Strain Lattice Imprinting in Graphene by C60 Intercalation at the Graphene/Cu Interface

Nano Letters

Volumn 15, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 7421-7430

  Monazami, E ^a   Bignardi, L ^b   Rudolf, P ^b   Reinke, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

fullerene; graphene; intercalation; scanning tunneling microscopy; scanning tunneling spectroscopy; superlattice

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; FULLERENES; INTERCALATION; INTERFACES (MATERIALS); MOLECULES; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; SUPERLATTICES;

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE; GRAPHENE LAYERS; GRAPHENE SUBSTRATES; INTERCALATED STRUCTURES; INTERMOLECULAR DISTANCE; LOCAL DENSITY OF STATE; SCANNING TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY; SUPERLATTICE PEAKS;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84946925945     PISSN: 15306984     EISSN: 15306992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02851     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Castro Neto, A. H.; Peres, N. M. R.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene Rev. Mod. Phys. 2009, 81, 109-162 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109
2. Andrei, E. Y.; Li, G.; Du, X. Electronic properties of graphene: a perspective from scanning tunneling microscopy and magnetotransport Rep. Prog. Phys. 2012, 75, 056501 10.1088/0034-4885/75/5/056501
3. Das Sarma, S.; Adam, S.; Hwang, E. H.; Rossi, E. Electronic transport in two-dimensional graphene Rev. Mod. Phys. 2011, 83, 407-470 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.407
4. Britnell, L.; Gorbachev, R. V.; Jalil, R.; Belle, B. D.; Schedin, F.; Mishchenko, A.; Georgiou, T.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Eaves, L.; Morozov, S. V.; Peres, N. M.; Leist, J.; Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S.; Ponomarenko, L. A. Field-effect tunneling transistor based on vertical graphene heterostructures Science 2012, 335, 947-950 10.1126/science.1218461
5. Giovannetti, G.; Khomyakov, P.; Brocks, G.; Karpan, V.; van den Brink, J.; Kelly, P. Doping Graphene with Metal Contacts Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 026803 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.026803
6. Gyamfi, M.; Eelbo, T.; Was̈niowska, M.; Wehling, T. O.; Forti, S.; Starke, U.; Lichtenstein, A. I.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Wiesendanger, R. Orbital selective coupling between Ni adatoms and graphene Dirac electrons Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2012, 85, 161406 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.161406
7. Jeong, H. M.; Lee, J. W.; Shin, W. H.; Choi, Y. J.; Shin, H. J.; Kang, J. K.; Choi, J. W. Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2472-2477 10.1021/nl2009058
8. Lauffer, P.; Emtsev, K. V.; Graupner, R.; Seyller, T.; Ley, L. Molecular and electronic structure of PTCDA on bilayer graphene on SiC(0001) studied with scanning tunneling microscopy Phys. Status Solidi B 2008, 245, 2064-2067 10.1002/pssb.200879615
9. Low, T.; Guinea, F.; Katsnelson, M. I. Gaps tunable by electrostatic gates in strained graphene Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 195436 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.195436
10. Park, J. U.; Nam, S.; Lee, M. S.; Lieber, C. M. Synthesis of monolithic graphene-graphite integrated electronics Nat. Mater. 2011, 11, 120-125 10.1038/nmat3169
11. Petrovic, M.; Srut Rakic, I.; Runte, S.; Busse, C.; Sadowski, J. T.; Lazic, P.; Pletikosic, I.; Pan, Z. H.; Milun, M.; Pervan, P.; Atodiresei, N.; Brako, R.; Sokcevic, D.; Valla, T.; Michely, T.; Kralj, M. The mechanism of caesium intercalation of graphene Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2772 10.1038/ncomms3772
12. Pollard, A. J.; Perkins, E. W.; Smith, N. A.; Saywell, A.; Goretzki, G.; Phillips, A. G.; Argent, S. P.; Sachdev, H.; Muller, F.; Hufner, S.; Gsell, S.; Fischer, M.; Schreck, M.; Osterwalder, J.; Greber, T.; Berner, S.; Champness, N. R.; Beton, P. H. Supramolecular assemblies formed on an epitaxial graphene superstructure Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1794-1799 10.1002/anie.200905503
