Solar modulation of cosmic rays

Living Reviews in Solar Physics

Volumn 10, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Potgieter, Marius S ^a  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cosmic rays; Heliosphere; Solar activity; Solar cycles; Solar modulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897665505     PISSN: 16144961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12942/lrsp-2013-3     Document Type: Article

References (252)

1. Adriani, O., Barbarino, G.C., Bazilevskaya, G.A. et al. [PAMELA Collaboration], 2009a, "An anomalous positron abundance in cosmic rays with energies 1.5-100 GeV", Nature, 458, 607-608.
2. Adriani, O., Barbarino, G.C., Bazilevskaya, G.A. et al. [PAMELA Collaboration], 2009b, "New measurement of the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio up to 100 GeV in the cosmic radiation", Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 051101.
3. Adriani, O., Barbarino, G.C., Bazilevskaya, G.A. et al. [PAMELA Collaboration], 2013, "Time Dependence of the Proton Flux Measured by PAMELA during the 2006 July-2009 December Solar Minimum", Astrophys. J., 765, 91.
4. Ahluwalia, H.S. and Jackiewicz, J., 2012, "Sunspot cycle 23 descent to an unusual minimum and forecasts for cycle 24 activity", Adv. Space Res., 50, 662-668.
5. Ahluwalia, H.S. and Ygbuhay, R.C., 2011, "The onset of sunspot cycle 24 and galactic cosmic ray modulation", Adv. Space Res., 48, 61-64.
6. Alania, M.V., Modzelewska, R. and Wawrzynczak, A., 2011, "On the Relationship of the 27-day Variations of the Solar Wind Velocity and Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity in Minimum Epoch of Solar Activity", Solar Phys., 270, 629-641.
7. Aslam, O.P.M. and Badruddin, 2012, "Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays during the Declining and Minimum Phases of Solar Cycle 23: Comparison with Past Three Solar Cycles", Solar Phys., 279, 269-288.
8. Balogh, A. and Jokipii, J.R., 2009, "The heliospheric magnetic field and its extension to the inner heliosheath", Space Sci. Rev., 143, 85-110.
9. Battiston, R. [AMS Collaboration], 2010, "The Anti Matter Spectrometer (AMS-02): A particle physics detector in space", in Astroparticle, Particle and Space Physics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, Proceedings of the 11th ICATPP conference, Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, 5 -9 October 2009, (Eds. Leroy, C., Rancoita, P.-G., Barone, M., Gaddi, A., Price, L., Ruchti, R., Astroparticle, Particle and Space Physics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, 5, pp. 741-750, World Scientific, Singapore; Hackensack, NJ.
10. Beatty, J.J., Garcia-Munoz, M. and Simpson, J.A., 1985, "The cosmic-ray spectra of 1H, 2H, and 4He as a test of the origin of the hydrogen superfluxes at solar minimum modulation", Astrophys. J., 294, 455-462.
11. Beer, J., McCracken, K.G., Abreu, J., Heikkilä, U. and Steinhilber, F., 2011, "Cosmogenic radionuclides as an extension of the neutron monitor era into the past: Potential and imitations", Space Sci. Rev.
12. Bieber, J.W., 2003, "Transport of charged particles in the heliosphere: Theory", Adv. Space Res., 32, 549-560.
13. Bieber, J.W., Matthaeus, W.H., Smith, C.W., Wanner, W., Kallenrode, M.-B. and Wibberenz, G., 1994, "Proton and electron mean free paths: The Palmer consensus revisited", Astrophys. J., 420, 294-306.
14. Bieber, J.W., Matthaeus, W.H., Shalchi, A. and Qin, G., 2004, "Nonlinear guiding center theory of perpendicular diffusion: General properties and comparison with observation", Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10805.
15. Blasi, P., Amato, E. and Serpico, P.D., 2012, "Spectral breaks as a signature of cosmic ray induced turbulence in the galaxy", Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, 061101.
16. Bobik, P., Boschini, M.J., Consolandi, C. et al., 2011, "Antiproton modulation in the heliosphere and AMS-02 antiproton over proton ratio prediction", Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 7, 245-249.
17. Bobik, P., Boella, G., Boschini, M.J. et al., 2012, "Systematic investigation of solar modulation of galactic protons for solar cycle 23 using a Monte Carlo approach with particle drift effects and latitudinal dependence", Astrophys. J., 745, 132.
18. Boezio, M. and Mocchiutti, E., 2012, "Chemical composition of galactic cosmic rays with space experiments", Astropart. Phys., 39, 95-108.
19. Boezio, M., Pearce, M., Picozza, P. et al., 2009, "PAMELA and indirect dark matter searches", New J. Phys., 11, 105023.
20. Borovikov, S.N., Pogorelov, N.V., Burlaga, L.F. and Richardson, J.D., 2011, "Plasma near the heliosheath: Observations and modeling", Astrophys. J., 728, L21-26.
21. Burger, R.A. and Potgieter, M.S., 1989, "The calculation of neutral sheet drift in two-dimensional cosmicray modulation models", Astrophys. J., 339, 501-511.
22. Burger, R.A., Potgieter, M.S. and Heber, B., 2000, "Rigidity dependence of cosmic ray proton latitudinal gradients measured by Ulysses spacecraft: Implications for the diffusion tensor", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27,447-27,455.
23. Burger, R.A., Krüger, T.P.J., Hitge, M. and Engelbrecht, N.E., 2008, "A Fisk-Parker hybrid heliospheric magnetic field with a solar-cycle dependence", Astrophys. J., 674, 511-519.
24. Burlaga, L.F. and Ness, N.F., 2011, "Current sheets in the heliosheath: Voyager 1, 2009", J. Geophys. Res., 116, A05102.
25. Burlaga, L.F., McDonald, F.B. and Ness, N.F., 1993, "Cosmic ray modulation and the distant heliospheric magnetic field Voyager 1 and 2 observations from 1986 to 1989", J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1-11.
26. Burlaga, L.F., Ness, N.F., Akuna, M.H., Lepping, R.P., Connerney, J.E.P., Stone, E.C. and McDonald, F.B., 2005, "Crossing the termination shock into the heliosheath: Magnetic fields", Science, 309, 2027-2029.
27. Büsching, I. and Potgieter, M.S., 2008, "The variability of the proton cosmic ray flux on the Sun's way around the galactic center", Adv. Space Res., 42, 504-509.
