Threats, opportunity, and force: Repression and diversion of domestic pressure, 1948-1982

International Interactions

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 21-53

  Enterline, Andrew J ^a   Gleditsch, Kristian S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26044444450     PISSN: 03050629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Agresti, Alan (1990). Categorical Data Analysis. New York: Wiley.
2. Alesina, Alberto, Sule Özler, Nouriel Roubini and Phillip Swagel (1996). "Political Instability and Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 1, pp. 189-211.
3. Ames, Barry (1987). Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4. Anselin, Luc (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Dorderecht: Kluewer.
5. Banks, Arthur S. (1979). Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive Codebook. Binghamton, NY: Center for Social Analysis.
6. Banks, Arthur S. (1996). Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive Data. Binghamton, NY: Center for Social Analysis.
7. Bennett, D. Scott and Tim Nordstrom (2000). "Foreign Policy Substitutability and Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, pp. 33-61.
8. Bond, Doug J. Craig Jenkins, Charles L. Taylor and Kurt Schock (1997). "Mapping Mass Political Conflict and Civil Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 553-579.
9. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Randolph M. Siverson (1995). "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability." American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, pp. 841-855.
10. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Randolph M. Siverson, James Morrow and Alastair Smith (1997). "A Theory of Domestic Political Institutions and the Issues of International Conflict." Paper presented the annual conference of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
11. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce (1980). "Theories of International Conflict: An Analysis and an Appraisal." In Ted Robert Gurr (ed.), The Handbook of Political Conflict. New York, NY: The Free Press.
12. Burrowes, Robert and Bertram Spector (1973). "The Strength and Direction of Relationships Between Domestic and External Conflict and Cooperation: Syria, 1961-67." In Jonathan Wilkenfeld (ed.), Conflict Behavior and Linkage Politics. New York: David McKay.
13. Coser, Lewis A. (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
14. Crescenzi, Mark J. C. and Andrew J. Enterline (2000). "A Dynamic Model of Interstate Interaction", University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and University of New Mexico. Unpublished manuscript.
15. Dassel, Kurt and Eric Reinhardt (1999). "Domestic Strife and the Initiation of Violence at Home and Abroad." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 43, pp. 56-85.
16. Davenport, Christian (1995). "Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, pp. 683-713.
17. Davenport, Christian (1996a). "The Weight of the Past: Exploring Lagged Determinants of Political Repression." Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 49, pp. 377-403.
18. Davenport, Christian (1996b). "'Constitutional Promises' and Repressive Reality: A Cross-National Time-Series Investigation of Why Political and Civil Liberties are Suppressed." Journal of Politics, Vol. 58, pp. 627-654.
19. Davis, David, R. and Michael D. Ward (1990). "They Dance Alone: Deaths and the Disappeared in Contemporary Chile." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 34, pp. 449-475.
20. DeRouen, Karl R. Jr. (1995). "The Indirect Link: Politics, the Economy, and the Use of Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 39, pp. 671-695.
21. Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.
22. Gelpi, Christopher (1997). "Democratic Diversions: Governmental Structure and the Externalization of Domestic Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 255-272.
23. Gleditsch, Kristian S. (1999). A Minimum Distance Data Set. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow.
24. Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Michael D. Ward (1997). "Double Take: A Re-examination of Democracy and Autocracy in Modern Polities." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 361-383.
25. Goldstein, Joshua S. and Jon C. Pevehouse (1997). "Reciprocity, Bullying, and International Cooperation: Time Series Analysis of the Bosnia Conflict." American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, pp. 515-529.
26. Greene, William H. (1990). Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
27. Gurr, Ted Robert and Keith Jaggers (1996). POLITY III: Political Structures and Regime Change, 1800-1993. Boulder, CO: http//www.colorado.edu/IBS/GAD/spacetime/data/ Polity.html.
28. Henderson, Conway (1991). "Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 35, pp. 120-142.
29. Hermann, Margaret G. and Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (1995). "Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives from Political Psychology." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39, pp. 511-534.
30. Hess, Gregory D. and Athanasios Orphanides (1995). "War and Politics: An Economic, Rational-voter Framework." American Economic Review, Vol. 85, pp. 828-846.
31. Heston, Alan and Robert Summers (1991). "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106, pp. 327-368. (Mark 5.6 data available at http://www.nber.org/pwt56.html.)
32. Huth, Paul K. and Bruce M. Russett (1993). "General Deterrence Between Enduring Rivals: Testing Three Competing Models." American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, pp. 61-73.
33. Iyengar, Shanto (1989). "How Citizens Think about National Issues: A Matter of Responsibility." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 33, pp. 878-900.
34. Jaggers, Keith and Ted Robert Gurr (1995). "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data." Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 32, pp. 469-482.
35. James, Patrick and John R. Oneal (1991). "The Influence of Domestic and International Politics on the President's Use of Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 35, pp. 307-332.
36. James, Patrick (1988). Crisis and War. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
37. Jones, Daniel M., Stuart A. Bremer and J. David Singer (1996). "Correlates of War Project: Militarized Interstate Dispute Data, 1816-1992." Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 15, pp. 163-213. (Version 2.10 available from http://pss.la.psu.edu/ MID_DATA.HTM.)