13. Sicot, M.; Leicht, P.; Zusan, A.; Bouvron, S.; Zander, O.; Weser, M.; Dedkov, Y. S.; Horn, K.; Fonin, M. Size-selected epitaxial nanoislands underneath graphene moire on Rh(111) ACS Nano 2012, 6, 151-158 10.1021/nn203169j
14. Silien, C.; Pradhan, N.; Ho, W.; Thiry, P. Influence of adsorbate-substrate interaction on the local electronic structure of C60 studied by low-temperature STM Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2004, 69, 115343 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.115434
15. Tadich, A.; Edmonds, M. T.; Ley, L.; Fromm, F.; Smets, Y.; Mazej, Z.; Riley, J.; Pakes, C. I.; Seyller, T.; Wanke, M. Tuning the charge carriers in epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) from electron to hole via molecular doping with C60F48 Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, 241601 10.1063/1.4811248
16. Zan, R.; Bangert, U.; Ramasse, Q.; Novoselov, K. S. Evolution of gold nanostructures on graphene Small 2011, 7, 2868-2872 10.1002/smll.201101169
17. Zhang, Y.; Brar, V. W.; Girit, C.; Zettl, A.; Crommie, M. F. Origin of spatial charge inhomogeneity in graphene', Nat Nat. Phys. 2009, 5, 722-726 10.1038/nphys1365
18. Pereira, V.; Castro Neto, A. Strain Engineering of Graphenes Electronic Structure Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 046801 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.046801
19. Qi, Z.; Kitt, A. L.; Park, H. S.; Pereira, V. M.; Campbell, D. K.; Castro Neto, A. H. Pseudomagnetic fields in graphene nanobubbles of constrained geometry: A molecular dynamics study Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2014, 90, 125419 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.125419
20. Varykhalov, A.; Sanches-Barriga, J.; Shikin, A. M.; Biswas, C.; Vescovo, E.; Rybkin, A.; Marchenko, D.; Rader, O. Electronic and magnetic properties of quasifreestanding graphene on Ni Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 157601 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.157601
21. Gierz, I.; Suzuki, T.; Weitz, R. T.; Lee, D. S.; Krauss, B.; Riedl, C.; Starke, U.; Hoechst, H.; Smet, J. H.; Ast, C. R.; Kern, K. Electronic coupling of an epitaxial graphene monolayer by gold intercalation Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2010, 81, 235408 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.235408
22. Xue, J.; Sanchez-Yamagishi, J.; Bulmash, D.; Jacquod, P.; Deshpande, A.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Jarillo-Herrero, P.; LeRoy, B. J. Scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy of ultra-flat graphene on hexagonal boron nitride Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 282-285 10.1038/nmat2968
23. Ponomarenko, L. A.; Gorbachev, R. V.; Yu, G. L.; Elias, D. C.; Jalil, R.; Patel, A. A.; Mishchenko, A.; Mayorov, A. S.; Woods, C. R.; Wallbank, J. R.; Mucha-Kruczynski, M.; Piot, B. A.; Potemski, M.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Guinea, F.; Falko, V. I.; Geim, A. K. Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices Nature 2013, 497, 594-597 10.1038/nature12187
24. Kim, K.; Lee, Z.; Malone, B. D.; Chan, K. T.; Alemán, B.; Regan, W.; Gannett, W.; Crommie, M. F.; Cohen, M. L.; Zettl, A. Multiply folded graphene Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 245433 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.245433
25. Ye, J.; Craciun, M. F.; Koshino, M.; Russo, S.; Inoue, S.; Yuan, H.; Shimotani, H.; Morpurgo, A. F.; Iwasa, Y. Accessing the transport properties of graphene and its multilayers at high carrier density Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108, 13002-13006 10.1073/pnas.1018388108
26. Lee, J. K.; Yamazaki, S.; Yun, H.; Park, J.; Kennedy, G. P.; Kim, G. T.; Pietzsch, O.; Wiesendanger, R.; Lee, S.; Hong, S.; Dettlaff-Weglikowska, U.; Roth, S. Modification of electrical properties of graphene by substrate-induced nanomodulation Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3494-3500 10.1021/nl400827p
27. Calleja, F.; Ochoa, H.; Garnica, M.; Barja, S.; Navarro, J. J.; Black, A.; Otrokov, M. M.; Chulkov, E. V.; Arnau, A.; Vázquez de Parga, A. L.; Guinea, F.; Miranda, R. Spatial variation of a giant spin-orbit effect induces electron confinement in graphene on Pb islands Nat. Phys. 2014, 11, 43-47 10.1038/nphys3173
