E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century the 2006 johan skytte prize lecture

Scandinavian Political Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 137-174

  Putnam, Robert D ^a,b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34250320560     PISSN: 00806757     EISSN: 14679477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Alba, R. 1995. 'Assimilation's Quiet Tide', The Public Interest 119, 1 18.
2. Alba, R. 2005. 'Bright vs Blurred Boundaries: Second-generation Assimilation and Exclusion in France, Germany and the United States', Ethnic and Racial Studies 28, 20 49.
3. Alba, R. Nee, V. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
4. Alba, R. Tsao, H-S. 2007. 'Connecting Past, Present and Future: Reflections on Immigration and the Possibilities for Racial and Ethnic Change in the US', unpublished, Albany, SUNY.
5. Alesina, A. La Ferrara, E. 2000. 'Participation in Heterogeneous Communities', Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, 847 904.
6. Alesina, A. La Ferrara, E. 2002. 'Who Trusts Others?', Journal of Public Economics 85, 207 34.
7. Alesina, A. La Ferrara, E. 2005. 'Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance', Journal of Economic Literature 43, 762 800.
8. Alesina, A., Baqir, R. Easterly, W. 1999. 'Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions', Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 1243 84.
9. Allport, G. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley.
10. Anderson, C. J. Paskeviciute, A. 2006. 'How Ethnic and Linguistic Heterogeneity Influence the Prospects for Civil Society: A Comparative Study of Citizenship Behavior', Journal of Politics 68, 783 802.
11. Arnesen, E. 'Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination', International Labor and Working-class History 60, 3 32.
12. Berkman, L. F. 1995. 'The Role of Social Relations in Health Promotion', Psychosomatic Medicine 57, 245 54.
13. Berkman, L. F. Glass, T. 2000. 'Social Integration, Social Networks, Social Support and Health', in Berkman, L. F. Kawachi, I., eds, Social Epidemiology. New York : Oxford University Press.
14. Blalock, H. M. Jr. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-group Relations. New York : John Wiley & Sons.
15. Blanchflower, D. G. Oswald, A. J. 2004. 'Well-being Over Time in Britain and the USA', Journal of Public Economics 88, 1359 86.
16. Blumer, H. 1958. 'Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position', Pacific Sociological Review 1, 3 7.
17. Bobo, L. D. 1999. 'Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations', Journal of Social Issues 55, 445 72.
18. Bobo, L. D. Tuan, M. 2006. Prejudice in Politics: Group Position, Public Opinion and the Wisconsin Treaty Rights Dispute. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
19. Borjas, G. J. 1987. 'Immigrants, Minorities and Labor Market Competition', Industrial and Labor Relations Review 40, 382 92.
20. Borjas, G. J. 2003. 'The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market', Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, 1335 74.
21. Borjas, G. J. 2005. Native Internal Migration and the Labor Market Impact of Immigration. NBER Working Paper 11610. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research.
22. Borjas, G. J. Aydemir, A. 2006. A Comparative Analysis of the Labor Market Impact of International Migration: Canada, Mexico and the United States. NBER Working Paper 12327. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research.
23. Borjas, G. J., Freeman, R. B. Katz, L. F. 1992. 'On the Labor Market Effects of Immigration and Trade', in Borjas, G. J. Freeman, R. B., eds, Immigration and the Work Force: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
24. Borjas, G. J., Freeman, R. B. Katz, L. F. 1996. 'Searching for the Effect of Immigration on the Labor Market', American Economic Review 86, 246 51.
25. Bouckaert, J. Dhaene, G. 2004. 'Inter-ethnic Trust and Reciprocity: Results of an Experiment with Small Businessmen', European Journal of Political Economy 20, 869 86.
26. Brewer, M. 1999. 'The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate', Journal of Social Issues 55, 429 44.
27. Brewer, M. B. Brown, R. J. 1998. 'Intergroup Relations', in Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. Lindzey, G., eds, Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th edn. New York : Oxford University Press.
28. Burt, R. S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
29. Burt, R. S. 1997. 'The Contingent Value of Social Capital', Administrative Science Quarterly 42, 339 65.
30. Butcher, K. F. Card, D. 1991. 'Immigration and Wages: Evidence from the 1980s', American Economic Review 81, 292 6.
31. Campbell, D. E. 2006. Why We Vote: How Schools and Communities Shape Our Civic Life. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
32. Card, D. 1990. 'The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market', Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43, 245 57.
33. Card, D. 2001. 'Immigrant Inflows, Native Outflows and the Local Labor Market Impacts of Higher Immigration', Journal of Labor Economics 19, 22 64.
34. Card, D. 2005. Is the New Immigration Really So Bad? NBER Working Paper 11547. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research.