28. Büsching, I., de Jager, O.C., Potgieter, M.S. and Venter, C., 2008, "A cosmic-ray positron anisotropy due to two middle-aged, nearby pulsars?", Astrophys. J. Lett., 678, L39-L42.
29. Cane, H.V., Wibberenz, G., Richardson, I.G. and von Rosenvinge, T.T., 1999, "Cosmic ray modulation and the solar magnetic field", Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 565-568.
30. Cliver, E.W., Richardson, I.G. and Ling, A.G., 2011, "Drivers of 11-yr and long-term cosmic ray modulation", Space Sci. Rev.
31. Cummings, A.C. and Stone, E.C., 2007, "Composition of anomalous cosmic rays", Space Sci. Rev., 130, 389-399.
32. Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C., McDonald, F.B., Heikkila, B.C., Lal, N. and Webber, W.R., 2008, "Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the Heliosheath", in Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere and Beyond, 7th Annual International Astrophysics Conference, Kauai, Hawaii, 7 -13 March 2008, (Eds.). Li, G., Hu, Q., Verkhoglyadova, O., Zank, G.P., Lin, R.P., Luhmann, J., AIP Conference Proceedings, 1039, pp. 343-348, American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY.
33. Cummings, A.C., Tranquille, C., Marsden, R.G., Mewaldt, R.A. and Stone, E.C., 2009, "Radial and latitudinal gradients of anomalous cosmic ray oxygen in the inner heliosphere", Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18103.
34. De Simone, N., 2011, Galactic and solar proton flux measurements in the energy range 80 MeV-1.2 TeV with the PAMELA space experiment, Ph.D. thesis, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome. Online version (accessed 26 February 2013): http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=538.
35. De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Gieseler, J., Boezio, M., Casolino, M., Picozza, P. and Heber, B. [PAMELA Collaboration], 2011, "Latitudinal and radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons in the inner heliosphere -PAMELA and Ulysses observations", Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 7, 425-434.
36. Decker, R.B., Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., Hill, M.E., Armstrong, T.P., Gloeckler, G., Hamilton, D.C. and Lanzerotti, L.J., 2005, "Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock, and heliosheath", Science, 309, 2020-2024.
37. Della Torre, S., Bobik, P., Boschini, M.J. et al., 2012, "Effects of solar modulation on the cosmic ray positron fraction", Adv. Space Res., 49, 1587-1592.
38. Di Felice, V., 2010, Low energy electron and positron measurements in space with the PAMELA Experiment, Ph.D. thesis, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome. Online version (accessed 6 June 2013): http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1245.
39. Drake, J.F., Opher, M., Swisdak, M. and Chamoun, J.N., 2010, "A magnetic reconnection mechanism for the generation of anomalous cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 709, 963-974.
40. Dröge, W., 2005, "Probing heliospheric diffusion coefficients with solar energetic particles", Adv. Space Res., 35, 532.
41. Dunzlaff, P., Heber, B., Kopp, A., Rother, O., Müller-Mellin, R., Klassen, A., Gómez-Herrero, R. and Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., 2008, "Observations of recurrent cosmic ray decreases during solar cycles 22 and 23", Ann. Geophys., 26, 3127-3138.
42. Effenberger, F., Fichtner, H., Scherer, K., Barra, S., Kleimann, J. and Strauss, R.D., 2012, "A generalized diffusion tensor for fully anisotropic diffusion of energetic particles in the heliospheric magnetic field", Astrophys. J., 750, 108.
43. Erdos, G. and Balogh, A., 2010, "North-south asymmetry of the location of the heliospheric current sheet revisited", J. Geophys. Res., 115, A01105.
44. Fahr, H.-J., 2004, "Global structure of the heliosphere and interaction with the local interstellar medium: three decades of growing knowledge", Adv. Space Res., 34, 3-13.
45. Ferreira, S.E.S., 2005, "The transport of galactic and jovian cosmic ray electrons in the heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 35, 586-596.
46. Ferreira, S.E.S. and Potgieter, M.S., 2004, "Long-Term Cosmic-Ray Modulation in the Heliosphere", Astrophys. J., 603, 744-752.
47. Ferreira, S.E.S. and Scherer, K., 2004, "Modulation of Cosmic-Ray Electrons in the Outer Heliosphere", Astrophys. J., 616, 1215-1223.
48. Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S., Burger, R.A., Heber, B. and Fichtner, H., 2001, "The modulation of Jovian and galactic electrons in the heliosphere. I. Latitudinal transport of a few MeV electrons", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24,979-24,987.
49. Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S. and Heber, B., 2003a, "Particle drift effects on cosmic ray modulation during solar maximum", Adv. Space Res., 32, 645-650 and 39.
50. Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S., Heber, B. and Fichtner, H., 2003b, "Charge-sign dependent modulation over a 22-year cycle", Ann. Geophys., 21, 1359-1366.
51. Fichtner, H., 2001, "Anomalous cosmic rays: Messengers from the outer heliosphere", Space Sci. Rev., 95, 639-754.
52. Fichtner, H., 2005, "Cosmic rays in the heliosphere: progress in the modelling during the past 10 years", Adv. Space Res., 35, 512-517.
53. Fichtner, H., Sreenivasan, S.R. and Fahr, H.J., 1996, "Cosmic-ray modulation and a non-spherical heliospheric shock", Astron. Astrophys., 308, 248-260.
54. Fichtner, H., Potgieter, M.S., Ferreira, S.E.S. and Burger, R.A., 2000, "On the propagation of Jovian electrons in the heliosphere: Transport modelling in 4-D phase space", Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1611-1614.
55. Fisk, L.A., 1971, "Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, 2", J. Geophys. Res., 76, 221-226.
56. Fisk, L.A., 1976, "Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. IV. Latitude-dependent modulation", J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4646-4650.
57. Fisk, L.A., 1979, "The interactions of energetic particles with the solar wind", in Solar System Plasma Physics, (Eds.) Parker, E.N., Kennel, C.F., Lanzerotti, L.J., pp. 177-247, North-Holland, Amsterdam; New York.
58. Fisk, L.A., 1996, "Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: Implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes", J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,547-15,554.
59. Fisk, L.A., 1999, "An overview of the transport of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosphere: theory", Adv. Space Res., 23, 415-423.
