Ethnic diversity and economic performance

Journal of Economic Literature

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 762-800

  Alesina, Alberto ^a   La Ferrara, Eliana ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOCCONI UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27744517990     PISSN: 00220515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/002205105774431243     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Ades, Alberto F., and Edward L. Glaeser. 1995. "Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1): 195-227.
2. Ades, Alberto F., and Edward L. Glaeser. 1999. "Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns, and the Extent of the Market." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3): 1025-45.
3. Aghion, Philippe, Alberto Alesina, and Francesco Trebbi. 2004a. "Endogenous Political Institutions." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2): 565-611.
4. Aghion, Philippe, Alberto Alesina, and Francisco Trebbi. 2004b. "Choosing Electoral Rules: Evidence from US Cities." Unpublished.
5. Alcala, Francisco, and Antonio Ciccone. 2004. "Trade and Productivity." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2): 613-46.
6. Alesina, Alberto, Reza Baqir, and William Easterly. 1999. "Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(4): 1243-84.
7. Alesina, Alberto, Reza Baqir, and William Easterly. 2000. "Redistributive Public Employment." Journal of Urban Economics, 48(2): 219-41.
8. Alesina, Alberto, Reza Baqir, and Caroline Hoxby. 2004. "Political Jurisdictions in Heterogeneous Communities." Journal of Political Economy, 112(2): 348-96.
9. Alesina, Alberto, Robert J. Barro, and Silvana Tenreyro. 2002. "Optimal Currency Areas," in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2002. Mark Gertler and Kenneth Rogoff, eds. Cambridge: MIT Press, 301-55.
10. Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. "Fractionalization." Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2): 155-94.
11. Alesina, Alberto, and Edward L. Glaeser. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
12. Alesina, Alberto, Edward Glaeser, and Bruce Sacerdote. 2001. "Why Doesn't the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State?" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2: 187-254.
13. Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2000. "Participation in Heterogeneous Communities." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3): 847-904.
14. Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2002. "Who Trusts Others?" Journal of Public Economics, 85(2): 207-34.
15. Alesina, Alberto, and Enrico Spolaore. 1997. "On the Number and Size of Nations." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4): 1027-56.
16. Alesina, Alberto, and Enrico Spolaore. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge: MIT Press.
17. Alesina, Alberto, Enrico Spolaore, and Romain Wacziarg. 2000. "Economic Integration and Political Disintegration." American Economic Review, 90(5): 1276-96.
18. Alesina, Alberto, and Romain Wacziarg. 1998. "Openness, Country Size and Government." Journal of Public Economics, 69(3): 305-21.
19. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
20. Arcand, Jean-Louis, Patrick Guillaumont, and Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney. 2000. "How to Make a Tragedy: On the Alleged Effect of Ethnicity on Growth." Journal of International Development, 12(7): 925-38.
21. Bannon, Alicia, Edward Miguel, and Daniel Posner. 2004. "Sources of Ethnic Identification in Africa." University of California at Los Angeles. Mimeo.
22. Barr, Abigail. 2003. "Trust and Expected Trustworthiness: Experimental Evidence from Zimbabwean Villages." Economic Journal, 113(489): 614-30.
23. Bates, Robert H. 2000. "Ethnicity and Development in Africa: A Reappraisal." American Economic Review, 90(2): 131-34.
24. Berman, Eli. 2000. "Sect, Subsidy, and Sacrifice: An Economist's View of Ultra-Orthodox Jews." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3): 905-53.
25. Bernard, Tanguy, Alain de Janvry, and Elisabeth Sadoulet. 2004. "Social Resistance to Institutional Change: Explaining the Emergence of Differentiating Organizations in Rural Senegal." University of California at Berkeley. Mimeo.
26. Biggs, Tyler, Mayank Raturi, and Pradeep Srivastava. 2002. "Ethnic Networks and Access to Credit: Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector in Kenya." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 49(4): 473-86.
