Democracy within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences

Democracy within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences

Volumn 9780199572540, Issue , 2010, Pages 1-224

  Hazan, Reuven Y ^a   Rahat, Gideon ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Appointment and voting; Candidacy; Candidate selection; Competition; Decentralization; Democracy; Participation; Political parties; Representation; Responsiveness; Selectorate

Indexed keywords

EID: 84945661723     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572540.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (372)

1. Akirav, Osnat. 2010. 'Candidate Selection and a Crowded Parliament: The Israeli Knesset 1988-2006.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 16 (1), pp. 96-120.
2. Almond, Gabriel A. 1960. 'Introduction: A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics.' In: Gabriel A. Almond and James S. Coleman (eds.), The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3. Alvarez, R. Michael and Jonathan Nagler. 2001. 'The Likely Consequences of Internet Voting for Political Representation.' Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 34 (3), pp. 1115-52.
4. Andeweg, Rudy B. and Galen A. Irwin. 2002. Governance and Politics of the Netherlands. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
5. Ansolabehere, Stephen, John Mark Hansen, Shigeo Hirano, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2007. 'The Incumbency Advantage in U.S. Primary Elections.' Electoral Studies, 26 (3), pp. 660-8.
6. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shigeo Hirano, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2007. 'What Did the Direct Primary Do to Party Loyalty in Congress?' In: David Brady and Matthew D. McCubbins (eds.), Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress, Volume 2: Further New Perspectives on the History of Congress. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
7. Arian, Asher and Ruth Amir. 1997. The Next Elections in Israel: How Should We Vote? Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute [in Hebrew].
8. Ashiagbor, Sefakor. 2008. Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives: Selecting Candidates for Legislative Office. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute. [accessed February 24, 2010].
9. Aylott, Nicholas. 2005. 'Europeanization and British Political Parties.' Paper presented at the Nordic Political Science Association conference, Reykjavik, Iceland.
10. Bacchi, Carol. 2006. 'Arguing For and Against Quotas: Theoretical Issues.' In: Drude Dahlerup (ed.), Women, Quotas and Politics. New York: Routledge.
11. Back, Les and John Solomos. 1994. 'Labour and Racism: Trade Unions and the Selection of Parliamentary Candidates.' Sociological Review, 42 (2), pp. 165-201.
12. Baldez, Lisa. 2007. 'Primaries vs. Quotas: Gender and Candidate Nominations in Mexico, 2003.' Latin American Politics and Society, 49 (3), pp. 69-96.
13. Ball, Alan R. 1987. British Political Parties: The Emergence of a Modern Party System. London: Macmillan.
14. Bardi, Luciano and Leonardo Morlino. 1992. 'Italy.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
15. Barnea, Shlomit and Gideon Rahat. 2007. 'Reforming Candidate Selection Methods: A Three-Level Approach.' Party Politics, 13 (3), pp. 375-94.
16. Baum, Julian and James A. Robinson. 1995. 'Party Primaries in Taiwan: A Reappraisal.' Asian Affairs: An American Review, 22 (2), pp. 3-14.
17. Baum, Julian and James A. Robinson. 1999. 'Party Primaries in Taiwan: Trends, Conditions, and Projections in Candidate Selection.' Occasional Paper/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, 6 (155).
18. Benedetto, Giacomo and Simon Hix. 2007. 'The Rejected, the Ejected, and the Dejected: Explaining Government Rebels in the 2001-2005 British House of Commons.' Comparative Political Studies, 40 (7), pp. 755-81.
19. Best, Heinrich and Maurizio Cotta. 2000a. 'Elite Transformation and Modes of Representation since the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Some Theoretical Considerations.' In: Heinrich Best and Maurizio Cotta (eds.), Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848-2000: Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20. Best, Heinrich and Maurizio Cotta. 2000b. Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848-2000: Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Bille, Lars. 1992. 'Internal Party Democracy: The Role of Party Members.' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Limerick, Ireland.
22. Bille, Lars. 1994. 'Denmark: The Decline of the Membership Party.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
23. Bille, Lars. 2001. 'Democratizing a Democratic Procedure: Myth or Reality? Candidate Selection in Western European Parties 1960-1990.' Party Politics, 7 (3), pp. 363-80.
24. Birch, Anthony H. 1971. Representation. New York: Praeger.
25. Birch, Anthony H. 1993. The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy. London: Routledge.
26. Bochel, John and David Denver. 1983. 'Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek.' British Journal of Political Science, 13 (1), pp. 45-69.
27. Bolleyer, Nicole. 2009. 'Inside the Cartel Party: Party Organization in Government and Opposition.' Political Studies, 57 (3), pp. 559-79.
28. Borchert, Jens and Zeiss Golsch. 2003. 'Germany: From "Guilds of Notables" to Political Class.' In: Jens Borchert and Jürgen Zeiss (eds.), The Political Class in Advanced Democracies: A Comparative Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Bowler, Shaun. 2000. 'Parties in Legislatures: Two Competing Explanations.' In: Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg (eds.), Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Bradbury, Jonathan, James Mitchell, Lynn Bennie, and David Denver. 2000. 'Candidate Selection, Devolution and Modernization.' British Elections and Parties Review, 10 (1), pp. 151-72.
31. Brams, Steven J. and Peter C. Fishburn. 2002. 'Voting Procedures.' In: Kenneth J. Arrow, Amartya K. Sen, and Kotaro Suzumura (eds.), Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare, Volume 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
32. Breaux, David A. and Anthony Gierzynski. 1991. '"It's Money that Matters": Campaign Expenditures and State Legislative Primaries.' Legislative Studies Quarterly, 16 (3), pp. 429-43.
33. Brichta, Avraham. 1977. Democracy and Elections. Tel Aviv: Am Oved [in Hebrew].
34. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James D. Morrow, Randolph Siverson, and Alastair Smith. 2002. 'The Selectorate Model: A Theory of Political Institutions.' In: Joseph Berger and Morris Zelditch, Jr. (eds.), New Directions in Contemporary Sociological Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
35. Bueno de Mesquita, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36. Burrell, Barbara C. 1992. 'Women Candidates in Open-Seat Primaries for the U.S. House: 1968-1990.' Legislative Studies Quarterly, 17 (4), pp. 493-508.
37. Butler, David. 1978. 'The Renomination of M.P.s: A Note.' Parliamentary Affairs, 31 (2), pp. 210-12.
38. Butler, David and Dennis Kavanagh. 1974. The British General Election of February 1974. London: Macmillan.
39. Carey, John M. and Matthew S. Shugart. 1995. 'Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.' Electoral Studies, 14 (4), pp. 417-39.
40. Carty, R. Kenneth. 2004. 'Parties as Franchise Systems: The Stratarchical Organizational Imperative.' Party Politics, 10 (1), pp. 5-24.
