Transitions to democracy and internal party rules: Spain in comparative perspective

Comparative Politics

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 83-102

  Field, Bonnie N ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33845477925     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20434022     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991
2. ). 2. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971);
3. Juan J. Linz, "Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration," in Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 3-124;
4. Juan J. Linz, "Comment: Some Comparative Thoughts on the Transition to Democracy in Portugal and Spain," in Jorge Braga de Macedo and Simon Serfaty, eds., Portugal since the Revolution: Economic, and Political Perspectives (Boulder: Westview Press, 1981), pp. 25-45;
5. Juan J. Linz, "Transitions to Democracy," The Washington Quarterly, 13 (Summer 1990), 143-64;
6. Donald Share and Scott Mainwaring, "Transitions through Transaction: Democratization in Brazil and Spain," in Wayne A. Selcher, ed., Political Liberalization in Brazil (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), pp. 175-216;
7. Donald Share, "Transitions to Democracy and Transition through Transaction," Comparative Political Studies, 19 (January 1987), 525-48;
8. Huntington, The Third Wave:
9. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990), 1-21;
10. Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern, and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal, 43 (May 1991), 269-84;
11. Gerardo L. Munck and Carol Skalnik Leff, "Modes of Transition and Democratization: South America and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 29 (April 1997), 343-62.
12. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 39;
13. Karl and Schmitter,Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies p. 282;
14. Munck and Leff, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies p. 345.
15. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Transitions to Democracy: Some Navigation Instruments," in Robert A. Pastor, ed., Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1989), p. 64;
16. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: Notre Dame Press, 1992), p. 23;
17. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, eds., p. 76.
18. Dahl, pp. 41-45;
19. Frances Hagopian, "Democracy by Undemocratic Means? Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil," Comparative Political Studies, 23 (July 1990), 147-70;
20. Samuel P. Huntington, "Will More Countries Become Democratic?," Political Science Quarterly, 99 (Summer 1984), 303;
21. Karl, Political Science Quarterly, pp. 8-9;
22. Munck and Leff, Political Science Quarterly, p. 345;
23. O'Donnell and Schmitter, Political Science Quarterly, p. 11.
24. Linz, "Comment," pp. 25-26.
25. Joseph Colomer, Strategic Transitions (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000);
26. Arend Lijphart, "Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary and Poland: 1989-91," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 4 (April 1992), 207-23.
27. Omar G. Encarnación, "Labor and Pacted Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 33 (April 2001), 337-55.
28. Bonnie N. Field, "De-thawing Democracy: The Decline of Political Party Collaboration in Spain (1977 to 2004)" Comparative Political Studies, 38 (November 2005), 1079-1103;
29. Bonnie N. Field, "Transition Modes and Post-transition Inter-party Politics: Evidence from Spain (1977-82) and Argentina (1983-89)," Democratization (forthcoming); Karl.
30. O'Donnell and Schmitter, p. 37.
31. Karl; Karl and Schmitter; O'Donnell and Schmitter.
32. Hagopian; Terry Lynn Karl, "Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela," Latin American Research Review, 22 (January 1987), 63-94;
33. Karl, "Dilemmas";
34. O'Donnell, "Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes";
35. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
36. Przeworski, p. 90.
37. Ibid., pp. 90-91.
38. Karl, "Petroleum," p. 88.
39. Nelson W. Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review, 62 (March 1968), 144-68.
40. Richard Gunther, "Spain: The Very Model of the Modern Elite Settlement," in John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 38-80.
41. John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004), pp. 60-78.
42. Liliana De Riz and Eduardo Feldman, Guia del Parlamento Argentino, Edición Actualizada a 6/3/90 (Buenos Aires: Fundación Friedrich Ebert, 1990).
43. Michael T. Newton, Institutions of Modern Spain: A Political and Economic Guide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 45-72.
44. See Mark P. Jones, "Evaluating Argentina's Presidential Democracy: 1983-1995," in Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 259-99;
45. Juan Montabes Pereira and Carmen Ortega Villodres, "Position Effects and Party Nomination Strategies under the Limited Vote: The 2000 Spanish Senate Election," Representation, 38 (Spring 2002), 304-16.
46. Montserrat Baras and Joan Botella, El Sistema Electoral (Madrid: Tecnos, 1996).
47. Jones.
48. During the same period continuity among Spanish senators was 40 percent, and among Argentine senators, 35 percent, even though the Argentine senate is a substantially more important political body. The Spanish average was calculated using 1977-1986 reelection data published in Maria Luz Moron, "Un Intenta de Análisis de la 'Clase Parlamentaria' Española: Elementos de Renovación y de Permanencia (1977-1986)" REIS, 45 (January-March 1989), 61-84, and the author's calculation of the 1989 réélection rate based on data provided by Mariano Baena. The Argentine rate was calculated by the author based on senator lists provided by the Argentine congress.
