33645489988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auroral source region: Plasma properties of the high-latitude plasma sheet
    • C.A. Kletzing, J.D. Scudder, E.E. Dors, C. Curto, Auroral source region: Plasma properties of the high-latitude plasma sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 108, A1360 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009678
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108
    • Kletzing, C.A.1    Scudder, J.D.2    Dors, E.E.3    Curto, C.4
  • 161
    • 34249767971 scopus 로고
    • Collision efficiency calculation model as a software tool for microphysics of electrified clouds
    • N.N. Klimin, V.Y. Rivkind, V.A. Pachin, Collision efficiency calculation model as a software tool for microphysics of electrified clouds. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 53, 111–120 (1994). doi:10.1007/BF01031908
    • (1994) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. , vol.53 , pp. 111-120
    • Klimin, N.N.1    Rivkind, V.Y.2    Pachin, V.A.3
  • 164
    • 0034752789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray influence on chemical composition of the atmosphere of the Earth
    • A.A. Krivolutsky, Cosmic ray influence on chemical composition of the atmosphere of the Earth. Adv. Space Res. 27, 1993–2002 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00296-4
    • (2001) Adv. Space Res. , vol.27 , pp. 1993-2002
    • Krivolutsky, A.A.1
  • 165
    • 84869833418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of space energetic particles on the Earth’s atmosphere (a review)
    • A.A. Krivolutsky, A.I. Repnev, Impact of space energetic particles on the Earth’s atmosphere (a review). Geomagn. Aeron. 52, 685–716 (2012). doi:10.1134/S0016793212060060
    • (2012) Geomagn. Aeron. , vol.52 , pp. 685-716
    • Krivolutsky, A.A.1    Repnev, A.I.2
  • 166
    • 11244354894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionization of the atmosphere caused by solar protons and its influence on ozonosphere of the Earth during 1994–2003
    • A. Krivolutsky, A. Kuminov, T. Vyushkova, Ionization of the atmosphere caused by solar protons and its influence on ozonosphere of the Earth during 1994–2003. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 67, 105–117 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.08.004
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.67 , pp. 105-117
    • Krivolutsky, A.1    Kuminov, A.2    Vyushkova, T.3
  • 167
    • 33646822466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamical response of the middle atmosphere to solar proton event of July 2000: Three-dimensional model simulations
    • A.A. Krivolutsky, A.V. Klyuchnikova, G.R. Zakharov, T.Y. Vyushkova, A.A. Kuminov, Dynamical response of the middle atmosphere to solar proton event of July 2000: Three-dimensional model simulations. Adv. Space Res. 37, 1602–1613 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.115
    • (2006) Adv. Space Res. , vol.37 , pp. 1602-1613
    • Krivolutsky, A.A.1    Klyuchnikova, A.V.2    Zakharov, G.R.3    Vyushkova, T.Y.4    Kuminov, A.A.5
  • 168
    • 48549097248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar proton activity during cycle 23 and changes in the ozonosphere: Numerical simulation and analysis of observational data
    • A.A. Krivolutsky, A.A. Kuminov, A.A. Kukoleva, A.I. Repnev, N.K. Pereyaslova, M.N. Nazarova, Solar proton activity during cycle 23 and changes in the ozonosphere: Numerical simulation and analysis of observational data. Geomagn. Aeron. 48, 432–445 (2008). doi:10.1134/S0016793208040038
    • (2008) Geomagn. Aeron. , vol.48 , pp. 432-445
    • Krivolutsky, A.A.1    Kuminov, A.A.2    Kukoleva, A.A.3    Repnev, A.I.4    Pereyaslova, N.K.5    Nazarova, M.N.6
  • 170
    • 84855388599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forbush decreases, solar irradiance variations, and anomalous cloud changes
    • B. Laken, D. Kniveton, A. Wolfendale, Forbush decreases, solar irradiance variations, and anomalous cloud changes. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D9201 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JD014900
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Laken, B.1    Kniveton, D.2    Wolfendale, A.3
  • 172
    • 0031430635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone
    • D.J. Lary, Catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 21515 (1997). doi:10.1029/97JD00912
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 21515
    • Lary, D.J.1
  • 173
    • 11244264584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomagnetic storms, Forbush decreases of cosmic rays and total ozone at northern higher middle latitudes
    • J. Laštovička, P. Križan, Geomagnetic storms, Forbush decreases of cosmic rays and total ozone at northern higher middle latitudes. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 67, 119–124 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.021
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.67 , pp. 119-124
    • Laštovička, J.1    Križan, P.2
  • 176
    • 77954944877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of IMF and seasonal effects in the location of auroral substorm onset
    • K. Liou, P.T. Newell, D.G. Sibeck, C.-I. Meng, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, Observation of IMF and seasonal effects in the location of auroral substorm onset. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 5799–5810 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JA003001
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 5799-5810
    • Liou, K.1    Newell, P.T.2    Sibeck, D.G.3    Meng, C.-I.4    Brittnacher, M.5    Parks, G.6
  • 177
    • 0001652251 scopus 로고
    • Solar flare proton rigidity spectra deduced from cosmic ray neutron monitor observations
    • J.A. Lockwood, W.R. Webber, L. Hsieh, Solar flare proton rigidity spectra deduced from cosmic ray neutron monitor observations. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 4149–4155 (1974). doi:10.1029/JA079i028p04149
    • (1974) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.79 , pp. 4149-4155
    • Lockwood, J.A.1    Webber, W.R.2    Hsieh, L.3
  • 178
    • 82955177057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The persistence of solar activity indicators and the descent of the Sun into Maunder Minimum conditions
    • M. Lockwood, M.J. Owens, L. Barnard, C.J. Davis, F. Steinhilber, The persistence of solar activity indicators and the descent of the Sun into Maunder Minimum conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L22105 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011GL049811
    • (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38
    • Lockwood, M.1    Owens, M.J.2    Barnard, L.3    Davis, C.J.4    Steinhilber, F.5
  • 183
    • 0035391830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relativistic electron microbursts during the GEM storms
    • K.R. Lorentzen, M.D. Looper, J.B. Blake, Relativistic electron microbursts during the GEM storms. J. Geophys. Res. 28, 2573–2576 (2001). doi:10.1029/2001GL012926
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 2573-2576
    • Lorentzen, K.R.1    Looper, M.D.2    Blake, J.B.3
  • 184
    • 17944392967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water
    • E.R. Lovejoy, J. Curtius, K.D. Froyd, Atmospheric ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D8204 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003JD004460
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Lovejoy, E.R.1    Curtius, J.2    Froyd, K.D.3
  • 185
    • 0042701551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new technique for short-term forecast of auroral activity
    • A.T.Y. Lui, W.W. Lai, K. Liou, C.I. Meng, A new technique for short-term forecast of auroral activity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, L1258 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002GL016505
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30
    • Lui, A.T.Y.1    Lai, W.W.2    Liou, K.3    Meng, C.I.4
  • 186
    • 2342474640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetospheric processes leading to precipitation
    • L.R. Lyons, Magnetospheric processes leading to precipitation. Space Sci. Rev. 80(1–2), 109–132 (1997). doi:10.1023/A:1004977704864
    • (1997) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.80 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 109-132
    • Lyons, L.R.1
  • 187
    • 0043270644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of energetic electron precipitation into the Earth’s polar atmosphere and geomagnetic conditions
    • V.S. Makhmutov, G.A. Bazilevskaya, M.B. Krainev, Characteristics of energetic electron precipitation into the Earth’s polar atmosphere and geomagnetic conditions. Adv. Space Res. 31, 1087–1092 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00814-1
    • (2003) Adv. Space Res. , vol.31 , pp. 1087-1092
    • Makhmutov, V.S.1    Bazilevskaya, G.A.2    Krainev, M.B.3
  • 188