41. Carty, R. Kenneth. 2008. 'Brokerage Politics, Stratarchical Organization and Party Members: The Liberal Party of Canada.' In: Karina Kosiara-Pedersen and Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard (eds.), Partier og Partisystemer I Forandring: Festskrift til Lars Bille. Odense: University of southern Denmark Press.
42. Carty, R. Kenneth and William Cross. 2006. 'Can Stratarchically Organized Parties be Democratic? The Canadian Case.' Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 16 (2), pp. 93-114.
43. Carty, R. Kenneth and Munroe Eagles. 2003. 'Local Conflict Within National Parties: The Case of Canada.' Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.
44. Carty, R. Kenneth, William Cross, and Lisa Young. 2000. Rebuilding Canadian Party Politics. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
45. Catt, Helena. 1997. 'New Zealand.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Caul, Miki. 2001. 'Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis.' Journal of Politics, 63 (4), pp. 1214-29.
47. Citizens' Empowerment Center in Israel. 2007. Parties in the Era of Electronic Communication. Tel Aviv: Citizens' Empowerment Center in Israel [in Hebrew].
48. Combes, Hélène. 2003. 'Internal Elections and Democratic Transition: The Case of the Democratic Revolution Party in Mexico (1989-2001).' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh.
49. Coppedge, Michael. 1994. Strong Parties and Lame Ducks. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
50. Criddle, Byron. 1984. 'Candidates.' In: David E. Butler and Dennis Kavanagh (eds.), The British General Election of 1983. London: Macmillan.
51. Criddle, Byron. 1988. 'Candidates.' In: David E. Butler and Dennis Kavanagh (eds.), The British General Election of 1987. London: Macmillan.
52. Criddle, Byron. 1992. 'MPs and Candidates.' In: David E. Butler and Dennis Kavanagh (eds.), The British General Election of 1992. London: Macmillan.
53. Criddle, Byron. 1997. 'MPs and Candidates.' In: David E. Butler and Dennis Kavanagh (eds.), The British General Election of 1997. London: Macmillan.
54. Crisp, Brian F., Maria Escobar-Lemmon, Bradford S. Jones, Mark P. Jones, and Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson. 2004. 'Vote-Seeking Incentives and Legislative Representation in Six Presidential Democracies.' Journal of Politics, 66 (3), pp. 823-46.
55. Crittenden, John A. 1982. Parties and Elections in the United States. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
56. Cross, William. 2002. 'Grassroots Participation in Candidate Nominations.' In: Joanna Everitt and Brenda O'Neill (eds.), Citizen Politics: Research and Theory in Canadian Political Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57. Cross, William. 2004. Political Parties. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
58. Cross, William. 2006. 'Candidate Nomination in Canada's Political Parties.' In: Jon Pammet and Christopher Dornan (eds.), The Canadian General Election of 2006. Toronto: Dundurn Press.
59. Cross, William. 2008. 'Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection: Taking Contextual Factors into Account.' Party Politics, 14 (5), pp. 596-619.
60. Crotty, William. 2006. 'Party Origins and Evolution in the United States.' In: Richard S. Katz and William J. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage.
61. Cutts, David, Sarah Childs, and Edward Fieldhouse. 2008. ' "This Is What Happens When You Don't Listen": All-Women Shortlists at the 2005 General Election.' Party Politics, 14 (5), pp. 575-95.
62. Czudnowski, Moshe M. 1975. 'Political Recruitment.' In: Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science, Volume 2. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
63. Dahl, Robert A. 1970. After the Revolution? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
64. Dahlerup, Drude (ed.). 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. New York: Routledge.
65. Dalton, Russell. 2008. Citizen Politics, 5th edition. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
66. Davidson-Schmich, Louise K. 2006. 'Implementation of Political Party Gender Quotas: Evidence from the German Länder 1990-2000.' Party Politics, 12 (2), pp. 211-32.
67. De Luca, Miguel, Mark P. Jones, and Maria I. Tula. 2002. 'Back Rooms or Ballot Boxes? Candidate Nomination in Argentina.' Comparative Political Studies, 35 (4), pp. 413-36.
68. De Winter, Lieven. 1988. 'Belgium: Democracy or Oligarchy?' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
69. De Winter, Lieven. 1997. 'Intra- and Extra-Parliamentary Role Attitudes and Behaviour of Belgian MPs.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 3 (1), pp. 128-54.
70. De Winter, Lieven and Marleen Brans. 2003. 'Belgium: Political Professionals and the Crisis of the Party State.' In: Jens Borchert and Jürgen Zeiss (eds.), The Political Class in Advanced Democracies: A Comparative Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
71. Denver, David. 1988. 'Britain: Centralized Parties with Decentralized Selection.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
72. Depauw, Sam. 2003. 'Government Party Discipline in Parliamentary Democracies: The Cases of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom in the 1990s.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 9 (4), pp. 130-46.
73. Depauw, Sam and Steven Van Hecke. 2005. 'Preferential Voting and Personal Vote-Earning Attributes: The Benelux Countries and the 1999-2004 EP Elections.' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research General Conference, Budapest.
74. Deschouwer, Kris. 1994. 'The Decline of Consociationalism and the Reluctant Modernization of Belgian Mass Parties.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
75. Dickson, A. D. R. 1975. 'MPs' Readoption Conflicts: Their Causes and Consequences.' Political Studies, 23 (1), pp. 62-70.
76. Dotan, Yoav and Menachem Hofnung. 2005. 'Why Do Elected Representatives Go to Court?' Comparative Politics, 38 (1), pp. 75-103.
77. Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.
78. Edwards, Julia and Laura McAllister. 2002. 'One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Women in the Two Main Political Parties in Wales.' Parliamentary Affairs, 55 (1), pp. 154-66.
79. Engelmann, Frederick C. and Mildred A. Schwartz. 1975. Canadian Political Parties: Origin, Character, Impact. Scarborough: Prentice Hall of Canada.
80. Engstrom, Richard L. and Richard N. Engstrom. 2008. 'The Majority Vote Rule and Runoff Primaries in the United States.' Electoral Studies, 27 (3), pp. 407-16.
81. Enterline, Andrew J. and Kristian S. Gleditsch. 2000. 'Threats, Opportunity, and Force: Repression and Diversion of Domestic Pressures, 1948-1982.' International Interactions, 26 (1), pp. 21-53.
82. Epstein, Leon D. 1960. 'British MPs and Their Local Parties: The Suez Cases.' American Political Science Review, 54 (2), pp. 374-90.
83. Epstein, Leon D. 1964. 'A Comparative Study of Canadian Parties.' American Political Science Review, 58 (1), pp. 46-59.
84. Epstein, Leon D. 1967. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.
85. Epstein, Leon D. 1977a. 'A Comparative Study of Australian Parties.' British Journal of Political Science, 7 (1), pp. 1-21.
