Getting the most out of living abroad: Biculturalism and integrative complexity as key drivers of creative and professional success

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 103, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 520-542

  Tadmor, Carmit T ^a   Galinsky, Adam D ^b   Maddux, William W ^c  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INSEAD   (France)

Author keywords

Acculturation; Creativity; Culture; Integrative complexity; Multicultural experience

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CAREER MOBILITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CREATIVITY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ACCULTURATION; ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; CAREER MOBILITY; CREATIVITY; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84872353937     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0029360     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 511-536. doi:10.1002/ejsp.324
3. Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 177-202. doi:10.1002/job.290
4. Baker-Brown, G., Ballard, E. J., Bluck, S., de Vries, B., Suedfeld, P., & Tetlock, P. E. (1992). The conceptual/integrative complexity scoring manual. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 401-418). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527937.029
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
6. Barrette, G., Bourhis, R. Y., Personnaz, M., & Personnaz, B. (2004). Acculturation orientations of French and North African undergraduates in Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 415-438. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.08.003
7. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
8. Bell, M. P., & Harrison, D. A. (1996). Using intra-national diversity for international assignments: A model of bicultural competence and expatriate adjustment. Human Resource Management Review, 6, 47-74. doi:10.1016/S1053-4822(96)90004-2
9. Benet-Martínez, V. (2012). Multiculturalism: Cultural, personality, and social processes. In K. Deaux & M. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology (pp. 623-648). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
10. Benet-Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73, 1015-1050. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00337.x
11. Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). "Los Cinco Grandes" across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729-750. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729
12. Benet-Martínez, V., Lee, F., & Leu, J. (2006). Biculturalism and cognitive complexity: Expertise in cultural representations. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 37, 386-407. doi:10.1177/0022022106288476
13. Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F., & Morris, M. W. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 492-516. doi:10.1177/0022022102033005005
14. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34.
15. Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturation stress. International Migration Review, 21, 491-511. doi:10.2307/2546607
16. Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 257-281. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2005.16928400
17. Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 413-436. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(92)90031-O
18. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 89-129. doi:10.1177/1529100610387084
19. Birman, D. (1994). Acculturation and human diversity in a multicultural society. In E. J. Trickett, R. J. Watts, & D. Birman (Eds.), Human diversity: Perspective on people in context (pp. 261-284). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
20. Bourhis, R. Y., Moise, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senecal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369-386. doi:10.1080/002075997400629
21. Caligiuri, P. M. (2000). The Big Five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate's desire to terminate the assignment and supervisorrated performance. Personnel Psychology, 53, 67-88. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00194.x
22. Caligiuri, P. (2006). Developing global leaders. Human Resource Management Review, 16, 219-228. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.009
23. Chao, M. M., Chen, J., Roisman, G., & Hong, Y. (2007). Essentializing race: Implications for bicultural individuals' cognition and physiological reactivity. Psychological Science, 18, 341-348. doi:10.1111/j.14679280.2007.01901.x
24. Charlton, S., & Bakan, P. (1989). Cognitive complexity and creativity. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 8, 315-322.
25. Cheng, C.-Y., Sanchez-Burks, J., & Lee, F. (2008). Connecting the dots within: Creative performance and identity integration. Psychological Science, 19, 1178-1184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02220.x
26. Chirkov, V. (2009). Summary of the criticism and of the potential ways to improve acculturation psychology. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 177-180. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.03.005
27. Chua, R. Y. J. (2011). Innovating at the world's crossroads: How multicultural networks promote creativity (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-085). Retrieved from http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6645.html
28. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 242-266.