60. Fisk, L.A., 2005, "Journey into the unknown beyond", Science, 09, 2016-2017.
61. Fisk, L.A. and Gloeckler, G., 2009, "The acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays by stochastic acceleration in the heliosheath", Adv. Space Res., 43, 1471-1478.
62. Fisk, L.A. and Gloeckler, G., 2012, "Particle acceleration in the heliosphere: Implications for astrophysics", Space Sci. Rev., 173, 433-458.
63. Fisk, L.A., Kozlovsky, B. and Ramaty, R., 1974, "An Interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 190, L35-37.
64. Florinski, V., 2009, "Pickup Ion Acceleration at the Termination Shock and in the Heliosheath", Space Sci. Rev., 143, 111-124.
65. Florinski, V., 2011, "On the transport of cosmic rays in the distant heliosheath", Adv. Space Res., 48, 308-313.
66. Florinski, V. and Pogorelov, N.V., 2009, "Four-dimensional transport of galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere and heliosheath", Astrophys. J., 701, 642-651.
67. Florinski, V., Ferreira, S.E.S. and Pogorelov, N.V., 2011, "Galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere: Theory and models", Space Sci. Rev.
68. Garcia-Munoz, M., Mason, G.M. and Simpson, J.A., 1973, "A new test for solar modulation theory: The 1972 May-July low-energy galactic cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra", Astrophys. J., 182, L81-84.
69. Gervasi, M., Rancoita, P.G., Usoskin, I.G. and Kovaltsov, G.A., 1999, "Monte-Carlo approach to galactic cosmic ray propagation in the heliosphere", Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), 78, 26-31.
70. Giacalone, J., 2011, "Cosmic-ray transport and interaction with shocks", Space Sci. Rev.
71. Giacalone, J. and Jokipii, J.R., 1994, "Charged-particle motion in multidimensional magnetic field turbulence", Astrophys. J., 430, L137-L140.
72. Giacalone, J. and Jokipii, J.R., 1999, "The transport of cosmic rays across a turbulent magnetic field", Astrophys. J., 520, 204-214.
73. Giacalone, J., Drake, J.F. and Jokipii, J.R., 2012, "The acceleration mechanism of anomalous cosmic rays", Space Sci. Rev., 173, 283-307.
74. Gil, A., Iskra, K., Modzelewska, R. and Alania, M.V., 2005, "On the 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy and intensity for different periods of solar magnetic cycle", Adv. Space Res., 35, 687-690.
75. Gleeson, L.J. and Axford, W.I., 1967, "Cosmic Rays in the Interplanetary Medium", Astrophys. J., 149, L115-118.
76. Gleeson, L.J. and Axford, W.I., 1968, "Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 154, 1011-1026.
77. Gloeckler, G., Fisk, L.A., Geiss, J., Hill, M.E., Hamilton, D.C., Decker, R.B. and Krimigis, S.M., 2009, "Composition of interstellar neutrals and the origin of anomalous cosmic rays", Space Sci. Rev., 143, 163-175.
78. Haasbroek, L.J. and Potgieter, M.S., 1998, "A new model to study galactic cosmic ray modulation in an asymmetrically bounded heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2099-2104.
79. Hathaway, D.H., 2010, "The Solar Cycle", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 7, lrsp-2010-1. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2010-1
80. Hattingh, M., Burger, R.A., Potgieter, M.S. and Haasbroek, L.J., 1997, "Cosmic ray latitudinal effects predicted by a three-dimensional drift model", Adv. Space Res., 19, 839-896.
81. Heber, B., 2011, "Cosmic rays through the solar Hale cycle", Space Sci. Rev.
82. Heber, B. and Marsden, R.G., 2001, "Cosmic ray modulation over the poles at solar maximum: Observations", Space Sci. Rev., 97, 309-319.
83. Heber, B. and Potgieter, M.S., 2006, "Cosmic rays at high heliolatitudes", Space Sci. Rev., 127, 117-194.
84. Heber, B. and Potgieter, M.S., 2008, "Galactic and anomalous cosmic rays through the solar cycle: New insights from Ulysses", in The Heliosphere through the Solar Activity Cycle, (Eds.) Balogh, A., Lanzerotti, L.J., Suess, S.T., pp. 195-249, Springer; Praxis, Berlin; New York; Chichester.
85. Heber, B., Wibberenz, G., Potgieter, M.S. et al., 2002, "Ulysses Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Investigation/ Kiel Electron Telescope observations: Charge sign dependence and latitudinal gradients during the 1990-2000 54 > 0 solar magnetic cycle", J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1274.
86. Heber, B., Clem, J.M., Müller-Mellin, R., Kunow, H., Ferreira, S.E.S. and Potgieter, M.S., 2003, "Evolution of the galactic cosmic ray electron to proton ratio: Ulysses COSPIN/KET observations", Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 8032.
87. Heber, B., Kopp, A., Gieseler, J., Müller-Mellin, R., Fichtner, H., Scherer, K., Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2009, "Modulation of galactic cosmic ray protons and electrons during an unusual solar minimum", Astrophys. J., 699, 1956-1963.
88. Hoeksema, J.T., 1992, "Large scale structure of the heliospheric magnetic field: 1976-1991", in Solar Wind Seven, Proceedings of the 3rd COSPAR Colloquium held in Goslar, Germany, 16 -20 September 1991, (Eds.) Marsch, E., Schwenn, R., COSPAR Colloquia Series, 3, pp. 191-197, Pergamon Press, Oxford; New York.
89. Hovestadt, D., Vollmer, O., Gloeckler, G. and Fan, C.Y., 1973, "Measurement of Elemental Abundance of Very Low Energy Solar Cosmic Rays", in 13th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 2 , Proceedings of the conference held in Denver, Colorado, 17 -30 August 1973, pp. 1498-1501, University of Denver, Denver.
90. Jiang, J., Cameron, R., Schmitt, D. and Schüssler, M., 2010, "Modeling the Sun's open magnetic flux and the heliospheric current sheet", Astrophys. J., 709, 301-307.
91. Jokipii, J.R., 1973, "Radial Variation of Magnetic Fluctuations and the Cosmic-Ray Diffusion Tensor in the Solar Wind", Astrophys. J., 182, 585-600.
92. Jokipii, J.R., 1986, "Particle acceleration at a termination shock. I. Application to the solar wind and the anomalous component", J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2929-2932.