86. Epstein, Leon D. 1977b. 'The Australian Political System.' In: Howard R. Penniman (ed.), Australia at the Polls: The National Elections of 1975. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
87. Epstein, Leon D. 1980. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
88. Epstein, Leon D. 1986. Political Parties in the American Mold. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
89. Erickson, Lynda. 1997. 'Canada.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Erickson, Lynda and R. K. Carty. 1991. 'Parties and Candidate Selection in the 1988 Canadian General Election.' Canadian Journal of Political Science, 24 (2), pp. 331-49.
91. Esteban, Jorge de and Luis López Guerra. 1985. 'Electoral Rules and Candidate Selection.' In: Howard R. Penniman and Eusebio M. Mujal-Leon (eds.), Spain at the Polls 1977, 1979 and 1982. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
92. Eulau, Heinz and Paul D. Karps. 1977. 'The Puzzle of Representation: Specifying Components of Responsiveness.' Legislative Studies Quarterly, 2 (3), pp. 233-54.
93. Ezra, Marni. 2001. 'A Reexamination of Congressional Primary Turnout.' American Politics Research, 29 (1), pp. 47-64.
94. Faas, Thorsten. 2003. 'To Defect or Not to Defect? National, Institutional and Party Group Pressures on MEPs and Their Consequences for Party Group Cohesion in the European Parliament.' European Journal of Political Research, 42 (6), pp. 841-66.
95. Farrell, David M. 1992. 'Ireland.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
96. Farrell, David M. 1994. 'Ireland: Centralization, Professionalization and Competitive Pressures.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
97. Fell, Dafydd. 2005. 'Democratization of Candidate Selection in Taiwanese Political Parties.' Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
98. Fenno, Richard F. 1996. Senators on the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation. Norman: OK University of Oklahoma Press.
99. Field, Bonnie N. 2006. 'Transition to Democracy and Internal Party Rules: Spain in Comparative Perspective.' Comparative Politics, 39 (1), pp. 83-102.
100. Fiorina, Morris P. 1974. Representatives, Roll Calls, and Constituencies. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
101. Fukui, Haruhiro. 1997. 'Japan.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Gabel, Matthew and Kenneth Scheve. 2007. 'Mixed Messages, Party Dissent and Mass Opinion on European Integration.' European Union Politics, 8 (1), pp. 37-59.
103. Galderisi, Peter F. and Marni Ezra. 2001. 'Congressional Primaries in Historical and Theoretical Context.' In: Peter F. Galderisi, Marni Ezra, and Michael Lyons (eds.), Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
104. Galderisi, Peter F. and Marni Ezra and Michael Lyons. 2001. 'Introduction: Nomination Politics and Congressional Representation.' In: Peter F. Galderisi, Marni Ezra, and Michael Lyons (eds.), Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
105. Gallagher, Michael. 1980. 'Candidate Selection in Ireland: The Impact of Localism and the Electoral System.' British Journal of Political Science, 10 (4), pp. 489-503.
106. Gallagher, Michael. 1988a. 'Introduction.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
107. Gallagher, Michael. 1988b. 'Ireland: The Increasing Role of the Centre.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
108. Gallagher, Michael. 1988c. 'Conclusion.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
109. Gallagher, Michael. 1991. 'Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems.' Electoral Studies, 10 (1), pp. 33-51.
110. Gallagher, Michael. 2003. 'Ireland: Party Loyalists with a Personal Base.' In: Jens Borchert and Jürgen Zeiss (eds.), The Political Class in Advanced Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
111. Gallagher, Michael and Michael Marsh (eds.), 1988. Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
112. Gallagher, Michael, Michael Laver, and Peter Mair. 2006. Representative Government in Modern Europe: Institutions, Parties and Government. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
113. Galligan, Yvonne. 2003. 'Candidate Selection: More Democratic or More Centrally Controlled?' In: Michael Gallagher, Michael Marsh, and Paul Mitchell (eds.), How Ireland Voted 2002. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
114. Gauja, Anika. 2006. 'An Assessment of the Impact of Party Law on Intra-Party Democracy in Common Law Nations.' Paper presented at the International Political Science Association World Congress, Fukuoka.
115. Gerber, Elisabeth R. and Rebecca B. Morton. 1998. 'Primary Election Systems and Representation.' Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 14 (2), pp. 304-24.
116. Glaser, James M. 2006. 'The Primary Runoff as a Remnant of the Old South.' Electoral Studies, 25 (4), pp. 776-90.
117. Goldberg, Giora. 1992. Political Parties in Israel: From Mass Parties to Electoral Parties. Tel Aviv: Ramot [in Hebrew].
118. Goldberg, Giora and Steven A. Hoffman. 1983. 'Nominations in Israel: The Politics of Institutionalization.' In: Asher Arian (ed.), The Elections in Israel 1981. Tel Aviv: Ramot.
119. Goodliffe, Jay and David B. Magleby. 2000. 'Campaign Spending in Primary Elections in the U.S. House.' Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago.
120. Goodliffe, Jay and David B. Magleby. 2001. 'Campaign Finance in U.S. House Primary and General Elections.' In: Peter F. Galderisi, Marni Ezra, and Michael Lyons (eds.) Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
121. Graham, B. D. 1986. 'The Candidate-Selection Policies of the Indian National Congress, 1952-1969.' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 24 (2), pp. 197-218.
122. Grofman, Bernard and Arend Lijphart (eds.). 1986. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press.
123. Gunlicks, Arthur B. 1970. 'Intraparty Democracy in Western Germany: A Look at the Local Level.' Comparative Politics, 2 (2), pp. 229-49.
124. Hardarson, Ólafur Th. 1995. Parties and Voters in Iceland: A Study of the 1983 and 1987 Althingi Elections. Reykjavik: University of Iceland.
125. Hazan, Reuven Y. 1997a. 'The 1996 Intra-Party Elections in Israel: Adopting Party Primaries.' Electoral Studies, 16 (1), pp. 95-103.
126. Hazan, Reuven Y. 1997b. 'Executive-Legislative Relations in an Era of Accelerated Reform: Reshaping Government in Israel.' Legislative Studies Quarterly, 22 (3), pp. 329-50.
127. Hazan, Reuven Y. 1999a. 'Constituency Interests without Constituencies: The Geographical Impact of Candidate Selection on Party Organization and Legislative Behavior in the 14th Israeli Knesset, 1996-99.' Political Geography, 18 (7), pp. 791-811.
128. Hazan, Reuven Y. 1999b. 'Yes, Institutions Matter: The Impact of Institutional Reform on Parliamentary Members and Leaders in Israel.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 5 (3-4), pp. 301-24.
129. Hazan, Reuven Y. 2002. 'Candidate Selection.' In: Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris (eds.), Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting. London: Sage.
130. Hazan, Reuven Y. 2003. 'Does Cohesion Equal Discipline? Towards a Conceptual Delineation.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 9 (4), pp. 1-11.
131. Hazan, Reuven Y. 2007. 'Kadima and the Centre: Convergence in the Israeli Party System.' Israel Affairs, 13 (2), pp. 266-88.