49. The election results are based on data provided by the Junta Electoral Central, Ministerio del Interior. Spain.
50. N. Guillermo Molinelli, M. Valeria Palanza, and Gisela Sin, Congreso, Presidencia y Justicia en Argentina: Materiales para su Estudio (Buenos Aires: CEDI-Fundación Gobierno y Sociedad, 1999), pp. 268-75.
51. Mark P. Jones, ́Explaining the High Level of Party Discipline in the Argentine Congress,́ in Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif, eds., Legislative Politics in Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 147-84;
52. Mark P. Jones, Sebastian Saiegh, Pablo T. Spiller, and Mariano Tommasi, ́Amateur Legislators-Professional Politicians: The Consequences of Party-Centered Electoral Rules in a Federal System,́ American Journal of Political Science, 46 (July 2002), 656-69.
53. Jones, ́Explaining the High Level of Party Discipline,́ p. 62.
54. Jones, Saiegh, Spiller, and Tommasi, p. 658.
55. Jones, "Evaluating Argentina's Presidential Democracy," pp. 270-75.
56. Unión Civica Radical, "Carta Orgánica Nacional"(1985, 1989, 1993, and 1997), Article 31.
57. Miguel De Luca, Mark P. Jones, and María Inés Tula, "Back Rooms or Ballot Boxes? Candidate Nomination in Argentina," Comparative Political Studies, 35 (May 2002), 413-36. Unless ofterwise indicated, all data in this paragraph are taken from this publication.
58. Miguel De Luca, Mark P. Jones, and María Inés Tula, "Argentine Political Parties and Their Candidate Nomination Procedures," paper prepared for the Twenty-second International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Miami, March 16-18, 2000, p. 21.
59. Unión Cívica Radical, "Carta Orgánica Nacional" (1985, 1989, 1993, and 1997), Article 31. Partido Justicialista, "Carta Orgánica Nacional: Aprobada según las modificaciones introducidas en el Congreso Nacional Partidario, realizado el 20 de Septembre de 1991," Article 44.
60. De Luca, Jones, and Tula, Back Rooms,p. 420.
61. According to Mark Jones, minority lists are represented in approximately two-thirds of the cases. Personal communication.
62. The discussion of the Spanish parties largely focuses on the PSOE and UCD, as these parties emerged out of the transition as the principal political parties and were the main actors involved in transition pacting. PSOE, Estatutos del Partido Socialista Obrero Español,̃ passed in the Twenty-eighth through me Thirtyfourth Party Conventions between May 1979 and June 1997; PSOE, "Procedure for the Elaboration of Lists of Candidates for Legislative Elections," used for the 1986, 1989, 1993, and 1996 elections; PSOE, "Regulations for the Selection of Candidates for Public Office," approved by the PSOE Federal Committee in March 1998, modified in July 1998, and used for the 2000 elections; UCD, "Estatutos de Unión de Centro Democrático," passed in the first (October 1978) and second (February 1981) party congresses.
63. Jonathan Hopkin, "Bringing the Members Back In? Democratizing Candidate Selection in Britain and Spain," Party Politics, 7 (May 2001), 343-61.
64. Jorge de Esteban and Luis López Guerra, "Electoral Rules and Candidate Selection," in Howard R. Penniman and Eusebio M. Mujal-León, eds., Spain at the Polls: 1977, 1979, and 1982 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), p. 63.
65. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 343.
66. Mónica Méndez Lago, La Estrategia Organizativa del Partido Socialista Obrero Español (1975-1996) (Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 2000), p. 124.
67. Jonathan Hopkin, Party Formation and Democratic Transition in Spain: The Creation and Collapse of the Union of the Democratic Centre (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 56.
68. Jonathan Hopkin, Party Formation and Democratic Transition in Spain: The Creation and Collapse of the Union of the Democratic Centre, Ibid, p. 56.
69. Richard Gunther, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad, Spain after Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 100.
70. Hopkin, ̃Party Formation,̃ p. 89.
71. Hopkin, ̃Party Formation,̃ p. Ibid., p. 89. 96.
72. Hopkin, ̃Party Formation,̃ p. Ibid., p. 97.
73. Unión de Centro Democrático, ̃Estatutos de Unión de Centro Democrático,̃ passed at the second (February 1981) party congress (my translation).