    • 29844455407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term balloon cosmic ray experiment: Results of analysis of energetic electron precipitation events
    • V.S. Makhmutov, G.A. Bazilevskaya, Y.I. Stozhkov, A.K. Svirzhevskaya, N.S. Svirzhevsky, Long-term balloon cosmic ray experiment: Results of analysis of energetic electron precipitation events. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 20, 6843–6845 (2005). doi:10.1142/S0217751X05030260
    • (2005) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A , vol.20 , pp. 6843-6845
    • Makhmutov, V.S.1    Bazilevskaya, G.A.2    Stozhkov, Y.I.3    Svirzhevskaya, A.K.4    Svirzhevsky, N.S.5
  • 189
    • 0031445732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term changes in atmospheric electricity associated with Forbush decreases
    • F. Märcz, Short-term changes in atmospheric electricity associated with Forbush decreases. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 59, 975–982 (1997). doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(96)00076-4
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.59 , pp. 975-982
    • Märcz, F.1
  • 190
    • 33748502374 scopus 로고
    • Solar modulation of atmospheric electrification and possible implications for the Sun-weather relationship
    • R. Markson, Solar modulation of atmospheric electrification and possible implications for the Sun-weather relationship. Nature 273, 103–109 (1978). doi:10.1038/273103a0
    • (1978) Nature , vol.273 , pp. 103-109
    • Markson, R.1
  • 191
    • 0000278255 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of the Earth’s electric field by cosmic radiation
    • R. Markson, Modulation of the Earth’s electric field by cosmic radiation. Nature 291, 304–308 (1981). doi:10.1038/291304a0
    • (1981) Nature , vol.291 , pp. 304-308
    • Markson, R.1
  • 192
    • 33749329572 scopus 로고
    • Solar wind control of the Earth’s electric field
    • R. Markson, M. Muir, Solar wind control of the Earth’s electric field. Science 208, 979–990 (1980). doi:10.1126/science.208.4447.979
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 979-990
    • Markson, R.1    Muir, M.2
  • 193
    • 0034533638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate
    • N. Marsh, H. Svensmark, Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate. Space Sci. Rev. 94, 215–230 (2000)
    • (2000) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 215-230
    • Marsh, N.1    Svensmark, H.2
  • 195
    • 37249083511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428–2005
    • K.G. McCracken, J. Beer, Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428–2005. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A10101 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012117
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • McCracken, K.G.1    Beer, J.2
  • 196
    • 0346456951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global imaging of proton and electron aurorae in the far ultraviolet
    • S.B. Mende, H.U. Frey, T.J. Immel, J.-C. Gerard, B. Hubert, S.A. Fuselier, Global imaging of proton and electron aurorae in the far ultraviolet. Space Sci. Rev. 109, 211–254 (2003). doi:10.1023/B:SPAC.0000007520.23689.08
    • (2003) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.109 , pp. 211-254
    • Mende, S.B.1    Frey, H.U.2    Immel, T.J.3    Gerard, J.-C.4    Hubert, B.5    Fuselier, S.A.6
  • 198
  • 199
    • 33847167430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of radiation belt relativistic electron losses
    • R.M. Millan, R.M. Thorne, Review of radiation belt relativistic electron losses. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69, 362–377 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.06.019
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.69 , pp. 362-377
    • Millan, R.M.1    Thorne, R.M.2
  • 200
    • 85081150625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-ray observations of MeV electron precipitation with a balloon-borne germanium spectrometer
    • R.M. Millan, R.P. Lin, D.M. Smith, K.R. Lorentzen, M.P. McCarthy, X-ray observations of MeV electron precipitation with a balloon-borne germanium spectrometer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, L2194 (2002). doi:10.1029/2002GL015922
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29
    • Millan, R.M.1    Lin, R.P.2    Smith, D.M.3    Lorentzen, K.R.4    McCarthy, M.P.5
  • 201
    • 34447501739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of relativistic electron precipitation during a rapid decrease of trapped relativistic electron flux
    • R.M. Millan, R.P. Lin, D.M. Smith, M.P. McCarthy, Observation of relativistic electron precipitation during a rapid decrease of trapped relativistic electron flux. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 10101 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006GL028653
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34 , pp. 10101
    • Millan, R.M.1    Lin, R.P.2    Smith, D.M.3    McCarthy, M.P.4
  • 202
    • 84883335465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effect of extreme solar energetic particle events of September-October 1989 on polar stratospheric aerosols: A case study
    • I.A. Mironova, I.G. Usoskin, Possible effect of extreme solar energetic particle events of September-October 1989 on polar stratospheric aerosols: A case study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 8543–8550 (2013). doi:10.5194/acp-13-8543-2013
    • (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.13 , pp. 8543-8550
    • Mironova, I.A.1    Usoskin, I.G.2
  • 203
    • 84928096097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effect of strong solar energetic particle events on polar stratospheric aerosol: A summary of observational results
    • I.A. Mironova, I.G. Usoskin, Possible effect of strong solar energetic particle events on polar stratospheric aerosol: A summary of observational results. Environ. Res. Lett. 9(1), 015002 (2014). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/015002
    • (2014) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.9 , Issue.1
    • Mironova, I.A.1    Usoskin, I.G.2
  • 205
    • 84874309994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effect of extreme solar energetic particle event of 20 January 2005 on polar stratospheric aerosols: Direct observational evidence
    • I.A. Mironova, I.G. Usoskin, G.A. Kovaltsov, S.V. Petelina, Possible effect of extreme solar energetic particle event of 20 January 2005 on polar stratospheric aerosols: Direct observational evidence. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 769–778 (2012). doi:10.5194/acp-12-769-2012
    • (2012) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.12 , pp. 769-778
    • Mironova, I.A.1    Usoskin, I.G.2    Kovaltsov, G.A.3    Petelina, S.V.4
  • 206
    • 43949101338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrophysical aspects in the studies of solar cosmic rays
    • L.I. Miroshnichenko, J.A. Perez-Peraza, Astrophysical aspects in the studies of solar cosmic rays. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 23, 1–141 (2008). doi:10.1142/S0217751X08037312
    • (2008) Int. J. Mod. Phys. A , vol.23 , pp. 1-141
    • Miroshnichenko, L.I.1    Perez-Peraza, J.A.2
  • 207
    • 84874300581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computations of cosmic ray propagation in the Earth’s atmosphere, towards a GLE analysis
    • A. Mishev, I. Usoskin, Computations of cosmic ray propagation in the Earth’s atmosphere, towards a GLE analysis. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 409(1), 012152 (2013). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012152
    • (2013) J. Phys. Conf. Ser. , vol.409 , Issue.1
    • Mishev, A.1    Usoskin, I.2
  • 208
    • 79957597774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normalized ionization yield function for various nuclei obtained with full Monte Carlo simulations
    • A.L. Mishev, P.I.Y. Velinov, Normalized ionization yield function for various nuclei obtained with full Monte Carlo simulations. Adv. Space Res. 48, 19–24 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.02.008
    • (2011) Adv. Space Res. , vol.48 , pp. 19-24
    • Mishev, A.L.1    Velinov, P.I.Y.2
  • 209
    • 0001524597 scopus 로고
    • Neutron monitor latitude survey of cosmic ray intensity during the 1986/1987 solar minimum
    • H. Moraal, M.S. Potgieter, P.H. Stoker, A.J. van der Walt, Neutron monitor latitude survey of cosmic ray intensity during the 1986/1987 solar minimum. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 1459–1464 (1989). doi:10.1029/JA094iA02p01459
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 1459-1464
    • Moraal, H.1    Potgieter, M.S.2    Stoker, P.H.3    van der Walt, A.J.4
  • 210
    • 0034541312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and co-ordination of multi-station international neutron monitor networks
    • H. Moraal, A. Belov, J.M. Clem, Design and co-ordination of multi-station international neutron monitor networks. Space Sci. Rev. 93, 285–303 (2000). doi:10.1023/A:1026504814360