132. Hazan, Reuven Y, and Paul Pennings (eds.), 2001. Democratizing Candidate Selection: Causes and Consequences. Special issue of Party Politics, 7 (3).
133. Hazan, Reuven Y, and Gideon Rahat. 2006. 'The Influence of Candidate Selection Methods on Legislatures and Legislators: Theoretical Propositions, Methodological Suggestions and Empirical Evidence.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 12 (3-4), pp. 366-85.
134. Hazan, Reuven Y, and Gerrit Voerman. 2006. 'Electoral Systems and Candidate Selection.' Acta Politica, 41 (3-4), pp. 146-62.
135. Heidar, Knut. 1994. 'The Polymorphic Nature of Party Membership.' European Journal of Political Research, 25 (1), pp. 61-86.
136. Helander, Voitto. 1997. 'Finland.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
137. Herrnson, Paul S. 1997. 'United States.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
138. Hinojosa, Magda. 2009. ' "Whatever the Party Asks of Me": Women's Political Representation in Chile's Unión Demócrata Independiente.' Politics and Gender, 5 (3), pp. 377-407.
139. Hix, Simon. 2004. 'Electoral Institutions and Legislative Behavior: Explaining Voting Defection in the European Parliament.' World Politics, 56 (2), pp. 194-223.
140. Hofnung, Menachem. 1996a. 'The Public Purse and the Private Campaign: Political Finance in Israel.' Journal of Law and Society, 23 (1), pp. 132-48.
141. Hofnung, Menachem. 1996b. 'Public Financing, Party Membership and Internal Party Competition.' European Journal of Political Research, 29 (1), pp. 73-86.
142. Hofnung, Menachem. 2006. 'Financing Internal Party Races in Non-Majoritarian Political Systems: Lessons from the Israeli Experience.' Election Law Journal, 5 (4), pp. 372-83.
143. Hofnung, Menachem. 2008. 'Unaccounted Competition: The Finance of Intra-Party Elections.' Party Politics, 14 (6), pp. 726-44.
144. Holland, Martin. 1981. 'The Selection of Parliamentary Candidates: Contemporary Developments and their Impact on the European Elections.' Parliamentary Affairs, 34 (1), pp. 28-46.
145. Holland, Martin. 1987. 'British Political Recruitment: Labour in the Euro-Elections of 1979.' British Journal of Political Science, 17 (1), pp. 53-70.
146. Hopkin, Jonathan. 2001. 'Bringing the Members Back In? Democratizing Candidate Selection in Britain and Spain.' Party Politics, 7 (3), pp. 343-61.
147. Hopkin, Jonathan and Caterina Paolucci. 1999. 'The Business Firm Model of Party Organization: Cases from Spain and Italy.' European Journal of Political Research, 35 (3), pp. 307-39.
148. Htun, Mala. 2004. 'Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups.' Perspectives on Politics, 2 (3), pp. 439-58.
149. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1986. Parliaments of the World: A Comparative Reference Compendium. Aldershot: Gower.
150. Jackson, John S. 1994. 'Incumbency in the United States.' In: Albert Somit, Rudolf Wildenmann, Bernhard Boll, and Andrea Römmele (eds.), The Victorious Incumbent: A Threat to Democracy? Aldershot: Dartmouth.
151. Jackson, Keith. 1980. 'Candidate Selection and the 1978 General Election.' In: Howard R. Penniman (ed.), New Zealand at the Polls: The General Election of 1978. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
152. Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: Free Press.
153. Jones, Mark P. 2002. 'Explaining the High Level of Party Discipline in the Argentine Congress.' In: Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif (eds.), Legislative Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Jones, Mark P. 2008. 'The Recruitment and Selection of Legislative Candidates in Argentina.' In: Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern (eds.), Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park: PA. Pennsylvania State University Press.
155. Kangur, Riho. 2005. 'Candidate Selection in Estonian Parliamentary Parties 1999-2003: Toward Institutionalization.' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research General Conference, Budapest.
156. Kanthak, Kristin and Rebecca Morton. 2001. 'The Effects of Electoral Rules on Congressional Primaries.' In: Peter F. Galderisi, Marni Ezra, and Michael Lyons (eds.) Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
157. Katz, Richard S. 1997. Democracy and Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.
158. Katz, Richard S. 2001. 'The Problem of Candidate Selection and Models of Party Democracy.' Party Politics, 7 (3), pp. 277-96.
159. Katz, Richard S., and Robin Kolodny. 1994. 'Party Organization as an Empty Vessel: Parties in American Politics.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
160. Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair (eds.). 1992. Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
161. Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. 1995. 'Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.' Party Politics, 1 (1), pp. 5-28.
162. Kazee, Thomas A. and Mary C. Thornberry. 1990. 'Where's the Party? Congressional Candidate Recruitment and American Party Organizations.' Western Political Quarterly, 43 (1), pp. 61-80.
163. Kenig, Ofer. 2007. Party Leaders' Selection Methods and their Political Consequences. Ph.D. dissertation. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
164. Kenig, Ofer. 2009a, 'Democratizing Party Leadership Selection in Israel: A Balance Sheet.' Israel Studies Forum, 24 (1), pp. 62-81.
165. Kenig, Ofer. 2009b. 'Democratization of Party Leadership Selection: Do Wider Selectorates Produce More Competitive Contests?' Electoral Studies, 28 (2), pp. 240-7.
166. Kenig, Ofer and Shlomit Barnea. 2009. 'The Selection of Ministers in Israel: Is the Prime Minister "A Master of His Domain"?' Israel Affairs, 15 (3), pp. 261-78.
167. Key, V. O., Jr. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Vintage Books.
168. Key, V. O., Jr. 1954. 'The Direct Primary and Party Structure: A Study of State Legislative Nominations.' American Political Science Review, 48 (1), pp. 1-26.
169. Key, V. O., Jr. 1967. Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. New York: Crowell Company.
170. Kirchheimer, Otto. 1966. 'The Transformation of the West European Party Systems.' In: Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner (eds.), Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
171. Kitschelt, Herbert. 1988. 'Organization and Strategy of Belgian and West German Ecology Parties: A New Dynamic of Party Politics in Western Europe?' Comparative Politics, 20 (2), pp. 127-54.
172. Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus: OH. Ohio State University Press.
173. Kittilson, Miki Caul and Susan E. Scarrow. 2003. 'Political Parties and the Rhetoric and Realities of Democratization.' In: Bruce E. Cain, Russell J. Dalton, and Susan E. Scarrow (eds.), Democracy Transformed? Explaining Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
174. Kitzinger, Uwe W. 1960. German Electoral Politics: A Study of the 1957 Campaign. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
175. Knapp, Andrew. 2002. 'France: Never a Golden Age.' In: Paul Webb, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
176. Kochanek, Stanley A. 1967. 'Political Recruitment in the Indian National Congress: The Fourth General Election.' Asian Survey, 7 (5), pp. 292-304.