28. Guinea, F. Strain engineering in graphene Solid State Commun. 2012, 152, 1437-1441 10.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.019
29. Guinea, F.; Katsnelson, M.; Vozmediano, M. Midgap states and charge inhomogeneities in corrugated graphene Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2008, 77, 075422 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.075422
30. Guinea, F.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Geim, A. K. Energy gaps and a zero-field quantum Hall effect in graphene by strain engineering Nat. Phys. 2010, 6, 30-33 10.1038/nphys1420
31. Isacsson, A.; Jonsson, L.; Kinaret, J.; Jonson, M. Electronic superlattices in corrugated graphene Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2008, 77, 035423 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035423
32. Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K. Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene Nat. Phys. 2006, 2, 620-625 10.1038/nphys384
33. Yankowitz, M.; Xue, J.; Cormode, D.; Sanchez-Yamagishi, J. D.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Jarillo-Herrero, P.; Jacquod, P.; LeRoy, B. J. Emergence of superlattice Dirac points in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride Nat. Phys. 2012, 8, 382-386 10.1038/nphys2272
34. Lu, J.; Neto, A. H.; Loh, K. P. Transforming Moire blisters into geometric graphene nano-bubbles Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 823 10.1038/ncomms1818
35. Bai, K.-K.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, H.; Meng, L.; Peng, H.; Liu, Z.; Nie, J.-C.; He, L. Creating One-Dimensional Nanoscale Periodic Ripples in a Continuous Mosaic Graphene Monolayer Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 113, 086102 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.086102
36. Xu, P.; Yang, Y.; Barber, S. D.; Ackerman, M. L.; Schoelz, J. K.; Qi, D.; Kornev, I. A.; Dong, L.; Bellaiche, L.; Barraza-Lopez, S.; Thibado, P. M. Atomic control of strain in freestanding graphene Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2012, 85, 121406 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.121406
37. Li, X.; Cai, W.; An, J.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E.; Banerjee, S. K.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on Copper foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314 10.1126/science.1171245
38. Bignardi, L.; van Dorp, W. F.; Gottardi, S.; Ivashenko, O.; Dudin, P.; Barinov, A. V.; de Hosson, J. T. M.; Stoehr, M.; Rudolf, P. Microscopic characterization of suspended graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition Nanoscale 2013, 5, 9057-9061 10.1039/c3nr02386a
39. Jensen, F.; Besenbacher, F.; Laegsgaard, E.; Stensgaard, I. Dynamics of oxygen-induced reconstruction of Cu(100) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1990, 42, 9206-9209 10.1103/PhysRevB.42.9206
40. Yang, J. C.; Yeadon, M.; Olynick, D.; Gibson, J. M. Anomalous desorption of Copper oxide observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy Microsc. Microanal. 1997, 3, 121-125
41. Gottardi, S.; Mueller, K.; Bignardi, L.; Moreno-Lopez, J. C.; Pham, T. A.; Ivashenko, O.; Yablonskikh, M.; Bjoerk, J.; Rudolf, P.; Stoehr, M.; Barinov, A. Comparing graphene growth on Cu(111) versus oxidized Cu(111) Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 917-922 10.1021/nl5036463
42. Horcas, I.; Fernandez, R.; Gomez-Rodriguez, J. M.; Colchero, J.; Gomez-Herrero, J.; Baro, A. M. WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78, 013705 10.1063/1.2432410
43. Feenstra, R. M.; Lee, J. Y.; Kang, M. H.; Meyer, G.; Rieder, K. H. Band gap of the Ge(111)c(2 × 8) surface by scanning tunneling spectroscopy Phys. Rev. B 2006, 73, 035310 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.035310
44. Tromp, R. M. Spectroscopy with the scanning tunnelling microscope: a critical review J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1989, 1, 10211-10228 10.1088/0953-8984/1/51/001
45. Feenstra, R. M. A prospective: Quantitative scanning tunneling spectroscopy of semiconductor surfaces Surf. Sci. 2009, 603, 2841-2844 10.1016/j.susc.2009.08.002