    • (2000) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.93 , pp. 285-303
    • Moraal, H.1    Belov, A.2    Clem, J.M.3
  • 213
    • 84984483708 scopus 로고
    • Relativistic electron precipitation enhancements near the outer edge of the radiation belt
    • R. Nakamura, N.D. Baker, J.B. Blake, S. Kanekal, B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, Relativistic electron precipitation enhancements near the outer edge of the radiation belt. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1129–1132 (1995). doi:10.1029/95GL00378
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 1129-1132
    • Nakamura, R.1    Baker, N.D.2    Blake, J.B.3    Kanekal, S.4    Klecker, B.5    Hovestadt, D.6
  • 214
    • 39449112694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAMPEX observations of precipitation bursts in the outer radiation belt
    • R. Nakamura, M. Isowa, Y. Kamide, D.N. Baker, J.B. Blake, M. Looper, SAMPEX observations of precipitation bursts in the outer radiation belt. Geophys. Res. Lett. 105, 15875–15886 (2000). doi:10.1029/2000JA900018
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.105 , pp. 15875-15886
    • Nakamura, R.1    Isowa, M.2    Kamide, Y.3    Baker, D.N.4    Blake, J.B.5    Looper, M.6
  • 215
    • 0000285857 scopus 로고
    • Cosmic-ray particles that changed from 1954 to 1958 to 1965
    • H.V. Neher, Cosmic-ray particles that changed from 1954 to 1958 to 1965. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1527 (1967). doi:10.1029/JZ072i005p01527
    • (1967) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.72 , pp. 1527
    • Neher, H.V.1
  • 216
    • 0000323150 scopus 로고
    • Cosmic rays at high latitudes and altitudes covering four solar maxima
    • H.V. Neher, Cosmic rays at high latitudes and altitudes covering four solar maxima. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 1637–1651 (1971). doi:10.1029/JA076i007p01637
    • (1971) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.76 , pp. 1637-1651
    • Neher, H.V.1
  • 217
    • 84878302639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eccentric dipole approximation of the geomagnetic field: Application to cosmic ray computations
    • J. Nevalainen, I.G. Usoskin, A. Mishev, Eccentric dipole approximation of the geomagnetic field: Application to cosmic ray computations. Adv. Space Res. 52, 22–29 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.02.020
    • (2013) Adv. Space Res. , vol.52 , pp. 22-29
    • Nevalainen, J.1    Usoskin, I.G.2    Mishev, A.3
  • 219
    • 0029999612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of discrete aurorae by sunlight
    • P.T. Newell, C.-I. Meng, K.M. Lyons, Suppression of discrete aurorae by sunlight. Nature 381, 766–767 (1996). doi:10.1038/381766a0
    • (1996) Nature , vol.381 , pp. 766-767
    • Newell, P.T.1    Meng, C.-I.2    Lyons, K.M.3
  • 220
    • 84948067131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P.T. Newell, T. Sotirelis, S. Wing, Seasonal variations in diffuse, monoenergetic, and broadband aurora. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1511 (2009)
    • P.T. Newell, T. Sotirelis, S. Wing, Seasonal variations in diffuse, monoenergetic, and broadband aurora. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1511 (2009)
  • 221
    • 78650265491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive ability of four auroral precipitation models as evaluated using Polar UVI global images
    • P.T. Newell, T. Sotirelis, K. Liou, A.R. Lee, S. Wing, J. Green, R. Redmon, Predictive ability of four auroral precipitation models as evaluated using Polar UVI global images. Space Weather 8, 12004 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010SW000604
    • (2010) Space Weather , vol.8 , pp. 12004
    • Newell, P.T.1    Sotirelis, T.2    Liou, K.3    Lee, A.R.4    Wing, S.5    Green, J.6    Redmon, R.7
  • 222
    • 78650299573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variations in diffuse, monoenergetic, and broadband aurora
    • P.T. Newell, T. Sotirelis, S. Wing, Seasonal variations in diffuse, monoenergetic, and broadband aurora. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A3216 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014805
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Newell, P.T.1    Sotirelis, T.2    Wing, S.3
  • 223
    • 0001538194 scopus 로고
    • On the production of nitric oxide by cosmic rays in the mesosphere and stratosphere
    • M. Nicolet, On the production of nitric oxide by cosmic rays in the mesosphere and stratosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 23, 637–649 (1975). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(75)90104-X
    • (1975) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 637-649
    • Nicolet, M.1
  • 224
    • 77954685399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental determination of layer cloud edge charging from cosmic ray ionisation
    • K.A. Nicoll, R.G. Harrison, Experimental determination of layer cloud edge charging from cosmic ray ionisation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L13802 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010GL043605
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37
    • Nicoll, K.A.1    Harrison, R.G.2
  • 225
    • 84899113307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Formula Presented.) production due to energetic particle precipitation in the MLT region: Results from ion chemistry model studies
    • H. Nieder, H. Winkler, D.R. Marsh, M. Sinnhuber, NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ production due to energetic particle precipitation in the MLT region: Results from ion chemistry model studies. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 2137–2148 (2014). doi:10.1002/2013JA019044
    • (2014) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.119 , pp. 2137-2148
    • Nieder, H.1    Winkler, H.2    Marsh, D.R.3    Sinnhuber, M.4
  • 226
    • 0018433756 scopus 로고
    • Secular variations in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the earth’s atmosphere
    • K. O’Brien, Secular variations in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the earth’s atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 423–431 (1979)
    • (1979) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.84 , pp. 423-431
    • O’Brien, K.1
  • 227
    • 7744236868 scopus 로고
    • The evidence for auroral effects on atmospheric electricity
    • D.E. Olson, The evidence for auroral effects on atmospheric electricity. Pure Appl. Geophys. 84, 118–138 (1971). doi:10.1007/BF00875461
    • (1971) Pure Appl. Geophys. , vol.84 , pp. 118-138
    • Olson, D.E.1
  • 228
    • 77951116819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of the impact of solar proton events on the ionic and gaseous composition of the mesosphere
    • Y.E. Ozolin, I.L. Karol’, E.V. Rozanov, T.A. Egorova, A model of the impact of solar proton events on the ionic and gaseous composition of the mesosphere. Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 45, 737–750 (2009). doi:10.1134/S0001433809060073
    • (2009) Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. , vol.45 , pp. 737-750
    • Ozolin, Y.E.1    Karol’, I.L.2    Rozanov, E.V.3    Egorova, T.A.4
  • 229
    • 34447297049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of particle physics
    • Particle Data Group, Review of particle physics. Phys. Lett. B 592, 228–234 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.06.001
    • (2004) Phys. Lett. B , vol.592 , pp. 228-234
  • 230
    • 0008559524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A search of UARS data for ozone depletions caused by the highly relativistic electron precipitation events of May 1992
    • W.D. Pesnell, R.A. Goldberg, C.H. Jackman, D.L. Chenette, E.E. Gaines, A search of UARS data for ozone depletions caused by the highly relativistic electron precipitation events of May 1992. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 165–176 (1999). doi:10.1029/1998JA900030
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 165-176
    • Pesnell, W.D.1    Goldberg, R.A.2    Jackman, C.H.3    Chenette, D.L.4    Gaines, E.E.5
  • 231
    • 39449134325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation of mesospheric ozone during the highly relativistic electron event in May 1992 as measured by the High Resolution Doppler Imager instrument on UARS
    • W.D. Pesnell, R.A. Goldberg, C.H. Jackman, D.L. Chenette, E.E. Gaines, Variation of mesospheric ozone during the highly relativistic electron event in May 1992 as measured by the High Resolution Doppler Imager instrument on UARS. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 22943–22954 (2000). doi:10.1029/2000JA000091
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 22943-22954
    • Pesnell, W.D.1    Goldberg, R.A.2    Jackman, C.H.3    Chenette, D.L.4    Gaines, E.E.5
  • 232
    • 68249149177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can cosmic rays affect cloud condensation nuclei by altering new particle formation rates?