38. Leeds, Brett Ashley and David R. Davis (1997). "Domestic Political Vulnerability and International Disputes." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 814-834.
39. Levy, Jack S. (1989). "The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique." In Manus I. Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
40. Levy, Jack S. and Lilly Vakili (1992). "Diversionary Action by Authoritarian Regimes: Argentina and the Malvinas/Falklands Case." In Manus I. Midlarsky (ed.), The Internationalization of Domestic Strife. London: Routledge.
41. Lian, Bradley and John R. Oneal (1993). "Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public Opinion." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 37, pp. 277-300.
42. Lichbach, Mark I. (1987). "Deterrence or Escalation? The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 31, pp. 266-297.
43. Maoz, Zeev (1996). Domestic Sources of Global Change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
44. Maoz, Zeev (1998). "Threat, Opportunity, and National Security Policy Outcomes." Tel-Aviv University. Unpublished manuscript.
45. McGinnis, Michael D. (2000). "Policy Substitutability in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: A Model of Individual Choice and International Response." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, pp. 62-89.
46. McGraw, Kathleen M. (1991). "Managing Blame: An Experimental Test of the Effects of Political Accounts." American Political Science Review, Vol. 85, pp. 1133-1157.
47. Miller, Ross A. (1995). "Domestic Structures and the Diversionary Use of Force." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, pp. 760-785.
48. Miller, Ross A. (1999). "Regime Type, Strategic Interaction, and the Diversionary Use of Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 43, pp. 388-402.
49. Moore, Will H. (1995). "Action-Reaction or Rational Expectations? Reciprocity and the Domestic-International Conflict Nexus During the 'Rhodesia Problem'." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 39, pp. 129-167.
50. Moore, Will H. (2000). "The Repression of Dissent: A Substitution Model of Government Coercion." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, pp. 109-129.
51. Moore, Will H. and David R. Davis (1998). "Ties that Bind: Domestic and International Conflict Behavior in Zaire." Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 45-71.
52. Morgan, T. Clifton and Kenneth W. Bickers (1992). "Domestic Discontent and the External Use of Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 36, pp. 25-52.
53. Morgan, T. Clifton and Valerie Schwebach (1992). "Take Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: A Prescription for Peace?" International Interactions, Vol. 17, pp. 305-320.
54. Morgan, T. Clifton and Glenn Palmer (2000). "A Model of Foreign Policy Substitutability: Selecting the Right Tools for the Job(s)." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, pp. 11-32.
55. Most, Benjamin and Harvey Starr (1989). Inquiry, Logic and International Politics. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina.
56. Muller, Edward N. and Mitchell A. Seligson (1987). "Inequality and Insurgency." American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, pp. 425-451.
57. Ostrom, Charles W. and Brian L. Job (1986). "The President and the Political Use of Force." American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, pp. 554-566.
58. Paldam, Martin (1997). "Political Business Cycles." In Dennis C. Mueller (ed.), Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook. New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. Partell, Peter J. (1997). "I've Got Me Right Where I Want Me: Executive Constraints and Success in International Crises." Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 50, pp. 503-528.
60. Poe, Steven and C. Neal Tate (1994). "Repression of Personal Integrity in the 1980's: A Global Analysis." American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, pp. 853-872.
61. Rae, Douglas W. (1967). The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven, CT: Yale.
62. Regan, Patrick M. (2000). "Substituting Policies during US Intervention in Internal Conflicts: A Little of This, A Little of That." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, pp. 90-106.
63. Richards, Diana, T. Clifton Morgan, Rick K. Wilson, Valerie L. Schwebach and Garry D. Young (1993). "Good Times, Bad Times, and the Diversionary Use of Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 37, pp. 504-535.
64. Rousseau, David L., Christopher Gelpi, Dan Reiter and Paul K. Huth (1996). "Assessing the Dyadic Nature of the Democratic Peace." American Political Science Review, Vol. 90, pp. 512-533.
65. Rummel, Rudolph J. (1963). "Dimensions of Conflict Behavior Within and Between Nations." General Systems, Vol. 8, pp. 1-50.
66. Russett, Bruce M. (1990). Controlling the Sword. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
67. Russett, Bruce M. (1993). Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
68. Sherif, Muzafer (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robber's Cave Experiment. Norman, OK: Institute of Group Relations, University of Oklahoma.
69. Smith, Alastair (1996). "Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic Systems." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 40, pp. 133-153.
70. Tanter, Raymond (1966). "Dimensions of Conflict Behavior Within and Between Nations, 1958-60." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 10, pp. 41-64.
71. Taylor, Charles and David Jodice (1983). World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators III. New Haven: Yale University Press.
72. Ward, Michael D. and Ulrich Widmaier (1982). "The Domestic-International Conflict Nexus: New Evidence and Old Hypotheses." International Interactions, Vol. 9, pp. 75-101.
73. Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1968). "Domestic and Foreign Conflict Behavior of Nations." Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 5, pp. 56-69.
74. Wright, Quincy (1965) [1942]. A Study of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
75. Zinnes, Dina and Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1971). "An Analysis of Foreign Conflict Behavior of Nations." In W. Hanreider (ed.), Comparative Foreign Policy. New York: David McKay.