93. Jokipii, J.R., 1996, "Theory of multiply charged anomalous cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 466, L47-L50.
94. Jokipii, J.R., 2012, "The heliospheric termination shock", Space Sci. Rev.
95. Jokipii, J.R. and Kopriva, D.A., 1979, "Effects of particle drift on the transport of cosmic rays. III. Numerical models of galactic cosmic-ray modulation", Astrophys. J., 234, 384-392.
96. Jokipii, J.R. and Thomas, B., 1981, "Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays. IV. Modulation by a wavy interplanetary current sheet", Astrophys. J., 243, 1115-1122.
97. Jokipii, J.R., Levy, E.H. and Hubbard, W.B., 1977, "Effects of particle drift on cosmic-ray transport. I -General properties, application to solar modulation", Astrophys. J., 213, 861-868.
98. Kane, R.P., 2011, "Hysteresis of cosmic rays with respect to sunspot numbers during the recent sunspot minimum", Solar Phys., 269, 451-454.
99. Kopp, A., Büsching, I., Strauss, R.D. and Potgieter, M.S., 2012, "A stochastic differential equation code for multidimensional Fokker-Planck type problems", Comput. Phys. Commun., 183, 530-542.
100. Kóta, J., 2012, "Theory and Modeling of Galactic Cosmic Rays: Trends and Prospects", Space Sci. Rev..
101. Kóta, J. and Jokipii, J.R., 1983, "Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays. VI. A three-dimensional model including diffusion", Astrophys. J., 265, 573-581.
102. Kóta, J. and Jokipii, J.R., 2008, "Anomalous Cosmic Rays in the Heliosheath: Simulation with a Blunt Termination Shock", in Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere and Beyond, 7th Annual International Astrophysics Conference, Kauai, Hawaii, 7 -13 March 2008, (Eds.) Li, G., Hu, Q., Verkhoglyadova, O., Zank, G.P., Lin, R.P., Luhmann, J., AIP Conference Proceedings, 1039, pp. 397-403, American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY.
103. Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., Decker, R.B. and Hill, M.E., 2011, "Zero outflow velocity for a plasma in a heliosheath transition layer", Nature, 474, 359-361.
104. Krymsky, G.F., Krivoshapkin, P.A., Gerasimova, S.K., Gololobov, P.Y., Grigor'ev, V.G. and Starodubtsev, S.A., 2012, "Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays in solar cycles 19-23", Astron. Lett., 38, 609-612.
105. Langner, U.W. and Potgieter, M.S., 2004a, "Solar wind termination shock and heliosheath effects on the modulation of protons and antiprotons", J. Geophys. Res., 109, A01103.
106. Langner, U.W. and Potgieter, M.S., 2004b, "Effects of the solar wind termination shock on charge-sign dependent cosmic ray modulation", Adv. Space Res., 34, 144-149.
107. Langner, U.W. and Potgieter, M.S., 2005, "Modulation of galactic protons in an asymmetrical heliosphere", Astrophys. J., 630, 1114-1124.
108. Langner, U.W., de Jager, O.C. and Potgieter, M.S., 2001, "On the local interstellar spectrum for cosmic ray electrons", Adv. Space Res., 27, 517-522.
109. Langner, U.W., Potgieter, M.S. and Webber, W.R., 2003, "Modulation of cosmic ray protons in the heliosheath", J. Geophys. Res., 108(A10), 8039.
110. Langner, U.W., Potgieter, M.S., Fichtner, H. and Borrmann, T., 2006a, "Effects of different solar wind speed profiles in the heliosheath on the modulation of cosmic-ray protons", Astrophys. J., 640, 1119-1134.
111. Langner, U.W., Potgieter, M.S., Fichtner, H. and Borrmann, T., 2006b, "Modulation of anomalous protons: Effects of different solar wind speed profiles in the heliosheath", J. Geophys. Res., 111, A01106.
112. Laurenza, M., Vecchio, A., Storini, M. and Carbone, V., 2012, "Quasi-biennial modulation of galactic cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 749, 167.
113. Lazarian, A. and Opher, M., 2009, "A model of acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays by reconnection in the heliosheath", Astrophys. J., 703, 8-21.
114. Lazarian, A., Vlahos, L., Kowal, G., Yan, H., Beresnyak, A. and de Gouveia Dal Pino, E.M., 2012, "Turbulence, magnetic reconnection in turbulent fluids and energetic particle acceleration", Space Sci. Rev., 173, 557-622.
115. le Roux, J.A. and Fichtner, H., 1999, "Global merged interaction regions, the heliospheric termination shock, and time-dependent cosmic ray modulation", J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4709-4730.
116. Le Roux, J.A. and Potgieter, M.S., 1990, "A time-dependent drift model for the long-term modulation of cosmic rays with special reference to asymmetries with respect to the solar minimum of 1987", Astrophys. J., 361, 275-282.
117. Le Roux, J.A. and Potgieter, M.S., 1995, "The simulation of complete 11 and 12 year modulation cycles for cosmic rays in the heliosphere using a drift model with global merged interaction regions", Astrophys. J., 442, 847-851.
118. Le Roux, J.A., Potgieter, M.S. and Ptuskin, V.S., 1996, "A transport model for the diffusive shock acceleration and modulation of anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4791-4803.
119. Lee, M.A., Mewaldt, R.A. and Giacalone, J., 2012, "Shock acceleration of ions in the heliosphere", Space Sci. Rev., 173, 247-281.
120. Leske, R.A., Cummings, A.C., Mewaldt, R.A. and Stone, E.C., 2011, "Anomalous and galactic cosmic rays at 1 AU during the cycle 23/24 solar minimum", Space Sci. Rev.
121. Levy, E.H., 1976, "The interplanetary magnetic field structure", Nature, 261, 394-395.
122. Linde, T.J., Gombosi, T.I., Roe, P.L., Powell, K.G. and DeZeeuw, D.L., 1998, "Heliosphere in the magnetized local interstellar medium: Results of a three-dimensional MHD simulation", J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1889-1904.
123. Manuel, R., Ferreira, S.E.S. and Potgieter, M.S., 2011a, "Cosmic ray modulation in the outer heliosphere: Predictions for cosmic ray intensities up to the heliopause along Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories", Adv. Space Res., 48, 874-883.