35. Card, D. DiNardo, J. 2000. 'Do Immigrant Inflows Lead to Native Outflows?', American Economic Review 90, 360 7.
36. Charles, K. Kline, P. 2002. Relational Costs and the Production of Social Capital: Evidence from Carpooling. NBER Working Paper 9041. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research.
37. Cohen, S. G. Bailey, D. E. 1997. 'What Makes Teams Work: Group Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite', Journal of Management 23, 239 90.
38. Costa, D. L. Kahn, M. E. 2003a. 'Cowards and Heroes: Group Loyalty in the American Civil War', Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, 519 48.
39. Costa, D. L. Kahn, M. E. 2003b. 'Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective', Perspectives on Politics 1, 103 11.
40. Diener, E. 2000. 'Subjective Well-being: The Science of Happiness and a Proposal for a National Index', American Psychologist 55, 34 43.
41. Dixon, J., Durrheim, K. Tredoux, C. 2005. 'Beyond the Optimal Contact Strategy: A Reality Check for the Contact Hypothesis', American Psychologist 60, 697 711.
42. Dovidio, J. R., Gaertner, S. L. Kawakami, K. 2003. 'Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present and the Future', Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 6, 5 21.
43. Easton, M. 2006. 'Does Diversity Make Us Unhappy?', BBC News, 26 June 26. Interview of Trevor Phillips for the BBC's The Happiness Formula.
44. Eckel, C. Grossman, P. 2001. 'Chivalry and Solidarity in Ultimatum Games', Economic Inquiry 39, 171 88.
45. Ellis, R. J. 2005. To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance. Lawrence, KS : University Press of Kansas.
46. Engerman, S. L. Jones, R. W. 1997. 'International Labor Flows and National Wages', American Economic Review 87, 200 4.
47. Fershtman, C. Gneezy, U. 2001. 'Discrimination in a Segmented Society: An Experimental Approach', Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, 351 77.
48. Foner, N. Alba, R. 2006. 'The Second Generation from the Last Great Wave of Immigration: Setting the Record Straight'. Migration Information Source. http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=439.
49. Friedberg, R. M. Hunt, J. 1995. 'The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth', Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, 23 45.
50. Garcia-Montalvo, J. Reynal-Querol, M. 2005. 'Ethnic Diversity and Economic Development', Journal of Development Economics 76, 293 323.
51. Gelman, A. Hill, J. 2007. Data Analysis using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. New York : Cambridge University Press.
52. Giles, M. W. Evans, A. 1986. 'The Power Approach to Intergroup Hostility', Journal of Conflict Resolution 30, 469 85.
53. Gil-White, F. 2004. 'Ultimatum Game with an Ethnicity Manipulation: Results from Kohvdiin Bulgan Sum, Mongolia', in Henrich, J. et al., eds, Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-scale Societies. New York : Oxford University Press.
54. Glaeser, E. Alesina, A. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
55. Glaeser, E. L. et al. 2000. 'Measuring Trust', Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, 811 46.
56. Gordon, M. M. 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York : Oxford University Press.
57. Granovetter, M. S. 1973. 'The Strength of Weak Ties', American Journal of Sociology 78, 1360 80.
58. Granovetter, M. S. 1974. Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
59. Greeley, A. M. 1976. Ethnicity, Denomination and Inequality. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage.
60. Groves, R. M. 2006. 'Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys', Public Opinion Quarterly 70, 646 75.
61. Guglielmo, T. A. 2003. White on Arrival: Race, Color and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945. New York : Oxford University Press.
62. Habyarimana, J. P. et al. 2006. Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision? An Experimental Approach. IZA Discussion Paper 2272. Bonn : Institute for the Study of Labor.
63. Helliwell, J. F. 2006. 'Well-being, Social Capital and Public Policy: What's New?', Economic Journal 116, C34 C45.
64. Helliwell, J. F. Putnam, R. D. 2004. 'The Social Context of Well-being', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Studies 359, 1435 46. Reprinted in Huppert, F. A., Kaverne, B. Baylis, N., eds. 2005. The Science of Well-being. London : Oxford University Press.
65. Hirschman, C. 2005. 'Immigration and the American Century', Demography 42, 595 620.
66. Hollinger, D. 2000. Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism. New York : Basic Books.
67. Hooghe, M. et al. 2006. 'Ethnic Diversity, Trust and Ethnocentrism and Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of 21 European Countries'. Unpublished paper presented at American Political Science Association Annual Meeting.
68. House, J. S., Landis, K. R. Umberson, D. 1988. 'Social Relationships and Health', Science 241, 540 5.
69. Ignatiev, N. 1996. How the Irish Became White. New York : Routledge.
70. Jackson, S. et al. 1991. 'Some Differences Make a Difference: Individual Dissimilarity and Group Heterogeneity as Correlates of Recruitment, Promotions and Turnover', Journal of Applied Psychology 76, 675 89.