177. Kolodny, Robin and Richard S. Katz. 1992. 'The United States.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
178. Koole, Ruud and Monique Leijenaar. 1988. 'The Netherlands: The Predominance of Regionalism.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
179. Koole, Ruud and Hella van de Velde. 1992. 'The Netherlands.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
180. Kristjánsson, Svanur. 1998. 'Electoral Politics and Governance: Transformation of the Party System in Iceland, 1970-1996.' In: Paul Pennings and Jan-Erik Lane (eds.), Comparing Party System Change. London: Routledge.
181. Kristjánsson, Svanur. 2002. 'Iceland: From Party Rule to Pluralist Political Society.' In: Hanne Marthe Narud, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen (eds.), Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
182. Kristjánsson, Svanur. 2004. 'Iceland: Searching for Democracy along Three Dimensions of Citizen Control.' Scandinavian Political Studies, 27 (2), pp. 153-74.
183. Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
184. Krouwel, André. 1999. The Catch-All Party in Western Europe 1945-1990: A Study in Arrested Development. Ph.D. dissertation. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
185. Kuitunen, Soile. 2002. 'Finland: Formalized Procedures with Member Predominance.' In: Hanne Marthe Narud, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen (eds.), Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
186. Kunovich, Sheri and Pamela Paxton. 2005. 'Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women's National Political Representation.' American Journal of Sociology, 111 (2), pp. 505-52.
187. Laffin, Martin, Eric Shaw, and Gerald Taylor. 2007. 'The New Sub-National Politics of the British Labour Party.' Party Politics, 13 (1), pp. 88-108.
188. Langston, Joy. 2001. 'Why Rules Matter: Changes in Candidate Selection in Mexico's PRI, 1988-2000.' Journal of Latin American Studies, 33 (3), pp. 485-511.
189. Langston, Joy. 2006. 'The Changing Party of the Institutional Revolution: Electoral Competition and Decentralized Candidate Selection.' Party Politics, 12 (3), pp. 395-413.
190. Langston, Joy. 2008. 'Legislative Recruitment in Mexico.' In: Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern (eds.), Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
191. Lawless, Jennifer L. and Kathryn Pearson. 2008. 'The Primary Reason for Women's Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom.' Journal of Politics, 70 (1), pp. 67-82.
192. Lijphart, Arend. 1969. 'Consociational Democracy.' World Politics, 21 (2), pp. 207-25.
193. Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
194. Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twentyone Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
195. Lijphart, Arend. 1985. 'The Field of Electoral Systems Research: A Critical Survey.' Electoral Studies, 4 (1), pp. 3-14.
196. Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
197. Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
198. Lijphart, Arend. and Bernard Grofman (eds.). 1984. Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives. New York: Praeger.
199. Linek, Lukás and Jan Outly. 2006. 'Selection of Candidates to the European Parliament in the Main Czech Political Parties.' Paper presented at the International Political Science Association World Congress, Fukuoka.
200. Loewenberg, Gerhard. 1966. Parliament in the German Political System. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
201. Loosemore, John and Victor J. Hanby. 1971. 'The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distortion: Some Analytical Expressions for Electoral Systems.' British Journal of Political Science, 1 (4), pp. 467-77.
202. Lovenduski, Joni and Pippa Norris. 1994. 'The Recruitment of Parliamentary Candidates.' In: Lynton Robins, Hilary Blackmore, and Robert Pyper (eds.), Britain's Changing Party System. London: Leicester University Press.
203. Lundell, Krister. 2004. 'Determinants of Candidate Selection: The Degree of Centralization in Comparative Perspective.' Party Politics, 10 (1), pp. 25-47.
204. Mair, Peter. 1987. 'Party Organization, Vote Management, and Candidate Selection: Toward the Nationalization of Electoral Strategy in Ireland.' In: Howard R. Penniman and Brian Farrell (eds.), Ireland at the Polls 1981, 1982 and 1987: The Study of Four General Elections. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
205. Mair, Peter. 1994. 'Party Organizations: From Civil Society to the State.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
206. Mair, Peter. 1997. Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
207. Mair, Peter. and Ingrid van Biezen. 2001. 'Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980-2000.' Party Politics, 7 (1), pp. 5-21.
208. Maisel, Louis Sandy and Mark D. Brewer. 2007. Parties and Elections in America, 5th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
209. Maisel, Louis Sandy and Walter J. Stone. 2001. 'Primary Elections as a Deterrence to Candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives.' In: Peter F. Galderisi, Marni Ezra, and Michael Lyons (eds.), Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
210. Malloy, Jonathan. 2003. 'High Discipline, Low Cohesion? The Uncertain Patterns of Canadian Parliamentary Party Groups.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 9 (4), pp. 116-29.
211. Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
212. Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. 'Rethinking Representation.' American Political Science Review, 97 (4), pp. 515-28.
213. Marsh, Michael. 2000. 'Candidates: Selection.' In: Richard Rose (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
214. Marsh, Michael. 2005. 'Parties and Society.' In: John Coakley and Michael Gallagher (eds.), Politics in the Republic of Ireland. London: Routledge.
215. Marshall. Thomas R. 1978. 'Turnout and Representation: Caucuses versus Primaries.' American Journal of Political Science, 22 (1), pp. 169-82.
216. Masahiko, Asano. 2004. Electoral Reform and Candidate Selection: Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (1960-2003). Ph.D. dissertation. Los Angeles: University of California -Los Angeles.
217. Massicotte, Louis, André Blais, and Antoine Yoshinaka. 2004. Establishing the Rules of the Game: Election Laws in Democracies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
218. Mateo-Diaz, Mercedes. 2005. Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments. Colchester: European Consortium for Political Research Press.
219. Matland, Richard E. 1993. 'Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of Norway.' Journal of Politics, 55 (3), pp. 737-55.
220. Matland, Richard E. 2004. 'The Norwegian Experience of Gender Quotas.' Paper presented at the International IDEA/CEE Network for Gender Issues Conference, Budapest.
221. Matland, Richard E. 2005. 'Enhancing Women's Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems.' In: Julie Ballington and Azza Karam (eds.), Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm: International IDEA Handbook Series. [accessed February 24, 2010].
222. Matland, Richard E. and Donley T. Studlar. 1996. 'The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member District and Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Canada and Norway.' Journal of Politics, 58 (3), pp. 707-33.
223. Matland, Richard E. and Donley T. Studlar. 2004. 'Determinants of Legislative Turnover: A Cross-National Analysis.' British Journal of Political Science, 34 (1), pp. 87-108.
224. Matthews, Donald R. 1985. 'Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers.' In: Gerhard Loewenberg, Samuel C. Patterson, and Malcolm E. Jewell (eds.), Handbook of Legislative Research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
225. Matthews, Donald R. and Henry Valen. 1999. Parliamentary Representation. Columbus: OH. Ohio State University Press.
226. McHarg, Aileen. 2006. 'Quotas for Women! The Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002.' Journal of Law and Society, 33(1), pp. 141-59.