124. Manuel, R., Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S., Strauss, R.D. and Engelbrecht, N.E., 2011b, "Time-dependent cosmic ray modulation", Adv. Space Res., 47, 1529-1537.
125. Matthaeus, W.H. and Velli, M., 2011, "Who needs turbulence? A review of turbulence effects in the heliosphere and on the fundamental process of reconnection", Space Sci. Rev., 160, 145-168.
126. Matthaeus, W.H., Qin, G., Bieber, J.W. and Zank, G.P., 2003, "Nonlinear collisionless perpendicular diffusion of charged particles", Astrophys. J., 590, L53-L56.
127. McComas, D.J. and Schwadron, N.A., 2006, "An explanation of the Voyager paradox: Particle acceleration at a blunt termination shock", Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04102.
128. McComas, D.J., Allegrini, F., Bochsler, P. et al., 2009, "Global observations of the interstellar interaction from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX)", Science, 326, 959-962.
129. McComas, D.J., Alexashov, D., Bzowski, M. et al., 2012a, "The heliosphere's interstellar interaction: no bow shock", Science, 336, 1291.
130. McComas, D.J., Dayeh, M.A., Allegrini, F. et al., 2012b, "The first three years of IBEX observations and our evolving heliosphere", Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 203, 1.
131. McCracken, K.G. and Beer, J., 2007, "Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428-2005", J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10101.
132. McCracken, K.G., Beer, J., Steinhilber, F. and Abreu, J., 2011, "The heliosphere in time", Space Sci. Rev.
133. McDonald, F.B., Heikkila, B.C., Lal, N. and Stone, E.C., 2000, "The relative recovery of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the distant heliosphere: Evidence for modulation in the heliosheath", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1.
134. McDonald, F.B., Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., Heikkila, B.C., Lal, N. and Webber, W.R., 2003, "Enhancements of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock", Nature, 426, 48-51.
135. McDonald, F.B.,Webber, W.R. and Reames, D.V., 2010, "Unusual time histories of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays at 1 AU over the deep solar minimum of cycle 23/24", Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18101.
136. McKibben, R.B., 2005, "Cosmic-ray diffusion in the inner heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 35, 518-531.
137. McKibben, R.B., Connell, J.J., Lopate, C., Simpson, J.A. and Zhang, M., 1996, "Observations of galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous helium during ULYSSES passage from the south to the north solar pole", Astron. Astrophys., 316, 547-554.
138. Mewaldt, R.A., 2012, "Cosmic rays in the heliosphere: requirements for future observations", Space Sci. Rev.
139. Mewaldt, R.A., Cummings, J.R., Leske, R.A., Selesnick, R.S., Stone, E.C. and von Rosenvinge, T.T., 1996a, "A study of the composition and energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays using the geomagnetic field", Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 617-620.
140. Mewaldt, R.A., Selesnick, R.S., Cummings, J.R., Stone, E.C. and von Rosenvinge, T.T., 1996b, "Evidence for multiply charged anomalous cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 466, L43-L46.
141. Mewaldt, R.A., Davis, A.J., Lave, K.A. et al., 2010, "Record-setting cosmic-ray intensities in 2009 and 2010", Astrophys. J. Lett., 273, L1-L6.
142. Moeketsi, D.M., Potgieter, M.S., Ferreira, S.E.S., Heber, B., Fichtner, H. and Henize, V.K., 2005, "The heliospheric modulation of 3-10 MeV electrons: Modeling of changes in the solar wind speed in relation to perpendicular polar diffusion", Adv. Space Res., 35, 597-604.
143. Moraal, H., 2011, "Cosmic-Ray Modulation Equations", Space Sci. Rev.
144. Moraal, H., Gleeson, L.J. and Webb, G.M., 1979, "Effects of Charged Particle Drifts on the Modulation of the Intensity of Galactic Cosmic Rays", in 16th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 3 , Proceedings of the conference held in Kyoto, 6 -18 August 1979, (Ed.) Miyake, S., pp. 1-4, University of Tokyo, Tokyo.
145. Moraal, H., Potgieter, M.S. and Stoker, P.H. van der Walt, A.J., 1989, "Neutron monitor latitude survey of cosmic ray intensity during the 1986/1987 solar minimum", J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1459-1464.
146. Moskalenko, I.V., Strong, A.W., Ormes, J.F. and Potgieter, M.S., 2002, "Secondary antiprotons and propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy and heliosphere", Astrophys. J., 565, 280-296.
147. Munini, R., 2011, Time dependence of the cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra measured by PAMELA experiment during the last solar minimum, Master's thesis, University of Trieste, Trieste.
148. Ndiitwani, D.C., Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S. and Heber, B., 2005, "Modeling cosmic ray intensities along the Ulysses trajectory", Ann. Geophys., 23, 1061-1070.
149. Ngobeni, M.D. and Potgieter, M.S., 2008, "Cosmic ray anisotropies in the outer heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 41, 373-380.
150. Ngobeni, M.D. and Potgieter, M.S., 2010, "The heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Effects of a latitude dependent solar wind termination shock", Adv. Space Res., 46, 391-401.
151. Ngobeni, M.D. and Potgieter, M.S., 2011, "Modulation of galactic cosmic rays in a north-south asymmetrical heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 48, 300-307.
152. Ngobeni, M.D. and Potgieter, M.S., 2012, "Modelling of galactic Carbon in an asymmetrical heliosphere: Effects of asymmetrical modulation conditions", Adv. Space Res., 49, 1660-1669.
153. Nkosi, G.S., Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2008, "Electron anisotropies in the inner heliosphere", Planet. Space Sci., 56, 501-509.
154. Nkosi, G.S., Potgieter, M.S. and Webber, W.R., 2011, "Modelling of low-energy galactic electrons in the heliosheath", Adv. Space Res., 48, 1480-1489.
155. Opher, M., Alouani Bibi, F., Toth, G., Richardson, J.D., Izmodenov, V.V. and Gombosi, T.I., 2009a, "A strong, highly-tilted interstellar magnetic field near the solar system", Nature, 462, 1035-1038.
156. Opher, M., Richardson, J.D., Toth, G. and Gombosi, T.I., 2009b, "Confronting observations and modeling: The role of the interstellar magnetic field in Voyager 1 and 2 asymmetries", Space Sci. Rev., 143, 43-55.