27. Bigsten, Arne, Peter Kimuyu, and Karl Lundvall. 2000. "Informality, Ethnicity, and Productivity: Evidence from Small Manufacturers in Kenya." Göteborg University Department of Economics Working Paper No. 27.
28. Blanchard, Olivier Jean, and Lawrence F. Katz. 1992. "Regional Evolutions." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1: 1-61.
29. Bloch, Francis, and Vijayendra Rao. 2001. "Statistical Discrimination and Social Assimilation." Economics Bulletin, 10(2): 1-5.
30. Bolton, Patrick, and Gerard Roland. 1997. "The Breakup of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis." Quarterly journal of Economics, 112(4): 1057-90.
31. Bossert, Walter, Conchita D'Ambrosio, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2005. "A Generalized Index of Fractionalization." Bocconi University and University of Montreal. Memeo.
32. Bossert, Walter, Prasanta K. Pattanaik, and Yongsheng Xu. 2003. "Similarity of Options and the Measurement of Diversity." Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15(4): 405-21.
33. Brender, Adi. 2004. "Ethnic Segregation and the Quality of Local Governments in the Minority's Localities: Local Tax Collection in the Israeli-Arab Municipalities." Unpublished.
34. Buchanan, James M., and Roger L. Faith. 1987. "Secession and the Limits of Taxation: Toward a Theory of Internal Exit." American Economic Review, 77(5): 1023-31.
35. Burns, Nancy. 1994. The Formation of American Local Governments: Private Values in Public Institutions. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Calabrese, Stephen, Glenn Cassidy, and Dennis Epple. 2002. "Local Governments, Fiscal Structure, and Metropolitan Consolidation." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs 2002: 1-32.
37. Canning, David, and Marianne Fay. 1993. "The Role of Infrastructures in Economic Growth." Unpublished.
38. Caselli, Francesco, and Wilbur J. Coleman. 2002. "On the Theory of Ethnic Conflict." Harvard University. Unpublished.
39. Collier, Paul. 2000. "Ethnicity, Politics, and Economic Performance." Economics and Politics, 12(3): 225-45.
40. Collier, Paul. 2001. "Implications of Ethnic Diversity." Economic Policy, 32(16): 127-66.
41. Collier, Paul, and Jan Willem Gunning. 1999. "Explaining African Economic Performance." Journal of Economic Literature, 37(1): 64-111.
42. Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. 2003a. "Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective." Perspectives on Politics, 1(1): 103-11.
43. Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. 2003b. "Understanding the Decline in American Social Capital, 1952-1998." Kyklos, 56(1): 17-46.
44. Dayton-Johnson, Jeff. 2000. "The Determinants of Collective Action on the Local Commons: A Model with Evidence from Mexico." Journal of Development Economics, 62(1): 181-208.
45. Demange, Gabrielle. 2005. "Group Formation: The Interaction of Increasing Returns and Preferences Diversity." In Group Formation in Economics: Networks, Clubs, and Coalitions. Gabrielle Demange and Myrna Wooders eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Demange, Gabrielle, and Myrna Wooders. 2005. Group Formation in Economics: Networks, Clubs, and Coalitions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Dudley, Geoff. 1991. "Scale, Aggregation, and the Modifiable Area Unit Problem." The Operational Geographer, 9(3): 28-33.
48. Easterly, William. 2001. "Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?" Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(4): 687-706.
49. Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. 1997. "Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4): 1203-50.
50. Ellickson, Bryan, Birgit Grodal, Suzanne Scotchmer, and William R. Zame. 1999. "Clubs and the Market." Econometrica, 67(5): 1185-1217.
51. Epple, Dennis, and Thomas Romer. 1991. "Mobility and Redistribution." Journal of Political Economy, 99(4): 828-58.
52. Esteban, Joan, and Debraj Ray. 1994. "On the Measurement of Polarization." Econometrica, 62(4): 819-51.
53. Fafchamps, Marcel. 2000. "Ethnicity and Credit in African Manufacturing." Journal of Development Economics, 61(1): 205-35.