71. Jacobson, M. F. 1998. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
72. Johansson-Stenman, O., Martinsson, P. Mahmud, M. 2005. Trust, Trust Games and Stated Trust: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh. Working Paper 166. Goteborg : Goteborg University.
73. Jordahl, H. Gustavsson, M. 2006. Inequality and Trust in Sweden: Some Inequalities are More Harmful than Others. Ratio Working Paper 106. Stockholm : Ratio.
74. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. Schwarz, N., eds. 1999. Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York : Russell Sage.
75. Karlan, D. 2002. 'Social Capital and Group Banking'. Unpublished manuscript, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
76. Keller, R. T. 2001. 'Cross-functional Project Groups in Research and New Product Development: Diversity, Communications, Job Stress and Outcomes', Academy of Management Journal 44, 547 55.
77. Khwaja, A. I. 2006. 'Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities?' Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Working Papers. http://ksghome.harvard.edu/∼akhwaja/papers/BaltNov06.pdf.
78. King, D. 2000. Making Americans: Immigration, Race and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
79. Kolchin, P. 2002 'Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America', Journal of American History 89, 154 73.
80. Kramer, R. 2006. 'Social Identity and Social Capital: The Collective Self at Work', International Journal of Public Management 9, 25 45.
81. Layard, P. R. G. 2005. Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. New York : Penguin.
82. Leigh, A. 2006. 'Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity', Economic Record 82, 268 80.
83. Lerner, J. Roy, R. 1984. 'Numbers, Origins, Economic Value and Quality of Technically Trained Immigrants into the United States', Scientometrics 6, 243 59.
84. Letki, N. forthcoming. 'Does Diversity Erode Social Cohesion? Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods', Political Studies.
85. Lieberson, S. 1980. A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants since 1880. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press.
86. Lin, N. 1999. 'Social Networks and Status Attainment', Annual Review of Sociology 25, 467 87.
87. Lin, N. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York : Cambridge University Press.
88. Mael, F. Ashforth, B. E. 1992. 'Alumni and Their Alma Mater: A Partial Test of the Reformulated Model of Organizational Identification', Journal of Organizational Behavior 13, 103 23.
89. McDermott, M. Samson, F. L. 2005. 'White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States', Annual Review of Sociology 31, 245 61.
90. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. Cook, J. M. 2001. 'Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks', Annual Review of Sociology 27, 415 44.
91. Miguel, E. 2004. 'Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania', World Politics 56, 327 62.
92. Miguel, E. Gugerty, M. K. 2005. 'Ethnic Diversity, Social Sanctions and Public Goods in Kenya', Journal of Public Economics 89, 2325 68.
93. Milgram, S. 1970. 'The Experience of Living in Cities', Science 167, 1461 8.
94. Mirel, J. 2002. 'Civic Education and Changing Definitions of American Identity, 1900 - 1950 ', Educational Review 54, 143 52.
95. Moskos, C. C. Butler, J. S. 1996. All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way. New York : Basic Books.
96. Myers, D. G. Diener, E. 1995. 'Who is Happy?', Psychological Science 6, 10 19.
97. Newton, K. Delhey, J. 2005. 'Predicting Cross-national Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?', European Sociological Review 21, 311 27.
98. Obama, B. 2007. 'I Have the Potential of Bringing People Together'. Politico 8 February, at http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0207/2689.html.
99. O'Reilly, C., Williams, R. K. Barsage, S. 1997. 'Group Demography and Innovation: Does Diversity Help?', in Mannix, E. Neale, M., eds, Research in the Management of Groups and Teams, vol. 1. Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
100. Ottaviano, G. I. P. Peri, G. 2006a. 'The Economic Value of Cultural Diversity: Evidence from US Cities', Journal of Economic Geography 6, 9 44.
101. Ottaviano, G. I. P. Peri, G. 2006b. Rethinking the Effects of Immigration on Wages. NBER Working Paper 12497. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research.
102. Page, S. 2007. The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms Schools and Societies. Princeton, NJ : Princeton edUniversity Press.
103. Paginini, D. L. Morgan, S. P. 1990. 'Intermarriage and Social Distance among US Immigrants at the Turn of the Century', American Journal of Sociology 96, 405 32.
104. Pennant, R. 2005. Diversity, Trust and Community Participation in England. Home Office Findings 253, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Available online at: http://www.blink.org.uk/docs/ ho_findings_diversity_trust.pdf.