227. Meier, Petra. 2004. 'The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas.' Party Politics, 10 (5), pp. 583-600.
228. Merriam, Charles E. and Louise Overacker. 1928. Primary Elections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
229. Michels, Robert. 1915. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
230. Mikulska, Anna and Susan Scarrow. 2008. 'Assessing the Political Impact of Candidate Selection Rules: Britain in the 1990s.' Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.
231. Miller, Raymond. 1999. 'New Zealand and Scotland: Candidate Selection and the Impact of Electoral System Change.' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Mannheim.
232. Milne, S. R. 1966. Political Parties in New Zealand. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
233. Mitchell, James and Jonathan Bradbury. 2004. 'Political Recruitment and the 2003 Scottish and Welsh Elections: Candidate Selection, Positive Discrimination and Party Adaptation.' Representation, 40 (4), pp. 289-302.
234. Mitchell, Paul. 2000. 'Voters and Their Representatives: Electoral Institutions and Delegation in Parliamentary Democracies.' European Journal of Political Research, 37 (3), pp. 335-51.
235. Montabes, Juan and Carmen Ortega. 2005. 'Candidate Selection in Two Rigid List Systems: Spain and Portugal.' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Mannheim.
236. Moraes, Juan Andrés. 2008. 'Why Factions? Candidate Selection and Legislative Politics in Uruguay.' In: Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern (eds.) Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
237. Mulgan, Richard. 2004. Politics in New Zealand, 3rd ed. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
238. Müller, Wolfgang C. 1992. 'Austria.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
239. Murphy, R. J. and David Farrell. 2002. 'Party Politics in Ireland: Regularizing a Volatile System.' In: Paul Webb, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
240. Murray, Rainbow. 2007. 'How Parties Evaluate Compulsory Quotas: A Study of the Implementation of the "Parity" Law in France.' Parliamentary Affairs, 60 (4), pp. 568-84.
241. Narud, Hanne Marthe. 2003. 'Norway: Professionalization - Party-Oriented and Constituency-Based.' In: Jens Borchert and Jürgen Zeiss (eds.), The Political Class in Advanced Democracies: A Comparative Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
242. Narud, Hanne Marthe. and Henry Valen. 2008. 'The Norwegian Storting: The "People's Parliament" or Coop for "Political Broilers".' World Political Science Review, 4 (2), pp. 1-34.
243. Narud, Hanne Marthe, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen. 2002a. 'Parliamentary Nominations in Western Democracies.' In: Hanne Marthe Narud, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen (eds.), Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
244. Narud, Hanne Marthe, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen. 2002b. 'Conclusions.' In: Hanne Marthe Narud, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen (eds.), Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
245. Narud, Hanne Marthe, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen. (eds.). 2002c. Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
246. Navia, Patricio. 2008. 'Legislative Candidate Selection in Chile.' In: Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern (eds.), Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park: PA. Pennsylvania State University Press.
247. Newman, Roland and Shelley Cranshaw. 1973. 'Towards a Closed Primary Election in Britain.' Political Quarterly, 44 (4), pp. 447-52.
248. Norrander, Barbara. 1986. 'Measuring Primary Turnout in Aggregate Analysis.' Political Behavior, 8 (4), pp. 356-73.
249. Norris, Pippa. 1997a. 'Introduction: Theories of Recruitment.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
250. Norris, Pippa. (ed.). 1997b. Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
251. Norris, Pippa. 2004. Building Political Parties: Reforming Legal Regulations and Internal Rules. Report commissioned by the International IDEA. [accessed February 24, 2010].
252. Norris, Pippa. 2006. 'Recruitment.' In: Richard S. Katz and William Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage.
253. Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski. 1993. ' "If Only More Candidates Came Forward": Supply-Side Explanations of Candidate Selection in Britain.' British Journal of Political Science, 23 (3), pp. 373-408.
254. Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
255. Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski. 1997. 'United Kingdom.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
256. Norris, Pippa, R. K. Carty, Lynda Erickson, Joni Lovenduski, and Marian Simms. 1990. 'Party Selectorates in Australia, Britain and Canada: Prolegomena for Research in the 1990s.' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 28 (2), pp. 219-45.
257. O'Brien, Michael S. 1993. A Comparative and Historical Analysis of Candidate Selection Practices in the Liberal Party of Canada. M.A. thesis. Halifax: Dalhousie University.
258. Obler, Jeffrey L. 1970. Candidate Selection in Belgium. Ph.D. dissertation. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
259. Obler, Jeffrey L. 1973. 'The Role of National Party Leaders in the Selection of Parliamentary Candidates: The Belgian Case.' Comparative Politics, 5 (2), pp. 157-84.
260. Obler, Jeffrey L. 1974. 'Intraparty Democracy and the Selection of Parliamentary Candidates: The Belgian Case.' British Journal of Political Science, 4 (2), pp. 163-85.
261. Ohman, Magnus. 2002. 'Determining the Contestants: Candidate Selection in Ghana's 2000 Elections.' Critical Perspectives, 8. Ghana: Ghana Center for Democratic Development.
262. Ohman, Magnus. 2004. The Heart and Soul of the Party: Candidate Selection in Ghana and Africa. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
263. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
264. Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin. 2000. Vital Statistics on Congress 1999-2000. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press.
265. Ostrogorski, M. 1964 [1902]. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, Volume 1: England. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
266. Paterson, Peter. 1967. The Selectorate: The Case for Primary Elections in Britain. London: Macgibbon and Kee.
267. Patzelt, Werner J. 1999. 'Recruitment and Retention in Western European Parliaments.' Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24 (2), pp. 239-79.
268. Pedersen, Karina. 2001. 'Ballots and Technology in the Danish Parties: Enhanced Participation?' Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Grenoble.
269. Pedersen, Mogens N. 2002. 'Denmark: The Interplay of Nominations and Elections in Danish Politics.' In: Hanne Marthe Narud, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen (eds.), Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
270. Pennock, J. Roland. 1968. 'Political Representation: An Overview.' In: J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (eds.), Representation. New York: Atherton.
271. Persily, Nathaniel. 2001. 'Toward a Functional Defense of Political Party Autonomy.' New York University Law Review, 76 (3), pp. 750-824.
272. Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon.
273. Pierre, Jon and Anders Widfeldt. 1992. 'Sweden.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
274. Pitkin, Hanna F. 1976. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: CA. University of California Press.
275. Poguntke, Thomas. 1992. 'Unconventional Participation in Party Politics: The Experience of the German Greens.' Political Studies, 40 (2), pp. 239-54.
276. Poguntke, Thomas. 1993. Alternative Politics: The German Green Party. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
277. Poguntke, Thomas, and Bernhard Boll. 1992. 'Germany.' In: Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds.), Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1960-90. London: Sage.
278. Poguntke, Thomas and Paul Webb (eds.). 2005. The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
279. Porter, Stephen R. 1995. Political Representation in Germany: The Effects of the Candidate Selection Committee. Ph.D. dissertation. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester.
