How parties evaluate compulsory quotas: A study of the implementation of the 'parity' law in France

Parliamentary Affairs

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 568-584

  Murray, Rainbow ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 35148888675     PISSN: 00312290     EISSN: 14602482     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pa/gsm039     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the 2006 PSA and MPSA conferences, seminars at Goldsmiths and Sussex and at the ECPR graduate conference. I would like to thank all those who provided comments and feedback. Particular thanks to Joni Lovenduski, Rosie Campbell, Katherine Opello, Robin Pettitt and the anonymous referees for their feedback. Any errors that remain are mine.
2. www.quotaproject.org
3. M. Paoletti, 'Femmes et partis politiques', in M. Maruani (ed), Femmes, genre et sociétés. L'état des savoirs, La Découverte, 2005;
4. S. Latté, 'Cuisine et dépendance. Les logiques pratiques du recrutement politique', Politix, 15(60), 2002, pp. 55-80.
5. A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 1957.
6. A. Knapp, 'France: Never a golden age' in Webb et al. (eds), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Economies, OUP, 2002;
7. O. Kirchheinier, 'The transformation of West European party systems', in LaPalombara and Weiner (eds), Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton University Press, 1966;
8. F. Haegel, 'Parties and Organisations' in Cole et al. (eds), Developments in French Politics 3, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
9. R. Murray, 'The power of sex and incumbency: a longitudinal analysis of electoral performance in France', Party Politics (forthcoming).
10. P. Norris and J Lovenduski, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
11. Until the 2007, election results can be added to the study, it is not possible to conclude with certainty whether the results of 1997 are an exception to the rule, a party effect associated with left-wing victories, or proof that the supposed benefits of incumbency are actually random and unpredictable.
12. An example of this was seen in the UK in 2005 in the constituency of Blaenau Gwent after the female Labour candidate imposed through an all-women shortlist was defeated by a male defector from the same party.
13. W. Rule, 'Electoral systems, contextual factors and women's opportunity for election to parliament in twenty-three democracies', Western Political Quarterly, 1987;
14. W. Rule and J. Zimmerman (eds), Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their impact on Women and Minorities, Greenwood Press, 1994;
15. R. Matland, 'Enhancing women's political participation: legislative recruitment and electoral systems', in A. Karam (ed), Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (2nd edn), International IDEA, 2002; Norris and Lovenduski 1995 (op cit), 40(3), pp. 477-98.
16. M. Zimmerman, Pourquoi la parité en politique reste-t-elle un enjeu pour la démocratie française?, Rapport de l'Observatoire de la parité: la Documentation française, March 2003.
17. Zimmerman 2003, op cit.
18. By the time of the 2007 elections, the UDF had effectively split into two new parties, one allied to the UMP and one formed by the former leader of the UDF, François Bayrou, named Mouvement Démocrat or MoDem. This article refers primarily to the UDF pre-2007.
19. M. Zimmerman, Elections Legislatives 2007: Resultats des épreuves paritaires, press release by the Observatoire de la parité, May 2007.
20. Although parties are considered here as unitary actors, internal interests within each party will sometimes conflict, and more centralised parties have tighter control over their candidate selection procedures than parties with greater internal democracy.
21. R. Murray, 'Why didn't parity work? A closer examination of the 2002 election results', French Politics, 2(3), 2004, pp. 347-62.