105. Pettigrew, T. F. 1998. 'Intergroup Contact Theory', Annual Review of Psychology 49, 68 85.
106. Pettigrew, T. F. Tropp, L. R. 2000. 'Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Recent Meta-analytic Findings', in Oskamp, S., ed., Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
107. Pettigrew, T. F. Tropp, L. R. 2006. 'A Meta-analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90, 751 83.
108. Poterba, J. M. 1997. 'Demographic Structure and the Political Economy of Public Education', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16, 48 66.
109. Powdthavee, N. 2006. 'Putting a Price Tag on Friends, Relatives and Neighbours: Using Surveys of Life Satisfaction to Value Social Relationships'. Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Education, University of London.
110. Pritchett, L. 2006. Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on International Labor Mobility. Washington, DC : Center for Global Development.
111. Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York : Simon & Schuster.
112. Quillian, L. 1995. 'Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe', American Sociological Review 60, 586 611.
113. Quillian, L. 1996. 'Group Threat and Regional Change in Attitudes towards African Americans', American Journal of Sociology 102, 816 60.
114. Raudenbush, S. W. Bryk, A. S. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
115. Roediger, D. R. 1991. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London : Verso.
116. Roediger, D. R. 2005. Working Toward Whiteness: How American Immigrants Became White. New York : Basic Books.
117. Rupasingha, A., Goetz, S. J. Freshwater, D. 2006. 'The Production of Social Capital in US Counties', Journal of Socio-Economics 35, 83 101.
118. Sampson, R. J. 2001. 'Crime and Public Safety: Insights from Community-level Perspectives on Social Capital,' in Saegert, S., Thompson, J. P. Warren, M. R., eds, Social Capital and Poor Communities. New York : Russell Sage.
119. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W. Earls, F. 1997. 'Neighbourhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy', Science 277, 918 24.
120. Schuck, P. 2003. Diversity in America. Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press.
121. Seeman, T. E. 1996. 'Social Ties and Health: The Benefits of Social Integration', Annals of Epidemiology 6, 442 51.
122. Sigelman, L. Welch, S. 1993. 'The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes', Social Forces 71, 781 95.
123. Simonton, D. K. 1999. Origins of Genius. New York : Oxford University Press.
124. Singer, J. D. 1998. 'Using SAS PROC MIXED to Fit Multilevel Models, Hierarchical Models and Individual Growth Models', Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 24, 323 55.
125. Smith, J. P. Edmonston, B., eds. 1997. The New Americans: Economic,\, Demographic and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, DC : National Academy Press.
126. Soroka, S. N., Helliwell, J. F. Johnston, R. 2007. 'Measuring and Modeling Interpersonal Trust', in Kay, F. M. Johnston, R., eds, Social Capital, Diversity and the Welfare State. Vancouver : UBC Press.
127. Stein, R. M., Post, S. S. Rinden, A. L. 2000. 'Reconciling Context and Contact Effects on Racial Attitudes', Political Research Quarterly 53, 285 303.
128. Stouffer, S. 1949. American Soldier. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
129. Taylor, M. 1998. 'Local Racial/Ethnic Proportions and White Attitudes: Numbers Count', American Sociological Review 63, 512 35.
130. Tropp, L. R. Pettigrew, T. F. 2005a. 'Differential Relationships between Intergroup Contact and Affective and Cognitive Dimensions of Prejudice', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, 1145 58.
131. Tropp, L. R. Pettigrew, T. F. 2005b. 'Relationships between Intergroup Contact and Prejudice among Minority and Majority Status Groups', Psychological Science 16, 951 7.
132. Tyack, D. 2001. 'School for Citizens: The Politics of Civic Education from 1790 to 1990', in Gerstle, G. Mollenkopf, J. eds, E Pluribus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation. New York : Russell Sage Foundation.
133. United States Department of Defense. 1997. Armed Forces Equal Opportunity Survey. Available online at: http://www.dod.mil/prhome/docs/r97_027.pdf.
134. Vigdor, J. L. 2004. 'Community Composition and Collective Action: Analyzing Initial Mail Response to the 2000 Census', Review of Economics and Statistics 86, 303 12.
135. Webber, S. S. Donahue, L. M. 2001. 'Impact of Highly and Less Job-related Diversity on Work Group Cohesion and Performance: A Meta-analysis', Journal of Management 27, 141 62.
136. Williams, K. Y. O'Reilly, C. A. 1998. 'Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research', in Staw, B. M. Cummings, L. L., eds, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 20. Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
137. Willinger, M. et al. 2003. 'A Comparison of Trust and Reciprocity Between France and Germany: Experimental Investigation Based on the Investment Game', Journal of Economic Psychology 24, 447 66.
138. World Bank. 2005. Global Economic Prospects: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration. Washington, DC : World Bank.