46. Kim, K.; Lee, Z.; Malone, B. D.; Chan, K. T.; Aleman, B.; Regan, W.; Gannett, W.; Crommie, M. F.; Cohen, M. L.; Zettl, A. Multiply folded graphene Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 245433 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.245433
47. 60 with tungsten: modulation of morphology and electronic structure on the molecular length scale J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24479 10.1021/jp506618b
48. Rudolf, P.; Golden, M. S.; Bruehwiler, P. A. Studies of fullerenes by the excitation, emission and scattering of electrons', J J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1999, 100, 409-433 10.1016/S0368-2048(99)00058-4
49. Zhang, Y.; Brar, V. W.; Wang, F.; Girit, C.; Yayon, Y.; Panlasigui, M.; Zettl, A.; Crommie, M. F. Giant phonon-induced conductance in scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of gate-tunable graphene Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 627-630 10.1038/nphys1022
50. Gao, L.; Guest, J. R.; Guisinger, N. P. Epitaxial graphene on Cu(111) Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3512-3516 10.1021/nl1016706
51. Lu, J.; Zheng, Y.; Sorkin, A.; Loh, K. P. Growing suspended graphene on C60 molecules Small 2012, 8, 3728-3732 10.1002/smll.201201113
52. Varykhalov, A.; Gudat, W.; Rader, O. Imaging buried molecules: fullerenes under graphene Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3307-3310 10.1002/adma.201000695
53. Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene Science 2008, 321, 385-388 10.1126/science.1157996
54. Kushima, A.; Qian, X.; Zhao, P.; Zhang, S.; Li, J. Ripplocations in van der waals layers Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 1302-1308 10.1021/nl5045082
55. Lu, J.; Bao, Y.; Su, C. L.; Loh, K. P. Properties of strained structures and topological defects in graphene ACS Nano 2013, 7, 8350-8357 10.1021/nn4051248
56. Yamamoto, M.; Pierre-Louis, O.; Huang, J.; Fuhrer, M. S.; Einstein, T. L.; Cullen, W. G. "The Princess and the Pea" at the nanoscale: wrinkling and delamination of graphene on nanoparticles Phys. Rev. X 2012, 2, 041018 10.1103/PhysRevX.2.041018
57. Klaver, T. P. C.; Zhu, S.-E.; Sluiter, M. H. F.; Janssen, G. C. A. M. Molecular dynamics simulation of graphene on Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces Carbon 2015, 82, 538-547 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.005
58. Goel, A.; Howard, J. B.; Vander Sande, J. B. Size analysis of single fullerene molecules by electron microscopy Carbon 2004, 42, 1907-1915 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.03.022
59. 60 Nature 1191, 351, 462 10.1038/351462a0
60. Fuhrer, M. S.; Hou, J. G.; Xiang, X.-D.; Zettl, A. C60 intercalated graphite: predictions and experiments Solid State Commun. 1994, 90, 357-360 10.1016/0038-1098(94)90798-6
61. Gupta, V.; Scharff, P.; Risch, K.; Romanus, H.; Müller, R. Synthesis of C60 intercalated graphite Solid State Commun. 2004, 131, 153-155 10.1016/j.ssc.2004.05.018
62. Nair, R. R.; Wu, H. A.; Jayaram, P. N.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Geim, A. K. Unimpeded Permeation of Water Through Helium-Leak-Tight Graphene-Based Membranes Science 2012, 335, 442-444 10.1126/science.1211694
63. Walter, A. L.; Nie, S.; Bostwick, A.; Kim, K. S.; Moreschini, L.; Chang, Y. J.; Innocenti, D.; Horn, K.; McCarty, K.; Rotenberg, E. Electronic structure of graphene on single-crystal copper substrates Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 84, 195443 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.195443
64. Marsden, A. J.; Asensio, M.-C.; Avila, J.; Dudin, P.; Barinov, A.; Moras, P.; Sheverdyaeva, P. M.; White, T. W.; Maskery, I.; Costantini, G.; Wilson, N. R.; Bell, G. R. Is graphene on copper doped? Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2013, 7, 643-646 10.1002/pssr.201307224
65. Tian, J.; Cao, H.; Wu, W.; Yu, Q.; Guisinger, N. P.; Chen, Y. P. Graphene induced surface reconstruction of Cu Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3893-3899 10.1021/nl3002974
66. 60 New J. Phys. 2008, 10, 065012 10.1088/1367-2630/10/6/065012
67. 60 films deposited on Cu(100), Cu(111) and Cu(110) Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1992, 6, 3909-3913 10.1142/S0217979292001997
68. 60 bonding to graphite and boron nitride surfaces J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 12547-12552 10.1063/1.1625914