Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity: A Policy Perspective

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 742-748

  Galinsky, Adam D ^a   Todd, Andrew R ^b   Homan, Astrid C ^c   Phillips, Katherine W ^a   Apfelbaum, Evan P ^d   Sasaki, Stacey J ^a   Richeson, Jennifer A ^e   Olayon, Jennifer B ^f   Maddux, William W ^g  

^a The Sanford C Bernstein Co Center for Leadership and Ethics   (United States)

^b E11 SSH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f INSEAD ^*  (United States)

^g INSEAD   (France)

Author keywords

decision making; diversity; economic growth; innovation; transparency

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; POLICY; UNITED STATES;

CULTURAL DIVERSITY; DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PUBLIC POLICY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84947421433     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1745691615598513     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. A.AlesinaE.La Ferrara (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43, 763–800.
2. R.Alexander (2012, March19). Which is the world’s biggest employer?BBC News Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17429786
3. A.L.AntonioM.J.ChangK.HakutaD.A.KennyS.LevinJ.F.Milem (2004). Effects of racial diversity on complex thinking in college students. Psychological Science, 15, 507–510.
4. E.P.ApfelbaumK.PaukerS.SommersN.Ambady (2010). In blind pursuit of racial equality?Psychological Science, 21, 1587–1592.
5. E.P.ApfelbaumK.W.PhillipsJ.A.Richeson (2014). Rethinking the baseline in diversity research: Should we be explaining the effects of homogeneity?Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 235–244.
6. K.Archuleta (2015a). Adding value: US office of personnel management as research collaborator. Public Administration Review, 75, 357–358.
7. K.Archuleta (2015b, March11). Building inclusive diversity: More than numbers. The White House Blog. Retrieved from https://m.whitehouse.gov/blog/2015/03/11/building-inclusive-diversity-more-numbersBenet
8. C.ArmstrongP.C.FloodJ.P.GuthrieW.LiuS.MacCurtainT.Mkamwa (2010). The impact of diversity and equality management on firm performance: Beyond high performance work systems. Human Resource Management, 49, 977–998.
9. F.BaiE.L.UhlmannJ.L.Berdahl (2015). The robustness of the win–win effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 139–143.
10. V.Benet-MartínezF.LeeJ.Leu (2006). Biculturalism and cognitive complexity expertise in cultural representations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 386–407.
11. J.L.BerdahlE.L.UhlmannF.Bai (2015). Win–win: Female and male athletes from more gender equal nations perform better in international sports competitions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 1–3.
12. M.D.BradburyJ.E.Kellough (2008). Representative bureaucracy: Exploring the potential for active representation in local government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18, 697–714.
13. R.BurielW.PerezL.TerriD.V.ChavezV.R.Moran (1998). The relationship of language brokering to academic performance, biculturalism, and self-efficacy among Latino adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20, 283–297.
14. J.CaoA.D.GalinskyW.W.Maddux (2014). Does travel broaden the mind? Breadth of foreign experiences increases generalized trust. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 5, 517–525.
15. E.J.Castilla (2015). Accounting for the gap: A firm study manipulating organizational accountability and transparency in pay decisions. Organization Science, 26, 311–333.
16. R.J.CrispR.N.Turner (2011). Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 242–266.
17. L.DePilis (2013, September24). At the State Department, diversity can count against you. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/24/at-the-state-department-diversity-can-count-against-you/
18. N.EagleM.MacyR.Claxton (2010). Network diversity and economic development. Science, 328, 1029–1031.
19. C.FranzoniG.ScellatoP.Stephan (2014). The mover’s advantage: The superior performance of migrant scientists. Economics Letters, 122, 89–93.
20. A.D.GalinskyW.W.MadduxD.GilinJ.B.White (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19, 378–384.
21. A.D.GalinskyJ.C.MageeD.RusN.B.RothmanA.R.Todd (2014). Acceleration with steering: The synergistic benefits of combining power and perspective-taking. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 5, 627–635.
22. A.D.GalinskyG.B.Moskowitz (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708–724.
23. D.GaucherJ.FriesenA.C.Kay (2011). Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 109–128.
24. F.GodartW.W.MadduxA.ShipilovA.D.Galinsky (2015). Fashion with a foreign flair: Professional experiences abroad facilitate the creative innovations of organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 58, 195–220.
25. J.GutierrezA.Sameroff (1990). Determinants of complexity in Mexican-American and Anglo-American mothers’ conceptions of child development. Child Development, 61, 384–394.
26. C.Hellmanzik (2013). Does travel inspire Evidence from the superstars of modern art. Empirical Economics, 45, 281–303.
27. C.Herring (2009). Does diversity pay? Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74, 208–224.
28. I.J.HoeverD.Van KnippenbergW.P.van GinkelH.G.Barkema (2012). Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity’s potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 982–996.
29. A.C.HomanD.van KnippenbergG.A.Van KleefC.K.W.De Dreu (2007). Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: The effects of diversity beliefs on information elaboration and performance in diverse work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1189–1199.
30. Immigration Policy Center. (2014, April). High-skilled workers and twenty-first century innovation: The H-1B program’s impact on wages, jobs, and the economy. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/factsheet_h1b_innovationecon_2.pdf