    • J.R. Pierce, P.J. Adams, Can cosmic rays affect cloud condensation nuclei by altering new particle formation rates? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L9820 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL037946
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Pierce, J.R.1    Adams, P.J.2
  • 234
    • 0000938907 scopus 로고
    • Efficiencies for production of atomic nitrogen and oxygen by relativistic proton impact in air
    • H.S. Porter, C.H. Jackman, A.E.S. Green, Efficiencies for production of atomic nitrogen and oxygen by relativistic proton impact in air. J. Chem. Phys. 65, 154–167 (1976). doi:10.1063/1.432812
    • (1976) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.65 , pp. 154-167
    • Porter, H.S.1    Jackman, C.H.2    Green, A.E.S.3
  • 235
    • 84897665505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays
    • M. Potgieter, Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 10, 3 (2013). doi:10.12942/lrsp-2013-3
    • (2013) Living Rev. Sol. Phys. , vol.10 , pp. 3
    • Potgieter, M.1
  • 236
    • 56049090221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space weather effects in the upper atmosphere: Low and middle latitudes
    • Scherer K., Fichter H., Herber B., (eds), Lecture Notes in Physics, 656, Springer, Berlin
    • G.W. Prölss, Space weather effects in the upper atmosphere: Low and middle latitudes, in Space Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan, ed. by K. Scherer, H. Fichter, B. Herber Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 656 (Springer, Berlin, 2004), p. 193. doi:10.1007/b100037
    • (2004) Space Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan , pp. 193
    • Prölss, G.W.1
  • 240
    • 0020733508 scopus 로고
    • The effects of energetic particle precipitation on the atmospheric electric circuit
    • J.B. Reagan, R.E. Meyerott, J.E. Evans, W.L. Imhof, R.G. Joiner, The effects of energetic particle precipitation on the atmospheric electric circuit. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 3869–3878 (1983). doi:10.1029/JC088iC06p03869
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88 , pp. 3869-3878
    • Reagan, J.B.1    Meyerott, R.E.2    Evans, J.E.3    Imhof, W.L.4    Joiner, R.G.5
  • 241
    • 77956045009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling disturbed stratospheric chemistry during solar-induced (Formula Presented.) enhancements observed with MIPAS/ENVISAT
    • T. Reddmann, R. Ruhnke, S. Versick, W. Kouker, Modeling disturbed stratospheric chemistry during solar-induced NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ enhancements observed with MIPAS/ENVISAT. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D00I11 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JD012569
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Reddmann, T.1    Ruhnke, R.2    Versick, S.3    Kouker, W.4
  • 242
    • 84948089749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G.D. Reeves, M.G. Taylor, R.H. Friedel, Y. Chen, Relativistic electron equatorial phase space densities gradients from 4 to 20 Re. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 488 (2003)
    • G.D. Reeves, M.G. Taylor, R.H. Friedel, Y. Chen, Relativistic electron equatorial phase space densities gradients from 4 to 20 Re. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 488 (2003)
  • 243
    • 33748605426 scopus 로고
    • Solar flares and their impact on potential gradient and air-earth current characteristics at high mountain stations
    • R. Reiter, Solar flares and their impact on potential gradient and air-earth current characteristics at high mountain stations. Pure Appl. Geophys. 72, 259–267 (1969). doi:10.1007/BF00875709
    • (1969) Pure Appl. Geophys. , vol.72 , pp. 259-267
    • Reiter, R.1
  • 244
    • 78650685726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in the chemical composition of the atmosphere from satellite measurements and their relation to fluxes of energetic particles of cosmic origin (Review)
    • A.I. Repnev, A.A. Krivolutsky, Variations in the chemical composition of the atmosphere from satellite measurements and their relation to fluxes of energetic particles of cosmic origin (Review). Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 46, 535–562 (2010). doi:10.1134/S0001433810050014
    • (2010) Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. , vol.46 , pp. 535-562
    • Repnev, A.I.1    Krivolutsky, A.A.2
  • 245
    • 84948068085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.D. Richardson, J.C. Kasper, A.J. Lazarus, K.I. Paularena, A. Wallace, Solar cycle variation of shocks in the heliosphere. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1 (2001)
    • J.D. Richardson, J.C. Kasper, A.J. Lazarus, K.I. Paularena, A. Wallace, Solar cycle variation of shocks in the heliosphere. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1 (2001)
  • 247
    • 0022172677 scopus 로고
    • On solar-terrestrial relationships in atmospheric electricity
    • R.G. Roble, On solar-terrestrial relationships in atmospheric electricity. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6000–6012 (1985). doi:10.1029/JD090iD04p06000
    • (1985) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.90 , pp. 6000-6012
    • Roble, R.G.1
  • 249
    • 34548595684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storm time, short-lived bursts of relativistic electron precipitation detected by subionospheric radio wave propagation
    • C.J. Rodger, M.A. Clilverd, D. Nunn, P.T. Verronen, J. Bortnik, E. Turunen, Storm time, short-lived bursts of relativistic electron precipitation detected by subionospheric radio wave propagation. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A7301 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007JA012347
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Rodger, C.J.1    Clilverd, M.A.2    Nunn, D.3    Verronen, P.T.4    Bortnik, J.5    Turunen, E.6
  • 250
    • 77950675406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of POES SEM-2 observations to examine radiation belt dynamics and energetic electron precipitation into the atmosphere
    • C.J. Rodger, M.A. Clilverd, J.C. Green, M.M. Lam, Use of POES SEM-2 observations to examine radiation belt dynamics and energetic electron precipitation into the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A4202 (2010). doi:10.1029/2008JA014023
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Rodger, C.J.1    Clilverd, M.A.2    Green, J.C.3    Lam, M.M.4
  • 251
    • 36149006644 scopus 로고
    • System of units for nuclear and cosmic-ray phenomena
    • B. Rossi, System of units for nuclear and cosmic-ray phenomena. Phys. Rev. 57, 660 (1940). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.57.660
    • (1940) Phys. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 660
    • Rossi, B.1
  • 253
    • 84862668533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the precipitating energetic particles on atmospheric chemistry and climate
    • E. Rozanov, M. Calisto, T. Egorova, T. Peter, W. Schmutz, Influence of the precipitating energetic particles on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Surv. Geophys. 33, 483–501 (2012). doi:10.1007/s10712-012-9192-0
    • (2012) Surv. Geophys. , vol.33 , pp. 483-501
    • Rozanov, E.1    Calisto, M.2    Egorova, T.3    Peter, T.4    Schmutz, W.5
  • 254
    • 84864343728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of the atmospheric response to a strong decrease of the solar activity
    • Mandrini C.H., Webb D.F., (eds), Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 286th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union, Mendoza, Argentina, Oct. 03–07, 2011