280. Putnam, Robert. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
281. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
282. Quinn, Thomas. 2004. Modernizing the Labour Party. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
283. Rae, Douglas W. 1967. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
284. Rahat, Gideon. 2008a. 'Candidate Selection in Israel: Between the One, the Few and the Many.' In: Asher Arian and Michal Shamir (eds.), The Elections in Israel 2006. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
285. Rahat, Gideon. 2008b. 'Entering Through the Back Door: Non-party Actors in Intra-party (S)electoral Politics.' In: David M. Farrell and Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck (eds.), Non-Party Actors in Electoral Politics: The Role of Interest Groups and Independent Citizens in Contemporary Election Campaigns. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
286. Rahat, Gideon. 2009. 'Which Candidate Selection Method Is the Most Democratic?' Government and Opposition, 44 (1), pp. 68-90.
287. Rahat, Gideon. Forthcoming. 'The Political Consequences of Candidate Selection to the 18th Knesset.' In: Asher Arian and Michal Shamir (eds.) The Elections in Israel 2009. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
288. Rahat, Gideon and Reuven Y. Hazan. 2001. 'Candidate Selection Methods: An Analytical Framework.' Party Politics, 7 (3), pp. 297-322.
289. Rahat, Gideon and Reuven Y. Hazan. 2007. 'Political Participation in Party Primaries: Increase in Quantity, Decrease in Quality.' In: Thomas Zittel and Dieter Fuchs (eds.), Participatory Democracy and Political Participation: Can Participatory Engineering Bring Citizens Back In? London: Routledge.
290. Rahat, Gideon and Tamir Sheafer. 2007. 'The Personalization(s) of Politics: Israel 1949-2003.' Political Communications, 24 (1), pp. 65-80.
291. Rahat, Gideon and Neta Sher-Hadar. 1999a. Intra-party Selection of Candidates for the Knesset List and for Prime-Ministerial Candidacy 1995-1997. Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute [in Hebrew].
292. Rahat, Gideon and Neta Sher-Hadar. 1999b. 'The 1996 Party Primaries and Their Political Consequences.' In: Asher Arian and Michal Shamir (eds.), Elections in Israel 1996. Albany: State University of New York Press.
293. Rahat, Gideon, Reuven Y. Hazan, and Richard S. Katz. 2008. 'Democracy and Political Parties: On the Uneasy Relationship Between Participation, Competition and Representation.' Party Politics, 16 (6), pp. 663-83.
294. Ranney, Austin. 1965. Pathways to Parliament: Candidate Selection in Britain. London: Macmillan.
295. Ranney, Austin. 1968. 'Candidate Selection and Party Cohesion in Britain and the United States.' In: William J. Crotty (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Party Organization. Boston: MA. Allyn and Bacon.
296. Ranney, Austin. 1981. 'Candidate Selection.' In: David Butler, Howard R. Penniman, and Austin Ranney (eds.), Democracy at the Polls. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
297. Ranney, Austin. 1987. 'Candidate Selection.' In: Vernon Bogdanor (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions. Oxford: Blackwell Reference.
298. Rice, Stuart A. 1925. 'The Behavior of Legislative Groups: A Method of Measurement.' Political Science Quarterly, 40 (1), pp. 60-72.
299. Riedwyl, Hans and Jürg Steiner. 1995. 'What Is Proportionality Anyhow?' Comparative Politics, 27 (3), pp. 357-69.
300. Riker, William H. 1984. 'Electoral Systems and Constitutional Restraints.' In: Arend Lijphart and Bernard Grofman (eds.), Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives. New York: Praeger.
301. Roberts, Geoffrey. 1988. 'The German Federal Republic: The Two-Lane Route to Bonn.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
302. Rush, Michael. 1969. The Selection of Parliamentary Candidates. London: Nelson.
303. Rush, Michael. 1988. 'The "Selectorate" Revisited: Selecting Parliamentary Candidates in the 1980s.' In: Lynton Robins (ed.), Political Institutions in Britain. London: Longman.
304. Samuels, David. 2008. 'Political Ambition, Candidate Recruitment, and Legislative Politics in Brazil.' In: Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern (eds.), Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park: PA. Pennsylvania State University Press.
305. Sartori, Giovanni. 1965. Democratic Theory. New York: Praeger.
306. Sartori, Giovanni. 1973. 'What Is "Politics"?' Political Theory, 1(1), pp. 5-26.
307. Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
308. Scarrow, Howard A. 1964. 'Nomination and Local Party Organization in Canada: A Case Study.' Western Political Quarterly, 17 (1), pp. 55-62.
309. Scarrow, Susan E. 1994. 'The "Paradox of Enrollment": Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Party Membership.' European Journal of Political Research, 25 (1), pp. 41-60.
310. Scarrow, Susan E. 1999a. 'Democracy Within - and Without - Parties: Introduction.' Party Politics, 5 (3), pp. 275-82.
311. Scarrow, Susan E. 1999b. 'Parties and the Expansion of Direct Democracy, Who Benefits?' Party Politics, 5 (3), pp. 341-62.
312. Scarrow, Susan E. 2000. 'Parties Without Members? Party Organization in a Changing Electoral Environment.' In: Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg (eds.), Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
313. Scarrow, Susan E. 2002. 'Party Decline in the Parties State? The Changing Environment of German Politics.' In: Paul Webb, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
314. Scarrow, Susan E. 2005. Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives: Implementing Intra-Party Democracy. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. [accessed October 7, 2009].
315. Scarrow, Susan E., Paul Webb, and David M. Farrell. 2000. 'From Social Integration to Electoral Contestation: The Changing Distribution of Power within Political Parties.' In: Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg (eds.), Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
316. Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
317. Scherlis, Gerardo. 2008. 'Machine Politics and Democracy: The Deinstitutionalization of the Argentine Party System.' Government and Opposition, 43 (4), pp. 579-98.
318. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1943. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: George Allen and Unwin.
319. Schüttermeyer, Suzanne S. and Roland Strum. 2005. 'Der Kandidat - das (fast) unbekannte Wesen: Befunde und Überlegungen zur Aufstellung der Bewerber zum Deutschen Bundestag.' Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen, 36 (3), pp. 539-53 [in German].
320. Selle, Per and Lars Sväsand. 1991. 'Membership in Party Organizations and the Problem of Decline of Parties.' Comparative Political Studies, 23 (4), pp. 459-77.
321. Seyd, Patrick and Paul F. Whiteley. 1995. 'Labour and Conservative Party Members: Change Over Time.' Parliamentary Affairs, 48 (3), pp. 456-72.
322. Shaw, Eric. 2001. 'New Labour: New Pathways to Parliament,' Parliamentary Affairs, 54 (1), pp. 35-53.
323. Sheafer, Tamir and Shaul Tzionit. 2006. 'Media-Political Skills, Candidate Selection Methods and Electoral Success.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 12 (2), pp. 179-97.