30. Davis, M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
31. Denison, D. R., Hooijberg, R., & Quinn, R. E. (1995). Paradox and performance: Toward a theory of behavioral complexity in managerial leadership. Organization Science, 6, 524-540. doi:10.1287/orsc.6.5.524
32. Dunlap-Hinkler, D., Kotabe, M., & Mudambi, R. (2010). A story of breakthrough versus incremental innovation: Corporate entrepreneurship in the global pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4, 106-127. doi:10.1002/sej.86
33. Eagly, A. H., & Chin, J. L. (2010). Diversity and leadership in a changing world. American Psychologist, 65, 216-224. doi:10.1037/a0018957
34. Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229-273. doi:10.2307/2667087
35. Fee, A. Lu, S., & Gray, S. (2010). Do expatriates become more cognitively complex? Evidence from a longitudinal study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
36. Feist, G. J. (1994). Personality and working style predictors of integrative complexity: A study of scientists' thinking about research and teaching. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 474-484. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.474
37. Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290-309. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_5
38. Feist, G. J. (1999). Personality in scientific and artistic creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 273-296). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
39. Friedman, R., & Liu, W. (2009). Biculturalism in management: Leveraging the benefits of intrapersonal diversity. In R. S. Wyer, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application (pp. 343-360). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
40. Fu, H.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., Morris, M. W., & Young, M. (2007). Spontaneous inferences from cultural cues: Varying responses of cultural insiders, outsiders, and sojourners. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 58-75. doi:10.1177/0022022106295443
41. Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Group Research, 25, 224-249. doi:10.1177/1046496494252005
42. Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D., & White, J. B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective-taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19, 378-384. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02096.x
43. Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1988). Predictors of managers' career mobility, success, and satisfaction. Human Relations, 41, 569-591. doi:10.1177/001872678804100801
44. Gil, A. G., Vega, W. A., & Dimas, J. M. (1994). Acculturative stress and personal adjustment among Hispanic adolescent boys. Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 43-54. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(199401)22: 1<43::AID-JCOP2290220106>3.0.CO;2-T
45. Gong, Y., Huang, G.-C., & Fahr, J.-L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 765-778. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.43670890
46. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
47. Grant, A. M., & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 73-96. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2011.59215085
48. Gregersen, H. B., Black, J. S., & Hite, J. M. (1995). Expatriate performance appraisal: Principles, practices, and challenges. In J. Selmer (Ed.), Expatriate management: New ideas for international business (pp. 173-195). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
49. Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444-454. doi:10.1037/h0063487
50. Hambrick, D. C. (1989). Guest editor's introduction: Putting top management back in the strategy picture. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 5-15. doi:10.1002/smj.4250100703
51. Hargadon, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1997). Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 716-749. doi:10.2307/2393655
52. Haritatos, J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2002). Bicultural identities: The interface of cultural, personality, and socio-cognitive processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 598-606. doi:10.1016/S00926566(02)00510-X
53. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta analysis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
54. Heisler, W. J., & Gemmill, G. R. (1978). Executive and MBA student views of corporate promotion practices: A structural comparison. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 731-737. doi:10.2307/255714
55. Hong, Y.-Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C.-Y., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural mindsa dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709-720. doi:10.1037/0003066X.55.7.709
56. Hong, Y., Wan, C., No, S., & Chiu, C. (2007). Multicultural identities. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 323-345). New York, NY: Guilford.
57. Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 143-156. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_03
58. Jackson, S. E., Joshi, A., & Erhardt, N. L. (2003). Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. Journal of Management, 29, 801-830.
59. Johnson, J. A., & Ostendorf, F. (1993). Clarification of the five-factor model with the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 563-576. doi:10.1037/00223514.65.3.563
60. Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
61. Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs (Vols. 1-2). New York, NY: Norton.