    • E.V. Rozanov, T.A. Egorova, A.I. Shapiro, W.K. Schmutz, Modeling of the atmospheric response to a strong decrease of the solar activity, in Comparative Magnetic Minima: Characterizing Quite Times in the Sun and Stars, ed. by C.H. Mandrini, D.F. Webb Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, vol. 6 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012), pp. 215–224. 286th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union, Mendoza, Argentina, Oct. 03–07, 2011. 978-1-107-01986-7. doi:10.1017/S1743921312004863
    • (2012) Comparative Magnetic Minima: Characterizing Quite Times in the Sun and Stars , pp. 215-224
    • Rozanov, E.V.1    Egorova, T.A.2    Shapiro, A.I.3    Schmutz, W.K.4
  • 255
    • 0001471109 scopus 로고
    • The effect of particle precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere. I—Odd nitrogen
    • D.W. Rusch, J.-C. Gerard, S. Solomon, P.J. Crutzen, G.C. Reid, The effect of particle precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere. I—Odd nitrogen. Planet. Space Sci. 29, 767–774 (1981). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(81)90048-9
    • (1981) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 767-774
    • Rusch, D.W.1    Gerard, J.-C.2    Solomon, S.3    Crutzen, P.J.4    Reid, G.C.5
  • 256
    • 84876170685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M.J. Rycroft, K.A. Nicoll, K.L. Aplin, R.G. Harrison, Recent advances in global electric circuit coupling between the space environment and the troposphere. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. (2012)
    • M.J. Rycroft, K.A. Nicoll, K.L. Aplin, R.G. Harrison, Recent advances in global electric circuit coupling between the space environment and the troposphere. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. (2012). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2012.03.015
  • 257
    • 0034771178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorms, lightning and solar activity-Middle Europe
    • K. Schlegel, G. Diendorfer, S. Thern, M. Schmidt, Thunderstorms, lightning and solar activity-Middle Europe. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 63, 1705–1713 (2001). doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00053-0
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.63 , pp. 1705-1713
    • Schlegel, K.1    Diendorfer, G.2    Thern, S.3    Schmidt, M.4
  • 258
    • 0035085534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory investigation of possible ice nucleation by ionizing radiation in pure water at tropospheric temperatures
    • L.H. Seeley, G.T. Seidler, J.G. Dash, Laboratory investigation of possible ice nucleation by ionizing radiation in pure water at tropospheric temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 3033–3036 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JD900670
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 3033-3036
    • Seeley, L.H.1    Seidler, G.T.2    Dash, J.G.3
  • 259
    • 79958178801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle atmosphere response to the solar cycle in irradiance and ionizing particle precipitation
    • K. Semeniuk, V.I. Fomichev, J.C. McConnell, C. Fu, S.M.L. Melo, I.G. Usoskin, Middle atmosphere response to the solar cycle in irradiance and ionizing particle precipitation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 5045–5077 (2011). doi:10.5194/acp-11-5045-2011
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 5045-5077
    • Semeniuk, K.1    Fomichev, V.I.2    McConnell, J.C.3    Fu, C.4    Melo, S.M.L.5    Usoskin, I.G.6
  • 260
    • 38949133056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Formula Presented.) enhancements in the middle atmosphere during 2003–2004 polar winter: Relative significance of solar proton events and the aurora as a source
    • A. Seppälä, M.A. Clilverd, C.J. Rodger, NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ enhancements in the middle atmosphere during 2003–2004 polar winter: Relative significance of solar proton events and the aurora as a source. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D23303 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JD008326
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Seppälä, A.1    Clilverd, M.A.2    Rodger, C.J.3
  • 261
    • 84947030914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the solar influence on climate? Overview of activities during CAWSES-II
    • A. Seppälä, K. Matthes, C. E. Rondall, I. A. Mironova What is the solar influence on climate? Overview of activities during CAWSES-II. Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. 1, 24 (2014). doi:10.1186/s40645-014-0024-3
    • (2014) Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.1 , pp. 24
    • Seppälä, A.1    Matthes, K.2    Rondall, C.E.3    Mironova, I.A.4
  • 262
    • 0042404217 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostics of the magnetic configuration of the plasma sheet according to measurements of energetic electrons above the ionosphere
    • V.A. Sergeev, M.V. Malkov, Diagnostics of the magnetic configuration of the plasma sheet according to measurements of energetic electrons above the ionosphere. Geomagn. Aeron. 28, 649–654 (1988)
    • (1988) Geomagn. Aeron. , vol.28 , pp. 649-654
    • Sergeev, V.A.1    Malkov, M.V.2
  • 263
    • 0642355357 scopus 로고
    • Mutual location and magnetospheric sources of the penetration of energetic electrons and diffuse and discrete auroras at a preliminary substorm phase
    • V.A. Sergeev, A.G. Iakhnin, R. Pellinen, Mutual location and magnetospheric sources of the penetration of energetic electrons and diffuse and discrete auroras at a preliminary substorm phase. Geomagn. Aeron. 23, 972–978 (1983)
    • (1983) Geomagn. Aeron. , vol.23 , pp. 972-978
    • Sergeev, V.A.1    Iakhnin, A.G.2    Pellinen, R.3
  • 264
    • 0000212499 scopus 로고
    • Testing the isotropic boundary algorithm method to evaluate the magnetic field configuration in the tail
    • V.A. Sergeev, M. Malkov, K. Mursula, Testing the isotropic boundary algorithm method to evaluate the magnetic field configuration in the tail. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7609–7620 (1993). doi:10.1029/92JA02587
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 7609-7620
    • Sergeev, V.A.1    Malkov, M.2    Mursula, K.3
  • 265
    • 0642374247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dayside isotropic precipitation of energetic protons
    • V.A. Sergeev, G.R. Bikkuzina, P.T. Newell, Dayside isotropic precipitation of energetic protons. Ann. Geophys. 15, 1233–1245 (1997). doi:10.1007/s00585-997-1233-5
    • (1997) Ann. Geophys. , vol.15 , pp. 1233-1245
    • Sergeev, V.A.1    Bikkuzina, G.R.2    Newell, P.T.3
  • 266
    • 0028562992 scopus 로고
    • Space-time structure and reasons of global, regional, and local variations of atmospheric electricity
    • V.M. Sheftel, O.I. Bandilet, A.N. Yaroshenko, A.K. Chernyshev, Space-time structure and reasons of global, regional, and local variations of atmospheric electricity. J. Geophys. Res. 99, D10797 (1994). doi:10.1029/93JD02857
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Sheftel, V.M.1    Bandilet, O.I.2    Yaroshenko, A.N.3    Chernyshev, A.K.4
  • 267
    • 62149136456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term variations in the frequency of polar mesospheric clouds in the Northern Hemisphere from SBUV
    • E.P. Shettle, M.T. DeLand, G.E. Thomas, J.J. Olivero, Long term variations in the frequency of polar mesospheric clouds in the Northern Hemisphere from SBUV. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L2803 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008GL036048