157. Parker, E.N., 1958, "Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields", Astrophys. J., 128, 664-676.
158. Parker, E.N., 1965, "The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space", Planet. Space Sci., 13, 9-49.
159. Parker, E.N., 2001, "A history of early work on the heliospheric magnetic field.", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15 797-15 801.
160. Pei, C., Bieber, J.W., Breech, B., Burger, R.A., Clem, J. and Matthaeus, W.H., 2010, "Cosmic ray diffusion tensor throughout the heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 115, A03103.
161. Perko, J.S. and Fisk, L.A., 1983, "Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. 5. Time-dependent modulation", J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9033.
162. Pesses, M.E., Jokipii, J.R. and Eichler, D., 1981, "Cosmic ray drift, shock wave acceleration and the anomalous component of cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 246, L85-L88.
163. Petrovay, K. and Christensen, U.R., 2010, "The magnetic sun: reversals and long-term variations", Space Sci. Rev., 155, 371-385.
164. Pogorelov, N.V., Heerikhuisen, J., Zank, G.P. and Borovikov, S.N., 2009a, "Influence of the interstellar magnetic field and neutrals on the shape of the outer heliosphere", Space Sci. Rev., 143, 31-42.
165. Pogorelov, N.V., Heerikhuisen, J., Zank, G.P., Mitchell, J.J. and Cairns, I.H., 2009b, "Heliospheric asymmetries due to the action of the interstellar magnetic field", Adv. Space Res., 44, 1337-1344.
166. Potgieter, M.S., 1989, "Heliospheric terminal shock acceleration and modulation of the anomalous cosmicray component", Adv. Space Res., 9, 21.
167. Potgieter, M.S., 1995, "The long-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 16, 191-203.
168. Potgieter, M.S., 1996, "The heliospheric modulation of galactic electrons: Consequences of new calculations for the mean free path of electrons between 1 MeV and ~ 10 GeV", J. Geophys. Res., 101(A11), 24 411-24 422.
169. Potgieter, M.S., 1997, "The heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays at solar minimum", Adv. Space Res., 19, 883-892.
170. Potgieter, M.S., 2000, "The heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray protons: role of enhanced perpendicular diffusion during periods of minimum solar modulation", J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18,295-18,304.
171. Potgieter, M.S., 2008, "Challenges to cosmic ray modeling: From beyond the solar wind termination shock", Adv. Space Res., 41, 245-258.
172. Potgieter, M.S., 2011, "Cosmic Rays in the Inner Heliosphere: Insights from Observations, Theory and Models", Space Sci. Rev.
173. Potgieter, M.S., 2013, "The charge-sign dependent effect in the solar modulation of cosmic rays", Adv. Space Res.
174. Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2001, "Modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere over 11 and 22 year cycles: A modelling perspective", Adv. Space Res., 27, 481-492.
175. Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2002, "Effects of the solar wind termination shock on the modulation of Jovian and galactic electrons in the heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7), 1089.
176. Potgieter, M.S. and Langner, U.W., 2004a, "Heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray positrons and electrons: Effects of the heliosheath and solar wind termination shock", Astrophys. J., 602, 993-1001.
177. Potgieter, M.S. and Langner, U.W., 2004b, "The heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray boron and carbon", Ann. Geophys., 22, 3729-3740.
178. Potgieter, M.S. and le Roux, J.A., 1989, "More on a possible modulation barrier in the outer heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 9, 121-124.
179. Potgieter, M.S. and le Roux, J.A., 1992, "The simulated features of heliospheric cosmic-ray modulation with a time-dependent drift model. I. General effects of the changing neutral sheet over the period 1985-1990", Astrophys. J., 386, 336-346.
180. Potgieter, M.S. and Moraal, H., 1985, "A drift model for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays", Astrophys. J., 294, 425-440.
181. Potgieter, M.S. and Moraal, H., 1988, "Acceleration of cosmic rays in the solar wind termination shock. A steady state technique in a spherically symmetric model", Astrophys. J., 330, 445-455.
182. Potgieter, M.S. and Nndanganeni, R.R., 2013a, "The solar modulation of electrons in the heliosphere", Astrophys. Space Sci., 345, 33-40.
183. Potgieter, M.S. and Nndanganeni, R.R., 2013b, "A local interstellar spectrum for galactic electrons", arXiv, e-print.
184. Potgieter, M.S., Moraal, H., Raubenheimer, B.C. and Stoker, P.H., 1980, "Modulation of cosmic rays during solar minimum. III. Comparison for the periods of solar minimum during 1954, 1965 and 1976", S. Afr. J. Phys., 3, 90-94.
185. Potgieter, M.S., le Roux, J.A. and Burger, R.A., 1989, "Interplanetary cosmic ray radial gradients with steady state modulation models", J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2323-2332.
186. Potgieter, M.S., le Roux, J.A., Burlaga, L.F. and McDonald, F.B., 1993, "The role of merged interaction regions and drifts in the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays beyond 20 AU: A computer simulation", Astrophys. J., 403, 760-768.
187. Potgieter, M.S., Burger, R.A. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2001, "Modulation of cosmic rays in the heliosphere from solar minimum to maximum: a theoretical perspective", Space Sci. Rev., 97, 295-307.
188. Potgieter, M.S., Vos, E.E., Boezio, M., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V. and Formato, V., 2013, "Modulation of Galactic Protons in the Heliosphere During the Unusual Solar Minimum of 2006 to 2009", Solar Phys..
189. Ptuskin, V.S., Moskalenko, I.V., Jones, F.C., Strong, A.W. and Zirakashvili, V.N., 2006, "Dissipation of magnetohydrodynamic waves on energetic particles: Impact on interstellar turbulence and cosmic-ray transport", Astrophys. J., 642, 902-916.
190. Qin, G. and Shalchi, A., 2012, "Numerical investigation of the influence of large turbulence scales on the parallel and perpendicular transport of cosmic rays", Adv. Space Res., 49, 1643-1652.
191. Quenby, J.J., 1984, "The theory of cosmic-ray modulation", Space Sci. Rev., 37, 201-267.
192. Ratkiewicz, R., Barnes, A., Molvik, G.A., Spreiter, J.R., Stahara, S.S. and Vinokur, M., 1998, "Effect of varying strength and orientation of local interstellar magnetic field on configuration of exterior heliosphere: 3D MHD simulations", Astron. Astrophys., 335, 363-369.