324. Shepherd-Robinson, Laura and Joni Lovenduski. 2002. Women and Candidate Selection in British Political Parties. London: Fawcett Society.
325. Sheppard, Simon. 1998. 'The Struggle for the Agenda: New Zealand Labour Party Candidate Selections 1987-93.' Political Science, 49 (2), pp. 198-228.
326. Shiratori, Rei. 1988. 'Japan: Localism, Factionalism and Personalism.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
327. Shomer, Yael. 2009. 'Candidate Selection, Procedures, Seniority, and Vote-Seeking Behavior.' Comparative Political Studies, 42 (7), pp. 945-70.
328. Siavelis, Peter M. 2002. 'The Hidden Logic of Candidate Selection for Chilean Parliamentary Elections.' Comparative Politics, 34 (4), pp. 419-38.
329. Siavelis, Peter M. 2005. 'The Hidden Logic of Candidate Selection for Chilean Parliamentary Elections.' Estudios Públicos, [online] 98 (1), pp. 1-32. Available at: [accessed February 24, 2010].
330. Siavelis, Peter M. and Scott Morgenstern (eds.). 2008. Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park: PA. Pennsylvania State University Press.
331. Sieberer, Ulrich. 2006. 'Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Analysis.' Journal of Legislative Studies, 12 (2), pp. 150-78.
332. Somit, Albert, Rudolf Wildenmann, Bernhard Boll, and Andrea Römmele (eds.). 1994. The Victorious Incumbent: A Threat to Democracy? Aldershot: Dartmouth.
333. Squires, Judith. 2005. The Implementation of Gender Quotas in Britain. Paper written for the International IDEA project on Electoral Quotas for Women. [accessed February 24, 2010].
334. Standing, William H. and James A. Robinson. 1958. 'Inter-Party Competition and Primary Contesting: The Case of Indiana.' American Political Science Review, 52 (4), pp. 1066-77.
335. Stephens, Gregory R. 2008. Electoral Reform and the Centralization of the New Zealand National Party. M.A. thesis. Wellington: Victoria University.
336. Stirnemann, Alfred. 1989. 'Recruitment and Recruitment Strategies.' In: Anton Pelinka and Fritz Plasser (eds.), The Austrian Party System. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
337. Sundberg, Jan. 1997. 'Compulsory Party Democracy: Finland as a Deviant Case in Scandinavia.' Party Politics, 3 (1), pp. 97-117.
338. Sundberg, Jan. 2002. 'The Scandinavian Party Model at the Crossroads.' In: Paul Webb, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
339. Suri, K. C. 2007. Political Parties in South Asia: The Challenge of Change. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
340. Szabo, Stephen F. 1977. Party Recruitment in the Federal Republic of Germany: Candidate Selection in a West German State. Ph.D. dissertation. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.
341. Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shugart. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
342. Tan, Alexander C. 1998. 'The Impact of Party Membership Size: A Cross-National Analysis.' Journal of Politics, 60 (1), pp. 188-98.
343. Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M. 2001. 'Candidate Selection in Costa Rica.' Paper presented at the International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC.
344. Teorell, Jan. 1999. 'A Deliberative Defense of Intra-Party Democracy.' Party Politics, 5 (3), pp. 363-82.
345. Thiébault, Jean-Louis. 1988. 'France: The Impact of Electoral System Change.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
346. Tremblay, Manon (ed.). 2008. Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
347. Turner, Julius. 1953. 'Primary Elections as the Alternative to Party Competition in "Safe" Districts.' Journal of Politics, 15 (2), pp. 197-210.
348. Valen, Henry. 1988. 'Norway: Decentralization and Group Representation.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
349. Valen, Henry, Hanne Marthe Narud, and Audun Skare. 2002. 'Norway: Party Dominance and Decentralized Decision-Making.' In: Hanne Marthe Narud, Mogens N. Pedersen, and Henry Valen (eds.), Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control: Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
350. Vanhanen, Tatu. 1990. The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States 1980-1988. New York: Crane Russak.
351. Von Beyme, Klaus. 1996. 'Party Leadership and Change in Party Systems: Towards a Postmodern Party State?' Government and Opposition, 31 (2), pp. 135-59.
352. Vowels, Jack. 2002. 'Parties and Society in New Zealand.' In: Paul Webb, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
353. Ware, Alan. 1987. Citizens, Parties, and the State: A Reappraisal. Cambridge: Polity Press.
354. Ware, Alan. 1996. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
355. Ware, Alan. 2002. The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
356. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1991. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
357. Webb, Paul. 2002. 'Political Parties in Britain: Secular Decline or Adaptive Resilience?' In: Paul Webb, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
358. Weeks, Liam. 2007. 'Candidate Selection: Democratic Centralism or Managed Democracy?' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), How Ireland Voted 2007. London: Palgrave.
359. Weldon, Steven. 2006. 'Downsize My Polity? The Impact of Size on Party Membership and Member Activism.' Party Politics, 12 (4), pp. 467-81.
360. Wertman, Douglas. 1977. 'The Italian Electoral Process: The Election of June 1976.' In: Howard R. Penniman (ed.), Italy at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1976. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
361. Wertman, Douglas. 1981. 'The Christian Democrats: Masters of Survival.' In: Howard R. Penniman (ed.), Italy at the Polls, 1979: A Study of the Parliamentary Elections. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
362. Wertman, Douglas. 1988. 'Italy: Local Involvement, Central Control.' In: Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.), Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.
363. Wessels, Bernhard. 1997. 'Germany.' In: Pippa Norris (ed.), Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
364. Whiteley, Paul F. and Patrick Seyd. 1999. 'Discipline in the British Conservative Party: The Attitudes of Party Activists Toward the Role of their Members of Parliament.' In: Shaun Bowler, David M. Farrell, and Richard S. Katz (eds.), Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
365. Williams, R. J. 1981. 'Candidate Selection.' In: Howard R. Penniman (ed.), Canada at the Polls 1979 and 1980. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
366. Wright, William E. 1971. 'Recruitment.' '49n: William E. Wright (ed.), A Comparative Study of Party Organization. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
367. Wu, Chung-Li. 2001. 'The Transformation of the Kuomintang's Candidate Selection System.' Party Politics, 7 (1), pp. 103-18.
368. Wu, Chung-Li and Dafydd Fell. 2001. 'Taiwan's Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective.' Japanese Journal of Political Science, 2 (1), pp. 23-45.
369. Wuhs, Steven T. 2006. 'Democratization and the Dynamics of Candidate Selection Rule Change in Mexico, 1991-2003.' Mexican Studies, 22 (1), pp. 33-55.
370. Youn, Jung-Suk. 1977. Recruitment of Political Leadership in Postwar Japan, 1958-1972. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
371. Young, Alison. 1983. The Reselection of MPs. London: Heinemann Educational.
372. Young, Lisa and William Cross. 2002. 'The Rise of Plebiscitary Democracy in Canadian Political Parties.' Party Politics, 8 (6), pp. 673-99.