54. Fafchamps, Marcel. 2004. Market Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and Evidence. Cambridge: MIT Press.
55. Fearon, James D. 1998. "Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict," in The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation. David Lake and Donald Rothschild, eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 107-26.
56. Fearon, James D. 1999. "Why Ethnic Politics and 'Pork' Tend to Go Together." Stanford University. Unpublished.
57. Fearon, James D. 2002. "Fractionalization and Civil Wars." Stanford University. Unpublished.
58. Fearon, James D. 2003. "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country." Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2): 195-222.
59. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 1996. "Explaining Interethnic Cooperation." American Political Science Review, 90(4): 715-35.
60. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 2003. "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War." American Political Science Review, 97(1): 75-90.
61. Fisman, Raymond J. 1999. "Trade Credit and Productive Efficiency in Developing Economies." Columbia University. Mimeo.
62. Fisman, Raymond J. 2003. "Ethnic Ties and the Provision of Credit: Relationship-Level Evidence from African Firms." Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy, 3(1): Article 4.
63. Florida, Richard. 2002a. "Bohemia and Economic Geography." Journal of Economic Geography, 2(1): 55-71.
64. Florida, Richard. 2002b. "The Economic Geography of Talent." Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(4): 743-55.
65. Friedman, David. 1977. "A Theory of the Size and Shape of Nations." Journal of Political Economy, 85(1): 59-77.
66. Garfinkel, Michelle. 2004. "On the Stability of Group Formation: Managing the Conflict Within." Conflict Management and Peace Science, 21(1): 43-68.
67. Ginsburgh, Victor, Ignacio Ortuno-Ortin, and Shlomo Weber. Forthcoming. "Disenfranchisement in Linguistically Diverse Societies: The Case of the European Union." Journal of the European Economic Association.
68. Glaeser, Edward L. 2002. "The Political Economy of Hatred." Harvard University. Unpublished.
69. Glaeser, Edward L., David Laibson, Jose A. Scheinkman, and Christine L. Soutter. 2000. "Measuring Trust." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3): 811-46.
70. Glaeser, Edward L., Jose A. Scheinkman, and Andrei Shleifer. 1995. "Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Cities." Journal of Monetary Economics, 36(1): 117-43.
71. Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. 1999. "Human Capital and Social Capital: The Rise of Secondary School in America, 1910 to 1940." Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29(4): 683-723.
72. Greif, Avner. 1993. "Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: the Maghribi Traders' Coalition." American Economic Review, 83(3): 525-48.
73. Gurr, Ted. 1996. Minorities at Risk Dataset. University of Maryland.
74. Habyarimana, James, Macartan Humphreys, Daniel Posner, and Jeremy Weinstein. 2004. "Ethnic Identifiability: An Experimental Approach." University of California, Los Angeles. Mimeo.
75. Hong, Lu, and Scott E. Page. 1998. "Diversity and Optimality," Santa Fe Institute Working Paper 9808-077.
76. Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
77. Horowitz. Donald L. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press.
78. Humphreys, Macartan, and Habaye ag Mohamed. 2002. "Senegal and Mali: A Comparative Study of Rebellions in West Africa." Paper presented at the World Bank/Center for United Nations Studies Conference, Yale University, 12-15 April 2002.
79. Humphreys, Macartan, Daniel M. Posner, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2002. "Ethnic Identity, Collective Action, and Conflict: An Experimental Approach." Harvard University and UCLA. Unpublished.
80. Huntingdon, Samuel P. 1998. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster.
81. Jackson, Susan E. and Marian N. Ruderman, eds. 1996. Diversity in Work Teams: Research Paradigms for a Changing Workplace. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
82. Jehiel, Philippe, and Suzanne Scotchmen 2001. "Constitutional Rules of Exclusion in Jurisdiction Formation." Review of Economic Studies, 68(2): 393-413.
83. Karlan, Dean S. 2003. "Social Capital and Group Banking." Princeton University. Mimeo.
84. Katzenstein, Peter J. 1985. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
85. Kaufmann, Chaim D. 1996. "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars." International Security, 20(4): 136-75.