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Shettle, E.P.1    DeLand, M.T.2    Thomas, G.E.3    Olivero, J.J.4
  • 268
    • 0000296573 scopus 로고
    • The Latitude Dependence of Neutron Densities in the Atmosphere as a Function of Altitude
    • J.A. Simpson, The Latitude Dependence of Neutron Densities in the Atmosphere as a Function of Altitude. Phys. Rev. 73, 1389–1391 (1948). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.1389
    • (1948) Phys. Rev. , vol.73 , pp. 1389-1391
    • Simpson, J.A.1
  • 269
    • 0020948901 scopus 로고
    • Elemental and isotopic composition of the Galactic cosmic rays
    • J.A. Simpson, Elemental and isotopic composition of the Galactic cosmic rays. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 33, 323–382 (1983). doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.33.120183.001543
    • (1983) Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 323-382
    • Simpson, J.A.1
  • 270
    • 0000239407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brief history of recurrent solar modulation of the Galactic cosmic rays (1937–1990)
    • J.A. Simpson, A brief history of recurrent solar modulation of the Galactic cosmic rays (1937–1990). Space Sci. Rev. 83, 169–176 (1998)
    • (1998) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.83 , pp. 169-176
    • Simpson, J.A.1
  • 271
    • 0000696462 scopus 로고
    • Cosmic radiation intensity-time variations and their origin. I. Neutron intensity variation method and meteorological factors
    • J.A. Simpson, W. Fonger, S.B. Treiman, Cosmic radiation intensity-time variations and their origin. I. Neutron intensity variation method and meteorological factors. Phys. Rev. 90, 934–950 (1953). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.90.934
    • (1953) Phys. Rev. , vol.90 , pp. 934-950
    • Simpson, J.A.1    Fonger, W.2    Treiman, S.B.3
  • 273
    • 84870773284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic particle precipitation and the chemistry of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere
    • M. Sinnhuber, H. Nieder, N. Wieters, Energetic particle precipitation and the chemistry of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere. Surv. Geophys. 33, 1281–1334 (2012). doi:10.1007/s10712-012-9201-3
    • (2012) Surv. Geophys. , vol.33 , pp. 1281-1334
    • Sinnhuber, M.1    Nieder, H.2    Wieters, N.3
  • 274
    • 84905408860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of (Formula Presented.) in the polar middle atmosphere from October 2003 to March 2004: vertical transport vs. local production by energetic particles
    • M. Sinnhuber, B. Funke, T. von Clarmann, M. Lopez-Puertas, G.P. Stiller, A. Seppälä, Variability of NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ in the polar middle atmosphere from October 2003 to March 2004: vertical transport vs. local production by energetic particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 7681–7692 (2014). doi:10.5194/acp-14-7681-2014
    • (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.14 , pp. 7681-7692
    • Sinnhuber, M.1    Funke, B.2    von Clarmann, T.3    Lopez-Puertas, M.4    Stiller, G.P.5    Seppälä, A.6
  • 275
    • 0034545137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetospheric models and trajectory computations
    • D.F. Smart, M.A. Shea, E.O. Flückiger, Magnetospheric models and trajectory computations. Space Sci. Rev. 93, 305–333 (2000). doi:10.1023/A:1026556831199
    • (2000) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.93 , pp. 305-333
    • Smart, D.F.1    Shea, M.A.2    Flückiger, E.O.3
  • 276
    • 33646687281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A geomagnetic cutoff rigidity interpolation tool: Accuracy verification and application to space weather
    • D.F. Smart, M.A. Shea, A.J. Tylka, P.R. Boberg, A geomagnetic cutoff rigidity interpolation tool: Accuracy verification and application to space weather. Adv. Space Res. 37, 1206–1217 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.02.011
    • (2006) Adv. Space Res. , vol.37 , pp. 1206-1217
    • Smart, D.F.1    Shea, M.A.2    Tylka, A.J.3    Boberg, P.R.4
  • 277
    • 0037560540 scopus 로고
    • High-resolution spectra of 20–300 keV hard X-rays from electron precipitation over Antarctica
    • D.M. Smith, R.P. Lin, K.A. Anderson, K. Hurley, C.M. Johns, High-resolution spectra of 20–300 keV hard X-rays from electron precipitation over Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 19675–19686 (1995). doi:10.1029/95JA01472
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 19675-19686
    • Smith, D.M.1    Lin, R.P.2    Anderson, K.A.3    Hurley, K.4    Johns, C.M.5
  • 278
    • 80155144636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WACCM simulations of the mean circulation and trace species transport in the winter mesosphere
    • A.K. Smith, R.R. Garcia, D.R. Marsh, J.H. Richter, WACCM simulations of the mean circulation and trace species transport in the winter mesosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D20115 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011JD016083
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Smith, A.K.1    Garcia, R.R.2    Marsh, D.R.3    Richter, J.H.4
  • 279
    • 0000157885 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the August 1972 solar proton event including chlorine chemistry
    • S. Solomon, P.J. Crutzen, Analysis of the August 1972 solar proton event including chlorine chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1140–1146 (1981). doi:10.1029/JC086iC02p01140
    • (1981) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.86 , pp. 1140-1146
    • Solomon, S.1    Crutzen, P.J.2
  • 280
    • 0001471110 scopus 로고
    • The effect of particle precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere. II—odd hydrogen
    • S. Solomon, D.W. Rusch, J.-C. Gerard, G.C. Reid, P.J. Crutzen, The effect of particle precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere. II—odd hydrogen. Planet. Space Sci. 29, 885–893 (1981). doi:10.1016/0032-0633(81)90078-7
    • (1981) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 885-893
    • Solomon, S.1    Rusch, D.W.2    Gerard, J.-C.3    Reid, G.C.4    Crutzen, P.J.5
  • 281
    • 0020336025 scopus 로고
    • Photochemical coupling between the thermosphere and the lower atmosphere. I—Odd nitrogen from 50 to 120 km
    • S. Solomon, R.G. Roble, P.J. Crutzen, Photochemical coupling between the thermosphere and the lower atmosphere. I—Odd nitrogen from 50 to 120 km. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 7206–7220 (1982). doi:10.1029/JC087iC09p07206
    • (1982) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.87 , pp. 7206-7220
    • Solomon, S.1    Roble, R.G.2    Crutzen, P.J.3
  • 284
    • 84855537445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling ground and space based cosmic ray observations
    • R.D. Strauss, M.S. Potgieter, S.E.S. Ferreira, Modeling ground and space based cosmic ray observations. Adv. Space Res. 49, 392–407 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.10.006
    • (2012) Adv. Space Res. , vol.49 , pp. 392-407
    • Strauss, R.D.1    Potgieter, M.S.2    Ferreira, S.E.S.3
  • 285
    • 70350006802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray decreases affect atmospheric aerosols and clouds
    • H. Svensmark, T. Bondo, J. Svensmark, Cosmic ray decreases affect atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 361, L15101 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL038429
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.361
    • Svensmark, H.1    Bondo, T.2    Svensmark, J.3
  • 287