74. Elena María García-Guereta Rodríguez, "Factores Externos e Internos en la Transformación de los Partidos Políticos: El Caso de AP-PP" (Ph.D. diss., Centra de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid, 2001), p. 486.
75. Alfred P. Montero, "The Politics of Decentralization in a Centralized Party System: The Case of Democratic Spain," Comparative Politics, 38 (October 2005), 63-82.
76. Gillespie, p. 346.
77. Richard Gillespie, "Factionalism, the Left and the Transition to Democracy in Spain," in Richard Gillespie, Michael Waller, and Lourdes López Nieto, eds., Factional Politics and Democratization (London: Frank Cass, 1995), p. 47.
78. Hopkin, "Party Formation," pp. 91, 138.
79. The data include the party list or a formal electoral coalition list in which the party under study took part. The two largest parties were determined by the percentage of seats in the previous election. If the two largest parties resulting from the election under scrutiny are analyzed, the average candidate continuity in Spain declines slightly to 29 percent. This measure does not include alternates.
80. Jones, "Evaluating Argentina's Presidential Democracy," pp. 177-78.
81. De Luca, Jones, and Tula, "Back Rooms."
82. De Luca, Jones, and Tula, "Back Rooms." Ibid.
83. Manuel Contreras, El PSOE en la II República: Organización e Ideología (Madrid: Centra de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1981), p. 295.
84. Gunther.
85. Jordi Capo Giol, La Legislación Estatal en la España Democrática: Una Aproximación Politológica (Madrid: Centra de Estudios Constitucionales, 1990);
86. Field, "De-thawing Democracy";
87. Field, "Transition Modes."
88. Encarnacion.
89. Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations," in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 80.
90. Robert H. Dix, "Consociational Democracy: The Case of Colombia," Comparative Politics, 12 (April 1980), 307-10;
91. John A. Peeler, (Graph Presented)Elite Settlements and Democratic Consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica and Venezuela,(Graph Presented) in Higley and Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation, pp. 94-96;
92. Alexander W. Wilde, "Conversations among Gentlemen: Oligarchical Democracy in Colombia," in Linz and Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, pp. 58-62.
93. Wilde, Conversations among Gentlemen: Oligarchical Democracy in Colombia," in The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, pp. p. 62.
94. Ronald P. Archer, "Party Strength and Weakness in Colombia's Besieged Democracy," in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 178-81.
95. See Esteban and López Guerra, "Electoral Rules and Candidate Selection."
96. Jorge de Esteban and Luis López Guerra, Los Partidos Politicos en la España Actual (Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1982), pp. 121-22;
97. Hopkin, "Party Formation," pp. 153-54.
98. Nancy Bermeo, "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions," Comparative Politics, 29 (April 1997), 305-22.
99. Jordi Capo Giol, "Estrategias para un Sistema de Partidos," Revista de Estudios Politicos. 23 (September-October 1981), 159.
100. Manuel Sánchez de Dios. "Parliamentary Party Discipline in Spain," in Shaun Bowler, David M. Farell, and Richard S. Katz, eds., Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), pp. 141-62.
101. Paul Heywood, The Government and Politics of Spain (London: Macmillan Press, 1995), pp. 99-100: Sánchez de Dios.
102. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 81-83.
103. Field, "De-thawing Democracy."
104. Karl, "Petroleum";
105. Daniel H. Levine, "Venezuela since 1958: The Consolidation of Democratic Politics." in Linz and Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, pp. 82-109;
106. Peeler, "Elite Settlements and Democratic Consolidation," pp. 96-98.
107. Karl, "Petroleum," p. 83.
108. Michael Coppedge, Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 37-39, 155-57.
109. Michael Coppedge, Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela Ibid., p. 155.
110. Michael Coppedge, Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela Ibid., p. 20.
111. Ingrid van Biezen, "On the Theory and Practice of Party Formation and Adaptation in New Democracies," European Journal of Political Research, 44 (January 2005), 147-74.
112. The author is currently engaged in a project on the determinants of candidate selection procedures in transitional polities. See Bonnie N. Field and Peter Siavelis, "Internal Party Rules and Candidate Selection in Democratizing Countries," paper prepared for the Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006.
113. I thank an anonymous reviewer for this point.
114. Field, "De-thawing Democracy."
115. See, also, Omar G. Encarnación, "Do Political Pacts Freeze Democracy? Spanish and South American Lessons," West European Politics, 28 (January 2005), 182-203;
116. Field, "De-thawing Democracy."
117. Jones, Saiegh, Spiller, and Tommasi.