86. Kaufmann, Chaim D. 1998. "When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century." International Security, 23(2): 120-56.
87. Keefer, Philip, and Stephen Knack. 2000. "Polarization, Politics, and Property Rights: Links between Inequality and Growth," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2418.
88. Khwaja, Asim I. 2000. "Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities? Collective Action in the Himalayas." Harvard University. Mimeo.
89. Kochan, Thomas, Katerina Bezrukova, Robin Ely, Susan Jackson, Aparna Joshi, Karen Jehn, Jonathan Leonard, David Levine, and David Thomas. 2002. "The Effects of Diversity on Business Performance: Report of the Diversity Research Network." MIT Sloan School of Management. Mimeo.
90. Kyriacou, Andreas P. 2005. "Rationality, Ethnicity and Institutions: A Survey of Issues and Results. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(1): 23-42.
91. La Ferrara, Eliana. 2002a. "Inequality and Group Participation: Theory and Evidence from Rural Tanzania." Journal of Public Economics, 85(2): 235-73.
92. La Ferrara, Eliana. 2002b. "Self-Help Groups and Income Generation in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi." Journal of African Economies, 11(1): 61-89.
93. La Ferrara, Eliana. 2003a. "Kin Groups and Reciprocity: A Model of Credit Transactions in Ghana." American Economic Review, 93(5): 1730-51.
94. La Ferrara, Eliana. 2003b. "Solidarity in Heterogeneous Communities," in Cultural Diversity vs. Economic Solidarity. Philippe van Parjis, ed. Brussels: DeBoeck University.
95. La Ferrara, Eliana, and Angelo Mele. 2003. "Racial Segregation and Public School Expenditure." Bocconi University. Mimeo.
96. La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny. 1999. "The Quality of Government." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1): 222-79.
97. Laitin, David D. 1994. "The Tower of Babel as a Coordination Game: Political Linguistics in Ghana." American Political Science Review, 88(3): 622-34.
98. Laitin, David D. 1995. "Marginality: A Microperspective." Rationality and Society, 7(1): 31-57.
99. Laitin, David D. 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
100. Laitin, David D. 2000. "What is a Language Community?" American Journal of Political Science, 44(1): 142-54.
101. Lazear, Edward P. 1999a. "Globalisation and the Market for Team-Mates." Economic Journal, 109(454): C15-40.
102. Lazear, Edward P. 1999b. "Culture and Language." Journal of Political Economy, 107(6): S95-126.
103. Levinson, David. 1998. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Phoenix: Oryx Press.
104. Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
105. Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
106. Luttmer, Erzo F. P. 2001. "Group Loyalty and the Taste for Redistribution." Journal of Political Economy, 109(3): 500-528.
107. Macours, Karen. 2003. "Ethnic Divisions, Interlinkages and Search Costs in the Guatemalan Land Rental Market." Johns Hopkins University. Unpublished.
108. Madison, James. 1787. "Federalist Papers n. 11."
109. Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1988. "The Dimensions of Racial Segregation." Social Forces, 67(2): 281-315.
110. McMillan, Margaret. 2003. Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World. New York: Random House.
111. Miguel, Edward, and Mary Kay Gugerty. Forthcoming. "Ethnic Diversity, Social Sanctions, and Public Goods in Kenya." Journal of Public Economics.
112. Milchtaich, Igal, and Eyal Winter. 2002. "Stability and Segregation in Group Formation." Games and Economic Behavior, 38(2): 318-46.
113. Montalvo, José Garcia, and Martha Reynal-Querol. 2002. "Why Ethnic Fractionalization? Polarization, Ethnic Conflict and Growth." Universitat Pornpeu Fabra. Unpublished.
114. Nopo, Hugo, Jaime Saavedra, and Maximo Torero. 2002. "Ethnicity and Earnings in Urban Peru." GRADE. Mimeo.
115. Okten, Cagla, and Una Okonkwo Osili. 2004. "Contributions in Heterogeneous Communities: Evidence from Indonesia." Journal of Population Economics, 17(4): 603-26.
116. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
117. Openshaw, Stan, and Peter J. Taylor. 1979. "A Million or So Correlation Coefficients: Three Experiments on the Modifiable Area Unit Problem," in Statistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences. N. Wrigley, ed. London: Pion, 127-44.
118. O'Reilly, Charles L., Katherine Y. Williams, and Sigal G. Barsade. 1997. "Demography and Group Performance." Unpublished.
119. Ottaviano, Gianmarco, and Giovanni Peri. 2003. "The Economic Value of Cultural Diversity: Evidence from US Cities." University of California, Davis. Unpublished.
120. Ottaviano, Gianmarco and Giovanni Peri. 2004. "Cities and Cultures." Unpublished.
121. Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini. 2003. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge: MIT Press.
122. Posner, Daniel N. 2004a. "Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa." American Journal of Political Science, 48(4): 849-63.
123. Posner, Daniel N. 2004b. "The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi." American Political Science Review, 98(4): 529-45.
124. Poterba, James M. 1997. "Demographic Structure and the Political Economy of Public Education." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 16(1): 48-66.
125. Prat, Andrea. 2002. "Should a Team Be Homogeneous?" European Economic Review, 46(7): 1187-1207.
126. Rappaport, Jordan. 1999. "Local Growth Empirics." CID Working Paper, Harvard University, No. 23.
127. Rauch, James E. 2001. "Business and Social Networks in International Trade." Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4): 1177-1203.
128. Rauch, James E., and Alessandra Casella, eds. 2001. Networks and Markets. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
129. Rauch, James E., and Alessandra Casella. 2003. "Overcoming Informational Barriers to International Resource Allocation: Prices and Ties." Economic Journal, 113(484): 21-42.
130. Ray, Debraj, and Rajiv Vohra. 1999. "A Theory of Endogenous Coalition Structures." Games and Economic Behavior, 26(2): 286-336.
131. Ray, Debraj, and Rajiv Vohra. 2001. "Coalitional Power and Public Goods." Journal of Political Economy, 109(6): 1355-84.
132. Richard, Orlando, Thomas Kochan, and Amy McMillan-Capehart. 2002. "The Impact of Visible Diversity on Organizational Effectiveness: Disclosing the Contents in Pandora's Black Box." Journal of Business and Management, 8(3): 265-92.
133. Rogowski, Ronald. 1987. "Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions." International Organization, 41(2): 203-23.
134. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. "Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature." World Politics, 52(4): 437-83.
135. Sethi, Rajiv, and Rohini Somanathan. 2004. "Inequality and Segregation." Journal of Political Economy, 112(6): 1296-1321.
136. Spears, Ian S. 2002. "Africa: The Limits of Power Sharing." Journal of Democracy. 13(3): 123-36.
137. Spolaore, Enrico, and Romain T. Wacziarg. 2002. "Borders and Growth." NBER Working Paper 9223.
138. Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar. 1966. Social Change in Modern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
139. Tajfel, Henri, Michael Billig, Robert P. Bundy, and Claude Flament. 1971. "Social Categorization and Intergroup Behavior." European Journal of Social Psychology, 1: 149-78.
140. Tavares, Jose, and Romain Wacziarg. 2001. "How Democracy Affects Growth." European Economic Review, 45(8): 1341-78.
141. Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. "A Pure Theory of Local Public Expenditure." Journal of Political Economy, 64(5): 416-24.
142. Vigdor, Jacob L. 2004. "Community Composition and Collective Action: Analyzing Initial Mail Response to the 2000 Census." Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(1): 303-12.
143. Weitzman, Martin L. 1992. "On Diversity." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2): 363-405.
144. th Meeting, Stanford University.
145. Williams, Katherine Y., and Charles A. O'Reilly, III. 1998. "Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research," in Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews, Volume 20. B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings eds. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 77-140.