    • 77958617772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scattering by chorus waves as the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation
    • R.M. Thorne, B. Ni, X. Tao, R.B. Horne, N.P. Meredith, Scattering by chorus waves as the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation. Nature 467, 943–946 (2010). doi:10.1038/nature09467
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 943-946
    • Thorne, R.M.1    Ni, B.2    Tao, X.3    Horne, R.B.4    Meredith, N.P.5
  • 288
    • 0034535568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of solar wind on the global electric circuit, and inferred effects on cloud microphysics, temperature, and dynamics in the troposphere
    • B.A. Tinsley, Influence of solar wind on the global electric circuit, and inferred effects on cloud microphysics, temperature, and dynamics in the troposphere. Space Sci. Rev. 94, 231–258 (2000)
    • (2000) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 231-258
    • Tinsley, B.A.1
  • 289
    • 0034233722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of image charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets and on droplet charging and possible ice nucleation processes
    • B.A. Tinsley, R.P. Rohrbaugh, M. Hei, K.V. Beard, Effects of image charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets and on droplet charging and possible ice nucleation processes. J. Atmos. Sci. 57, 2118–2134 (2000)
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 2118-2134
    • Tinsley, B.A.1    Rohrbaugh, R.P.2    Hei, M.3    Beard, K.V.4
  • 291
    • 84948077085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.N. Tripathi, S. Vishnoi, S. Kumar, R.G. Harrison, Computationally-efficient expressions for the collision efficiency between electrically charged aerosol particles and cloud droplets. ArXiv Physics e-prints (2006)
    • S.N. Tripathi, S. Vishnoi, S. Kumar, R.G. Harrison, Computationally-efficient expressions for the collision efficiency between electrically charged aerosol particles and cloud droplets. ArXiv Physics e-prints (2006)
  • 293
    • 84868361640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic rays and climate forcing
    • I.G. Usoskin, Cosmic rays and climate forcing. Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 82, 937–942 (2011)
    • (2011) Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. , vol.82 , pp. 937-942
    • Usoskin, I.G.1
  • 294
    • 84897584490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A history of solar activity over millennia
    • I.G. Usoskin, A history of solar activity over millennia. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 10, 1 (2013). doi:10.12942/lrsp-2013-1
    • (2013) Living Rev. Sol. Phys. , vol.10 , pp. 1
    • Usoskin, I.G.1
  • 295
    • 34250863501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray induced ionization in the atmosphere: Full modeling and practical applications
    • I.G. Usoskin, G.A. Kovaltsov, Cosmic ray induced ionization in the atmosphere: Full modeling and practical applications. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D21206 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006JD007150
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Usoskin, I.G.1    Kovaltsov, G.A.2
  • 297
    • 7044259717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray-induced ionization in the atmosphere: Spatial and temporal changes
    • I.G. Usoskin, O.G. Gladysheva, G.A. Kovaltsov, Cosmic ray-induced ionization in the atmosphere: Spatial and temporal changes. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 66, 1791–1796 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.037
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.66 , pp. 1791-1796
    • Usoskin, I.G.1    Gladysheva, O.G.2    Kovaltsov, G.A.3
  • 298
    • 33745453111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Monthly reconstruction for 1951–2004
    • I.G. Usoskin, K. Alanko-Huotari, G.A. Kovaltsov, K. Mursula, Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Monthly reconstruction for 1951–2004. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12108 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005JA011250
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Usoskin, I.G.1    Alanko-Huotari, K.2    Kovaltsov, G.A.3    Mursula, K.4
  • 301
    • 77953175458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmic ray induced ionization model CRAC:CRII: An extension to the upper atmosphere
    • I.G. Usoskin, G.A. Kovaltsov, I.A. Mironova, Cosmic ray induced ionization model CRAC:CRII: An extension to the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D10302 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JD013142
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Usoskin, I.G.1    Kovaltsov, G.A.2    Mironova, I.A.3
  • 302
    • 79951930975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar modulation parameter for cosmic rays since 1936 reconstructed from ground-based neutron monitors and ionization chambers
    • I.G. Usoskin, G.A. Bazilevskaya, G.A. Kovaltsov, Solar modulation parameter for cosmic rays since 1936 reconstructed from ground-based neutron monitors and ionization chambers. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A02104 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016105
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Usoskin, I.G.1    Bazilevskaya, G.A.2    Kovaltsov, G.A.3
  • 303
    • 79952261181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionization effect of solar particle GLE events in low and middle atmosphere
    • I.G. Usoskin, G.A. Kovaltsov, I.A. Mironova, A.J. Tylka, W.F. Dietrich, Ionization effect of solar particle GLE events in low and middle atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 1979–1988 (2011). doi:10.5194/acp-11-1979-2011
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 1979-1988
    • Usoskin, I.G.1    Kovaltsov, G.A.2    Mironova, I.A.3    Tylka, A.J.4    Dietrich, W.F.5
  • 305
    • 0002926660 scopus 로고
    • Response of the middle atmosphere to Galactic cosmic rays
    • P.I. Velinov, L.N. Mateev, Response of the middle atmosphere to Galactic cosmic rays. Geomagn. Aeron. 30, 593–598 (1990)
    • (1990) Geomagn. Aeron. , vol.30 , pp. 593-598
    • Velinov, P.I.1    Mateev, L.N.2
  • 307
    • 84887173958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis and of ionic reactions affecting middle atmospheric (Formula Presented.) during proton events
    • P.T. Verronen, R. Lehmann, Analysis and of ionic reactions affecting middle atmospheric HOx$\mathrm{HO}_{x}$ and NOx$\mathrm{NO}_{x}$ during proton events. Ann. Geophys. 31, 909–956 (2013). doi:10.5194/angeo-31-909-2013
    • (2013) Ann. Geophys. , vol.31 , pp. 909-956
    • Verronen, P.T.1    Lehmann, R.2
  • 308
    • 0036973145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the effects of the October 1989 solar proton event on mesospheric odd nitrogen using a detailed ion and neutral chemistry model
    • P.T. Verronen, E. Turunen, T. Ulich, E. Kyrölä, Modelling the effects of the October 1989 solar proton event on mesospheric odd nitrogen using a detailed ion and neutral chemistry model. Ann. Geophys. 20, 1967–1976 (2002). doi:10.5194/angeo-20-1967-2002
    • (2002) Ann. Geophys. , vol.20 , pp. 1967-1976
    • Verronen, P.T.1    Turunen, E.2    Ulich, T.3    Kyrölä, E.4
  • 310
    • 79955059130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First evidence of mesospheric hydroxyl response to electron precipitation from the radiation belts
    • P.T. Verronen, C.J. Rodger, M.A. Clilverd, S. Wang, First evidence of mesospheric hydroxyl response to electron precipitation from the radiation belts. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D7307 (2011a). doi:10.1029/2010JD014965