62. Kohonen, E. (2008). The impact of international assignments on expatriates' identity and career aspirations: Reflections upon re-entry. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24, 320-329. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2008.08.004
63. Kosic, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2004). The social cognitions of immigrants' acculturation: Effects of the need for closure and reference group at entry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 796-813. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.796
64. Ku, G., Wang, C. S., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). Perception through a perspective-taking lens: Differential effects on judgment and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 792-798. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.001
65. LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395-412. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395
66. Lammers, J., Galinsky, A. D., Gordijn, E. H., & Otten, S. (2008). Illegitimacy moderated the effects of power on approach. Psychological Science, 19, 558-564. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02123.x
67. Lee, Y.-T. (2010). Home versus host-Identifying with either, both, or neither? The relationship between dual cultural identities and intercultural effectiveness. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 10, 55-76. doi:10.1177/1470595809359583
68. Leung, A. K.-Y., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2010). Multicultural experiences, idea receptiveness, and creativity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 723-741. doi:10.1177/0022022110361707
69. Leung, A. K.-Y., Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63, 169-181. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.169
70. Maddux, W. W., Adam, H., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). When in Rome ... learn why the Romans do what they do: How multicultural learning experiences enhance creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 731-741. doi:10.1177/0146167210367786
71. Maddux, W. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Cultural borders and mental barriers: The relationship between living abroad and creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1047-1061. doi:10.1037/a0014861
72. Maddux, W. W., Leung, K. Y., Chiu, C. Y., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Toward a more complete understanding of the link between multicultural experience and creativity. American Psychologist, 64, 156-158. doi:10.1037/a0014941
73. Markman, K. D., Lindberg, M. J., Kray, L. J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2007). Implications of counterfactual structure for creative generation and analytical problem solving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 312-324. doi:10.1177/0146167206296106
74. McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox, T. H. (1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small Group Research, 27, 248-264. doi: 10.1177/1046496496272003
75. Mendenhall, M. E., Kuhlmann, T. M., Stahl, G. K., & Osland, J. S. (2002). Employee development and expatriate assignments. In M. J. Gannon & K. L. Newman (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of cross-cultural management (pp. 155-183). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
76. Mendenhall, M. E., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39-47.
77. Nguyen, A. M., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2007). Biculturalism unpacked: Components, measurement, individual differences, and outcomes. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 101-114
78. No, S., Hong, Y., Liao, H., Lee, K., Wood, D., & Chao, M. M. (2008). Lay theory of race affects and moderates Asian Americans' responses toward American culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 991-1004. doi:10.1037/a0012978
79. Peeters, M. C. W., & Oerlemans, W. G. M. (2009). The relationship between acculturation orientations and work-related well-being: Differences between ethnic minority and majority employees. International Journal of Stress Management, 16, 1-24. doi:10.1037/a0014832
80. Phinney, J. (2003). Ethnic identity and acculturation. In K. Chun, P. Organista, & G. Martin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 63-81). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10472-006
81. Plaut, V. C., Thomas, K. M., & Goren, M. J. (2009). Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities? Psychological Science, 20, 444-446.
82. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee., J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
83. Priem, R. L., Lyon, D. W., & Dess, G. G. (1999). Inherent limitations of demographic proxies in top management team heterogeneity research. Journal of Management, 25, 935-953. doi:10.1177/014920639902500607
84. Rich, G. J. (2009). Big C, little c, big M, little m. American Psychologist, 64, 155-156. doi:10.1037/a0014533
85. Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 88-106. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_01
86. Rudmin, F. W. (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3-37. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.3
87. Rudmin, F. W., & Vali, A. (2001). Psychometric critique of acculturation psychology: The case of Iranian migrants in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 41-56. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00213
88. Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49-65. doi:10.1037/00223514.79.1.49
89. Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (Eds.). (2006). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489891
90. Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation. American Psychologist, 65, 237-251. doi:10.1037/a0019330
91. Seibert, S. E., & Kraimer, M. L. (2001). The five-factor model of personality and career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 1-21. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2000.1757
92. Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gregersen, H., Black, J. S., & Ferzandi, L. A. (2006). You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 109-125. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.109
93. Simonton, D. K. (1988). Scientific genius: A psychology of science. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
94. Simonton, D. K. (1994). Greatness: Who makes history and why. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
95. Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986). On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of adjustment, matters of validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 125-139. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.125
96. Streufert, S., & Nogami, G. Y. (1989). Cognitive style and complexity: Implications for I/O psychology. In C. L. Cooper & I. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 93-143). Oxford, England: Wiley.