193. Reinecke, J.P.L. and Potgieter, M.S., 1994, "An explanation for the difference in cosmic ray modulation at low and neutron monitor energies during consecutive solar minimum periods", J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14,761-14,767.
194. Richardson, J.D. and Burlaga, L.F., 2011, "The Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere and Heliosheath", Space Sci. Rev.
195. Richardson, J.D. and Stone, E.C., 2009, "The solar wind in the outer heliosphere", Space Sci. Rev., 143, 7-20.
196. Richardson, J.D. and Wang, C., 2011, "Plasma in the heliosheath: 3.5 years of observations", Astrophys. J., 734, L21-25.
197. Richardson, J.D., Kasper, J.C., Wang, C., Belcher, J.W. and Lazarus, A.J., 2008, "Cool heliosheath plasma and deceleration of the upstream solar wind at the termination shock", Nature, 454, 63-66.
198. Roberts, J.P., 2011, "PAMELA through a magnetic lens", J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 29, 1-13.
199. Scherer, K., Fichtner, H., Borrmann, T. et al., 2006, "Interstellar-terrestrial relations: Variable cosmic environments, the dynamic heliosphere, and their imprints on terrestrial archives and climate", Space Sci. Rev., 127, 327-465.
200. Scherer, K., Fichtner, H., Ferreira, S.E.S., Büsching, I. and Potgieter, M.S., 2008a, "Are Anomalous Cosmic Rays the Main Contribution to the Low-Energy Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum?", Astrophys. J. Lett., 680, L105-L108.
201. Scherer, K., Fichtner, H., Heber, B., Ferreira, S.E.S. and Potgieter, M.S., 2008b, "Cosmic ray flux at the Earth in a variable heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 41, 1171-1176.
202. Scherer, K., Fichtner, H., Strauss, R.D., Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S. and Fahr, H.-J., 2011, "On Cosmic Ray Modulation beyond the Heliopause: Where is the Modulation Boundary?", Astrophys. J., 735, 128.
203. Schlickeiser, R., 2002, Cosmic Ray Astrophysics, Springer, Berlin; New York.
204. Seo, E.S., 2012, "Direct measurements of cosmic rays using balloon borne experiments", Astropart. Phys., 39, 76-87.
205. Shalchi, A., 2009, Nonlinear Cosmic Ray Diffusion Theories, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 362, Springer, Berlin.
206. Shea, M.A. and Smart, D.F., 2012, "Space weather and the ground-level solar proton events of the 23rd solar cycle", Space Sci. Rev., 171, 161-188.
207. Smith, C.W. and Bieber, J.W., 1991, "Solar cycle variation of the interplanetary magnetic field spiral", Astrophys. J., 370, 435-441.
208. Smith, E.J., 2001, "The heliospheric current sheet", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15 819-15 832.
209. Smith, E.J., Jokipii, J.R., Kóta, J., Lepping, R.P. and Szabo, A., 2000, "Evidence of a north-south asymmetry in the heliosphere associated with a southward displacement of the heliospheric current sheet", Astrophys. J., 533, 1084-1089.
210. Sparvoli, R. et al. [PAMELA Collaboration], 2012, "Main results from the PAMELA space experiment after five years in flight", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 692, 29-33.
211. Steenberg, C.D. and Moraal, H., 1996, "An acceleration/modulation model for anomalous cosmic-ray hydrogen in the heliosphere", Astrophys. J., 463, 776-783.
212. Sternal, O., Engelbrecht, N.E., Burger, R.A. et al., 2011, "Possible Evidence for a Fisk-type Heliospheric Magnetic Field: I. Analyzing Ulysses/KET Electron Observations", Astrophys. J., 741, 23.
213. Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., Heikkila, B.C., Lal, N. and Webber, W.R., 2005, "Voyager 1 explores the termination shock region and the heliosheath beyond", Science, 309, 2017-2020.
214. Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., Heikkila, B.C., Lal, N. and Webber, W.R., 2008, "An asymmetric solar wind termination shock", Nature, 454, 71-74.
215. Storini, M., Bazilevskaya, G.A., Flückiger, E.O., Krainev, M.B., Makhmutov, V.S. and Sladkova, A.I., 2003, "The Gnevyshev gap: A review for space weather", Adv. Space Res., 31, 895-900.
216. Stozhkov, Y.I., Svirzhevsky, N.S., Bazilevskaya, G.A., Kvashnin, A.N., Makhmutov, V.S. and Svirzhevskaya, A.K., 2009, "Long-term (50 years) measurements of cosmic ray fluxes in the atmosphere", Adv. Space Res., 44, 124-1137.
217. Strauss, R.D. and Potgieter, M.S., 2010, "Modelling anomalous cosmic ray oxygen gradients over successive solar cycles", J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12111.
218. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2010a, "The heliospheric transport and modulation of multiple charged anomalous Oxygen revisited", Astron. Astrophys., 513, A24.
219. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S., Ferreira, S.E.S. and Hill, M.E., 2010b, "Modelling anomalous cosmic ray oxygen in the heliosheath", Astron. Astrophys., 522, A35.
220. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S., Büsching, I. and Kopp, A., 2011a, "Modeling the modulation of galactic and Jovian electrons by stochastic processes", Astrophys. J., 735, 83.
221. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2011b, "Modeling the acceleration and modulation of anomalous cosmic ray oxygen", Adv. Space Res., 48, 65-75.
222. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S., Kopp, A. and Büsching, I., 2011c, "On the propagation times and energy losses of cosmic rays in the heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 116, A12105.
223. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S., Boezio, M., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Kopp, A. and Büsching, I., 2012a, "The heliospheric transport of protons and anti-protons: A stochastic modelling approach of PAMELA observations", in Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics and Detectors for Physics Applications, Proceedings of the 13th ICATPP Conference, Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, 3 -7 October, 2011, (Eds.) Giani, S., Leroy, C., Price, L., Rancoita, P.-G., Ruchti, R., Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Radiation Interaction, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, 7, pp. 288-296, World Scientific, Singapore; Hackensack, NJ.
224. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2012b, "Modeling ground and space based cosmic ray observations", Adv. Space Res., 49, 392-407.
225. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S., Kopp, A. and Büsching, I., 2012c, "Modelling heliospheric current sheet drift in stochastic cosmic ray transport models", Astrophys. Space Sci., 339, 223-236.
226. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S. and Ferreira, S.E.S., 2013a, "Modelling and observing Jovian electron propagation times in the inner heliosphere", Adv. Space Res., 51, 339-349.
227. Strauss, R.D., Potgieter, M.S., Ferreira, S.E.S., Fichtner, H. and Scherer, K., 2013b, "Cosmic Ray Modulation Beyond the Heliopause: A Hybrid Modeling Approach", Astrophys. J. Lett., 765, L18.
228. Strong, A.W., Moskalenko, I.V. and Ptuskin, V.S., 2007, "Cosmic-ray propagation and interactions in the galaxy", Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 57, 285-327.
229. Strong, A.W., Orlando, E. and Jaffe, T.R., 2011, "The interstellar cosmic-ray electron spectrum from synchrotron radiation and direct measurements", Astron. Astrophys., 534, A54.
230. Tautz, R.C. and Shalchi, A., 2012, "Drift coefficients of charged particles in turbulent magnetic fields", Astrophys. J., 744, 125.
231. Teufel, A. and Schlickeiser, R., 2002, "Analytic calculation of the parallel mean free path of heliospheric cosmic rays: I. Dynamical magnetic slab turbulence and random sweeping slab turbulence", Astron. Astrophys., 393, 703-715.
232. Usoskin, I.G., 2013, "History of Solar Activity over Millennia", Living Rev. Solar Phys., 10, lrsp-2013-1. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2013-1.
233. Usoskin, I.G., Mursula, K. and Kovaltsov, G.A, 2001, "Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays and solar activity during the Maunder minimum", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,039-16,046.
234. Vos, E.E., 2011, Cosmic ray modulation processes in the heliosphere, Master's thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, SA. URL (accessed 22 April 2013): http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7266.
235. Webber, W.R. and Higbie, P.R., 2008, "Limits on the interstellar cosmic ray electron spectrum below ~1-2 GeV derived from the galactic polar radio spectrum and constrained by new Voyager 1 measurements", J. Geophys. Res., 113, A11106.
236. Webber, W.R. and Higbie, P.R., 2009, "Galactic propagation of cosmic ray nuclei in a model with an increasing diffusion coefficient at low rigidities: a comparison of the new interstellar spectra with Voyager data in the outer heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 114, A02103.
237. Webber, W.R. and McDonald, F.B., 2013, "Recent Voyager 1 data Indicate that on August 25, 2012 at a distance of 121.7 AU from the Sun, sudden and unprecedented intensity changes were observed in anomalous and galactic cosmic rays", Geophys. Res. Lett., 40.
238. Webber, W.R. and Potgieter, M.S., 1989, "A new calculation of the cosmic ray anti-proton spectrum in the galaxy and heliospheric modulation effects on this spectrum using a drift plus wavy current sheet model", Astrophys. J., 344, 779-785.
239. Webber, W.R., Kish, J.C. and Schrier, D.A., 1983, "Asymmetries in the modulation of protons and helium nuclei over two solar cycles", in 18th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 3 , Proceedings of the conference held in Bangalore, India, August 22 -September 3, 1983, (Eds.) Durgaprasad, N., Ramadurai, S., Ramana Murthy, P.V., Rao, M.V.S., Sivaprasad, K., pp. 35-38, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay.
240. Webber, W.R., Potgieter, M.S. and Burger, R.A., 1990, "A comparison of predictions of a drift wavy neutral sheet modulation model with cosmic ray data over a whole modulation cycle, 1976-1987", Astrophys. J., 349, 634-640.
241. Webber, W.R., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., Stone, E.C., Heikkila, B.C. and Lal, N., 2007, "Temporal and spectral variations of anomalous oxygen nuclei measured by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 in the outer heliosphere", J. Geophys. Res., 112, A06105.
242. Webber, W.R., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., Stone, E.C., Heikkila, B.C. and Lal, N., 2008, "Galactic cosmic ray H and He nuclei energy spectra measured by Voyagers 1 and 2 near the heliospheric termination shock in positive and negative solar magnetic polarity cycles", J. Geophys. Res., 113, A10108.
243. Webber, W.R., McDonald, F.B., Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C., Heikkila, B.C. and Lal, N., 2012, "Sudden intensity increases and radial gradient changes of cosmic ray MeV electrons and protons observed at Voyager 1 beyond 111 AU in the heliosheath", Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06107.
244. Wibberenz, G., Ferreira, S.E.S., Potgieter, M.S. and Cane, H., 2001, "Time-dependent 2D model compared with observations during the 1974 mini cycle", Space Sci. Rev., 97, 373-376.
245. Wieler, R., Beer, J. and Leya, I., 2011, "The Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity over the Past 106-109 Years as Recorded by Cosmogenic Nuclides in Meteorites and Terrestrial Samples", Space Sci. Rev.
246. Yamada, Y., Yanagita, S. and Yoshida, T., 1999, "A stochastic simulation method for the solar cycle modulation of cosmic rays", Adv. Space Res., 23, 505-508.
247. Zank, G.P., Pogorelov, N.V., Heerikhuisen, J., Washimi, H., Florinski, V., Borovikov, S., Kryukov, I. and Müller, H.R., 2009, "Physics of the solar wind-local interstellar medium interaction: role of magnetic fields", Space Sci. Rev., 146, 295-327.
248. Zank, G.P., Heerikhuisen, J., Wood, B.E., Pogorelov, N.V., Zirnstein, E. and McComas, D.J., 2013, "Heliospheric structure: the bow wave and the hydrogen wall", Astrophys. J., 763, 20.
249. Zhang, M., 1999, "A Markov stochastic process theory of cosmic-ray modulation", Astrophys. J., 513, 409-420.
250. Zhang, M. and Lee, M.A., 2011, "Stochastic Acceleration of Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere", Space Sci. Rev.
251. Zhang, M. and Schlickeiser, R., 2012, "A theory of bimodal acceleration of pickup ions by compressive solar wind turbulence under pressure balance", Astrophys. J., 756, 129.
252. Zhao, L. and Fisk, L.A., 2011, "Understanding the behavior of the heliospheric magnetic field and the solar wind during the unusual solar minimum between cycles 23 and 24", Solar Phys., 274, 379-397.