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Verronen, P.T.1    Rodger, C.J.2    Clilverd, M.A.3    Wang, S.4
  • 311
    • 80052522857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric acid enhancements in the mesosphere during the January 2005 and December 2006 solar proton events
    • P.T. Verronen, M.L. Santee, G.L. Manney, R. Lehmann, S.-M. Salmi, A. Seppälä, Nitric acid enhancements in the mesosphere during the January 2005 and December 2006 solar proton events. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D17301 (2011b). doi:10.1029/2011JD016075
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Verronen, P.T.1    Santee, M.L.2    Manney, G.L.3    Lehmann, R.4    Salmi, S.-M.5    Seppälä, A.6
  • 312
    • 0030464298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of sources of odd nitrogen production from 1974 through 1993 in the Earth’s middle atmosphere as calculated using a two-dimensional model
    • F.M. Vitt, C.H. Jackman, A comparison of sources of odd nitrogen production from 1974 through 1993 in the Earth’s middle atmosphere as calculated using a two-dimensional model. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 6729–6740 (1996). doi:10.1029/95JD03386
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 6729-6740
    • Vitt, F.M.1    Jackman, C.H.2
  • 316
    • 14344273340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation
    • H.D. Voss, M. Walt, W.L. Imhof, J. Mobilia, U.S. Inan, Satellite observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11725–11744 (1998). doi:10.1029/97JA02878
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 11725-11744
    • Voss, H.D.1    Walt, M.2    Imhof, W.L.3    Mobilia, J.4    Inan, U.S.5
  • 317
    • 0000321584 scopus 로고
    • On the effect of electric charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by clouds and small raindrops
    • P.K. Wang, S.N. Grover, H.R. Pruppacher, On the effect of electric charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by clouds and small raindrops. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1735–1743 (1978)
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 1735-1743
    • Wang, P.K.1    Grover, S.N.2    Pruppacher, H.R.3
  • 318
    • 0000936009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global simulation of tropospheric (Formula Presented.)-hydrocarbon chemistry 3. Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons
    • Y. Wang, D.J. Jacob, J.A. Logan, Global simulation of tropospheric (Formula Presented.)-hydrocarbon chemistry 3. Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 10757–10768 (1998). doi:10.1029/98JD00156
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 10757-10768
    • Wang, Y.1    Jacob, D.J.2    Logan, J.A.3
  • 319
    • 0002573153 scopus 로고
    • Investigation on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms
    • C.T.R. Wilson, Investigation on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A221, 73–115 (1920)
    • (1920) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. , vol.A221 , pp. 73-115
    • Wilson, C.T.R.1
  • 320
    • 2342462024 scopus 로고
    • Cosmic-ray increase at high altitude on February 23, 1956
    • J.R. Winckler, Cosmic-ray increase at high altitude on February 23, 1956. Phys. Rev. 104, 220 (1956). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.220
    • (1956) Phys. Rev. , vol.104 , pp. 220
    • Winckler, J.R.1
  • 321
    • 0000578880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central plasma sheet ion properties as inferred from ionospheric observations
    • S. Wing, P.T. Newell, Central plasma sheet ion properties as inferred from ionospheric observations. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 6785–6800 (1998). doi:10.1029/97JA02994
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 6785-6800
    • Wing, S.1    Newell, P.T.2
  • 322
    • 72049116851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of mesospheric HCl into active chlorine during the solar proton event in July 2000 in the northern polar region
    • H. Winkler, S. Kazeminejad, M. Sinnhuber, M.-B. Kallenrode, J. Notholt, Conversion of mesospheric HCl into active chlorine during the solar proton event in July 2000 in the northern polar region. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D00I03 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JD011587
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Winkler, H.1    Kazeminejad, S.2    Sinnhuber, M.3    Kallenrode, M.-B.4    Notholt, J.5
  • 323
  • 324
    • 70349435371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): A 3-D model to determine atmospheric ionization by energetic charged particles from different populations
    • J.M. Wissing, M.-B. Kallenrode, Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): A 3-D model to determine atmospheric ionization by energetic charged particles from different populations. J. Geophys. Res. 114, A06104 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013884
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Wissing, J.M.1    Kallenrode, M.-B.2
  • 325
    • 0000590773 scopus 로고
    • The nature of noctilucent clouds
    • G. Witt, The nature of noctilucent clouds, in Space Res. IX, 1969, pp. 157–169
    • (1969) Space Res. IX , pp. 157-169
    • Witt, G.1
  • 326
    • 84948069841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report 52, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 442 (2011)
    • WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report 52, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 442 (2011)
  • 327
    • 11344280439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of large NAT particles and denitrification in polar stratosphere: possible role of cosmic rays and effect of solar activity
    • F. Yu, Formation of large NAT particles and denitrification in polar stratosphere: possible role of cosmic rays and effect of solar activity. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4, 2273–2283 (2004)
    • (2004) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.4 , pp. 2273-2283
    • Yu, F.1
  • 328
    • 0001492281 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide and lower ionosphere quantities during solar particle events of October 1989 after rocket and ground-based measurements
    • A.M. Zadorozhnyi, G.A. Tuchkov, V.N. Kikhtenko, J. Lastovicka, J. Boska, A. Novak, Nitric oxide and lower ionosphere quantities during solar particle events of October 1989 after rocket and ground-based measurements. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 54, 183–192 (1992)
    • (1992) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 183-192
    • Zadorozhnyi, A.M.1    Tuchkov, G.A.2    Kikhtenko, V.N.3    Lastovicka, J.4    Boska, J.5    Novak, A.6
  • 329
    • 44649193011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An empirical Kp-dependent global auroral model based on TIMED/GUVI FUV data
    • Y. Zhang, L.J. Paxton, An empirical Kp-dependent global auroral model based on TIMED/GUVI FUV data. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 70, 1231–1242 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.03.008
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. , vol.70 , pp. 1231-1242
    • Zhang, Y.1    Paxton, L.J.2
  • 330
    • 0022831680 scopus 로고
    • Gaseous ammonia and ammonium ions in the free troposphere
    • H. Ziereis, F. Arnold, Gaseous ammonia and ammonium ions in the free troposphere. Nature 321, 503–505 (1986). doi:10.1038/321503a0
    • (1986) Nature , vol.321 , pp. 503-505
    • Ziereis, H.1    Arnold, F.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.