97. Streufert, S., & Swezey, R. W. (1986). Complexity, managers, and organizations. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
98. Suedfeld, P., Tetlock, P. E., & Streufert, S. (1992). Conceptual/integrative complexity. In C. P. Smith (Ed), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 393-400). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527937.028
99. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
100. Tadmor, C.T., Hong, Y.-Y., Chao, M. M., Wiruchnipawan, F., & Wang, W. (in press). Multicultural experiences reduce intergroup bias through epistemic unfreezing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
101. Tadmor, C. T., Hong Y.-Y., Chiu, C.-Y., & No, S. (2010). What I know in my mind and where my heart belongs: Multicultural identity negotiation and their cognitive consequences. In R. Crisp (Ed.), The psychology of social and cultural diversity (pp. 115-144). West Sussex, England: Blackwell.
102. Tadmor, C. T., Satterstrom, P., Jang, S., & Polzer, J. T. (2012). Beyond individual creativity: The superadditive benefits of multicultural experience for collective creativity in culturally diverse teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 384-392.
103. Tadmor, C. T., & Tetlock, P. E. (2006). Biculturalism: A model of the effects of second-culture exposure on acculturation and integrative complexity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 173-190. doi: 10.1177/0022022105284495
104. Tadmor, C. T., & Tetlock, P. E. (2007). Integrative complexity. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social psychology (p. 486). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
105. Tadmor, C. T., Tetlock, P. E., & Peng, K. (2009). Biculturalism and integrative complexity: Testing the acculturation complexity model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 105-139. doi:10.1177/0022022108326279
106. Tegano, D. W. (1990). Relationship between tolerance for ambiguity and playfulness on creativity. Psychological Reports, 66, 1047-1056. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.66.3.1047
107. Tetlock, P. E., & Boettger, R. (1989). Accountability: A social magnifier of the dilution effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 388-398. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.388
108. Tetlock, P. E., Peterson, R. S., & Lerner, J. S. (1996). Revising the value pluralism model: Incorporating social content and context postulates. In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 9, pp. 25-51). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
109. Tharenou, P. (2001). Going up? Do traits and informal social processes predict advancing in management? Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1005-1017. doi:10.2307/3069444
110. Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., & Conroy, D. (1994). How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences of women's and men's managerial advancement. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 899-931. doi: 10.2307/256604
111. Thomas, D. C. (1998). The expatriate experience: A critical review and synthesis. Advances in International Comparative Management, 12, 237-273.
112. Thomas, D. C., Brannen, M. Y., & Garcia, D. (2010). Bicultural individuals and intercultural effectiveness. European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management, 1, 315-333.
113. Thomas, D. C., & Lazarova, M. B. (2006). Expatriate adjustment and performance: A critical review. In G. K. Stahl & I. Bjorkman (Eds.), Handbook of research in international human resource management (pp. 247-264). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.
114. Toh, S. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (2003). Host country national reactions to expatriate pay policies: A model and Implications. Academy of Management Review, 28, 606-621.
115. U.S. Department of State. (2001). Statement on International Education Week 2001 [Press release]. Retrieved from http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2001/4462.htm
116. Van Der Zee, K., Atsma, N., & Brodbeck, F. (2004). The influence of social identity and personality on outcomes of cultural diversity in teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 283-303. doi: 10.1177/0022022104264123
117. van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 515-541. doi:10.1146/annurev .psych.58.110405.085546
118. Wang, P., & Chan, P. S. (1995). Top management perception of strategic information processing in a turbulent environment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 16, 33-43. doi:10.1108/01437739510100937
119. Ward, C. (2001). The A, B, Cs of acculturation. In D. Matsumoto, The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 411-445). Oxford, England: University Press.
120. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment, and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 329-343. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(94)90036-1
121. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 659-677. doi:10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00014-0
122. Ward, C., & Rana-Deuba, A. (1999). Acculturation and adaptation revisited. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 422-442. doi:10.1177/0022022199030004003
123. Ward, T. B., Smith, S. M., & Finke, R. A. (1999). Creative cognition. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 189-212). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
124. Wederspahn, G. M. (1992). Costing failures in expatriate human resource management. Human Resource Planning, 15, 27-35.
125. Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly, C. A., III. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 77-140). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
126. Zenasni, F., Besancon, M., & Lubart, T. (2008). Creativity and tolerance of ambiguity: An empirical study. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 42, 61-73. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2008.tb01080.x