31. W.S.JansenS.OttenK.I.van der Zee (2015). Being part of diversity: The effects of an all-inclusive multicultural diversity approach on majority members’ perceived inclusion and support for organizational diversity efforts. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1368430214566892
32. A.KalevF.DobbinE.Kelly (2006). Best practices or best guesses? Diversity management and the remediation of inequality. American Sociological Review, 71, 589–617.
33. C.S.LeeD.J.TherriaultT.Linderholm (2012). On the cognitive benefits of cultural experience: Exploring the relationship between studying abroad and creative thinking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 768–778.
34. A.K.Y.LeungW.W.MadduxA.D.GalinskyC.-Y.Chiu (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63, 169–181.
35. S.S.LevineE.P.ApfelbaumM.BernardV.L.BarteltE.J.ZajacD.Stark (2014). Ethnic diversity deflates price bubbles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111, 18524–18529. doi:10.1073/pnas.1407301111
36. D.L.LoydC.S.WangK.W.PhillipsR.B.LountJr. (2013). Social category diversity promotes premeeting elaboration: The role of relationship focus. Organization Science, 24, 757–772.
37. W.W.MadduxA.D.Galinsky (2009). Cultural borders and mental barriers: The relationship between living abroad and creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1047–1061.
38. W.W.MadduxA.C.HafenbrackC.T.TadmorE.BivolaruA.D.Galinsky (2014). Expanding opportunity by opening your mind: Multicultural engagement predicts job offers through longitudinal increases in integrative complexity. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 5, 608–615.
39. A.E.MartinP.MishraR.I.SwaabA.D.Galinsky (2015). Gender empowerment is associated with cross-national and cross-state innovation levels. Manuscript in preparation.
40. J.G.MontalvoM.Reynal-Querol (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic development. Journal of Development Economics, 76, 293–323.
41. G.OttavianoG.Peri (2006). The economic value of cultural diversity: Evidence from US cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 6, 9–44.
42. S.E.Page (2007). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
43. PBS. (2014). The foreign service: In search of diversity [Episode 2336]. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/to-the-contrary/watch/3831/the-foreign-service_in-search-of-diversity-%28re-air%29
44. T.F.PettigrewL.R.Tropp (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783.
45. K.W.PhillipsD.L.Loyd (2006). When surface and deep level diversity collide: The effects on dissenting group members. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99, 143–160.
46. V.C.PlautF.G.GarnettL.E.BuffardiJ.Sanchez-Burks (2011). “What about me?” Perceptions of exclusion and whites’ reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 337–353.
47. V.C.PlautK.M.ThomasM.J.Goren (2009). Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities?Psychological Science, 20, 444–446.
48. R.D.Putnam (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, 137–174.
49. Ricci v. DeStefano, 129 S. Ct. 2658 (2009).
50. J.A.RichesonR.J.Nussbaum (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 417–423.
51. R.J.SampsonS.W.RaudenbushF.Earls (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.
52. D.K.Simonton (1997). Foreign influence and national achievement: The impact of open milieus on Japanese civilization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 86–94.
53. S.M.Smith (1994). Diversifying the judiciary: The influence of gender and race on judging. University of Richmond Law Review, 28, 179–181.
54. S.R.Sommers (2006). On racial diversity and group decision making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 597–612.
55. S.R.SommersL.S.WarpC.C.Mahoney (2008). Cognitive effects of racial diversity: White individuals’ information processing in heterogeneous groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1129–1136.
56. F.G.StevensV.C.PlautJ.Sanchez-Burks (2008). Unlocking the benefits of diversity: All-inclusive multiculturalism and positive organizational change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44, 116–133.
57. C.T.TadmorA.D.GalinskyW.W.Maddux (2012). Getting the most out of living abroad: Biculturalism and integrative complexity as key drivers of creative and professional success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 520–542.
58. B.Tensley (2015, March13). What’s keeping Black students from studying abroad?The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://m.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/03/why-black-students-dont-study-abroad/387679/
59. A.R.ToddG.V.BodenhausenA.D.Galinsky (2012). Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 738–745.
60. A.R.ToddG.V.BodenhausenJ.A.RichesonA.D.Galinsky (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1027–1043.
61. A.R.ToddP.Burgmer (2013). Perspective taking and automatic intergroup evaluation change: Testing an associative self-anchoring account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 786–802.
62. E.L.UhlmannG.L.Cohen (2005). Constructed criteria: Redefining merit to justify discrimination. Psychological Science, 16, 474–480.
63. E.M.UslanerM.Brown (2005). Inequality, trust, and civic engagement. American Politics Research, 33, 868–894.
64. M.Verkuyten (2005). Ethnic group identification and group evaluation among minority and majority groups: Testing the multiculturalism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 121–138.
65. J.D.VorauerA.GagnonS.J.Sasaki (2009). Salient intergroup ideology and intergroup interaction. Psychological Science, 20, 838–845.
66. G.M.WaltonG.L.Cohen (2011). A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students. Science, 331, 1447–1451.
67. C.WolskoB.ParkC.M.JuddB.Wittenbrink (2000). Framing interethnic ideology: Effects of multicultural and color-blind perspectives on judgments of groups and individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 635–654.
68. P.J.ZakS.Knack (2001). Trust and growth. The Economic Journal, 111, 295–321.