-
1
-
-
33645139585
-
-
Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918
-
Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
33645161737
-
-
Gradually extended between 1870 and 1907
-
Gradually extended between 1870 and 1907.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
33645152282
-
-
note
-
The absence of an 'incumbent effect' in these new institutions was also crucial.
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
33645145411
-
-
The most recent year for which figures are available. Source: Fawcett Society, Women's Representation in British Politics, available at 〈www.fawcettsociety.org.uk〉.
-
Women's Representation in British Politics
-
-
-
7
-
-
33645140523
-
-
note
-
Subject to affirmative resolution - s. 3 SDECA.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
33645143085
-
-
Permitted by ss. 47-8 Sex Discrimination Act 1975
-
Permitted by ss. 47-8 Sex Discrimination Act 1975.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
84937261586
-
Candidate selection and voting in the 1997 british general election: Did labour quotas matter?
-
D.T. Studlar and I. McAllister, 'Candidate Selection and Voting in the 1997 British General Election: Did Labour Quotas Matter?' (1998) 4 J. of Legislative Studies 72, at 74.
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(1998)
J. of Legislative Studies
, vol.4
, pp. 72
-
-
Studlar, D.T.1
McAllister, I.2
-
11
-
-
0010161786
-
Women and change in the labour party 1979-1995
-
eds. J. Lovenduski and P. Norris
-
and S. Perrigo, 'Women and Change in the Labour Party 1979-1995', both in Women in Politics, eds. J. Lovenduski and P. Norris (1996).
-
(1996)
Women in Politics
-
-
Perrigo, S.1
-
12
-
-
33645137505
-
-
note
-
Having remained static at around 3 to 4 per cent from 1945 to 1983, the number of women MPs began to rise in 1987, to 6.3 per cent, and again in 1992, to 9.2 per cent.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
33645154604
-
-
note
-
The target had been for AWS to be employed in 40 seats.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
33645161736
-
-
ECR 1026
-
Triesman v. Ali [2002] ECR 1026.
-
(2002)
Triesman v. Ali
-
-
-
24
-
-
33645148418
-
-
note
-
And a parallel provision to the Sex Discrimination (Northern Ireland) Order 1976.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
33645150247
-
Positive action to promote women in politics: Some European comparisons
-
See M. Russell and M. O'Cinneide, 'Positive Action to Promote Women in Politics: Some European Comparisons' (2003) 52 International and Comparative Law Q. 587, at 595.
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(2003)
International and Comparative Law Q.
, vol.52
, pp. 587
-
-
Russell, M.1
O'Cinneide, M.2
-
26
-
-
13044253187
-
All women shortlists in the labour party
-
See, also, H. Davis, 'All Women Shortlists in the Labour Party' [1995] Public Law 207, at 212.
-
(1995)
Public Law
, pp. 207
-
-
Davis, H.1
-
27
-
-
19744375484
-
-
HL 44, HC 406
-
Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR), Fourth Report, 2001-02, HL 44, HC 406.
-
(2001)
Fourth Report
-
-
-
28
-
-
33645142369
-
-
Directive 76/207/EEC, OJ L 39/40, 14 February 1976
-
Directive 76/207/EEC, OJ L 39/40, 14 February 1976.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
33645145777
-
-
EHRR 1
-
Which includes the right to stand as a candidate: see, for example, Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v. Belgium 10 EHRR 1, 1987.
-
(1987)
Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v. Belgium
, vol.10
-
-
-
30
-
-
33645148594
-
-
See, particularly, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women 1249 UNTS 13 (1979), Art 4
-
See, particularly, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women 1249 UNTS 13 (1979), Art 4.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
33645134458
-
-
col. WA 56 (28 November)
-
See Lord Williams of Mostyn, 629 H.L Debs., col. WA 56 (28 November 2001);
-
(2001)
H.L Debs.
, vol.629
-
-
-
35
-
-
33645136702
-
-
col. WA 31 (17 December)
-
630 H.L. Debs., col. WA 31 (17 December 2001).
-
(2001)
H.L. Debs.
, vol.630
-
-
-
36
-
-
33645166736
-
-
Russell, H.L. Debs. op. cit., n. 20, pp. 41-5.
-
H.L. Debs.
, vol.20
, pp. 41-45
-
-
Russell1
-
37
-
-
33645151197
-
-
Written Question No 1556/98 by Nel van Dijk to the Commission, OJ 354/111, 19 November 1998
-
Written Question No 1556/98 by Nel van Dijk to the Commission, OJ 354/111, 19 November 1998.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
33645155324
-
-
Relying on United States case law, the JCHR considered that parties are covered by s. 6 HRA. However, United Kingdom political parties have historically been regarded as private associations, and the government's view was that candidate selection is a private act, not a public function: Lord Williams, H.L. Debs. op. cit., n. 33.
-
H.L. Debs.
, vol.33
-
-
Williams, L.1
-
39
-
-
33645161367
-
-
note
-
Twinning was no longer feasible, given the presence of incumbents. The Scottish Socialist Party and Plaid Cymru also used quotas for these elections.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
33645160744
-
Council female quota angers MPs
-
23 May
-
Quotas for local government elections also produced discontent - see 'Council Female Quota Angers MPs' Guardian, 23 May 2003.
-
(2003)
Guardian
-
-
-
41
-
-
33645165782
-
-
note
-
Though the Scottish National Party at its 2004 Spring conference agreed to an unspecified plan to ensure 'a balanced list of candidates, particularly in regard to gender.'
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
4644298550
-
Women in the house: The continuing challenge
-
See T. May, 'Women in the House: the Continuing Challenge' (2004) 57 Parliamentary Affairs 844.
-
(2004)
Parliamentary Affairs
, vol.57
, pp. 844
-
-
May, T.1
-
46
-
-
33645163419
-
-
note
-
They gained only three women out of 33 new MPs.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
33645148767
-
-
id.
-
id.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
33645162104
-
-
See, for example, id., ch. 4
-
See, for example, id., ch. 4.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
33645135566
-
-
id., pp. 23-5.
-
id., pp. 23-5.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
33645162297
-
-
Lord Lester of Herne Hill, cols 397-402 (20 December)
-
See, for example, Lord Lester of Herne Hill, 630 H.L. Debs., cols 397-402 (20 December 2001);
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(2001)
H.L. Debs.
, vol.630
-
-
-
60
-
-
33645160556
-
-
cols, 352-4 (24 October)
-
A. Widdecombe, 373 H.C. Debs., cols, 352-4 (24 October 2001);
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(2001)
H.C. Debs.
, vol.373
-
-
Widdecombe, A.1
-
61
-
-
33645161735
-
-
Elgood et al., H.C. Debs. op. cit., n. 53, pp. 102, 107-9.
-
H.C. Debs.
, vol.53
, pp. 102
-
-
Elgood1
-
67
-
-
33645140134
-
Women MPs and the media: Representing the body politic
-
Lovenduski and Norris (eds.)
-
See, for example, A. Sreberny and K. Ross, 'Women MPs and the Media: Representing the Body Politic' in Lovenduski and Norris (eds.), The Sexual Contract op. cit., n. 10.
-
The Sexual Contract
, vol.10
-
-
Sreberny, A.1
Ross, K.2
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69
-
-
10744222017
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Women's place in "male" space: Gender and effect in parliamentary contexts
-
see, also, K. Ross, 'Women's Place in "Male" Space: Gender and Effect in Parliamentary Contexts' (2002) 55 Parliamentary Affairs 189;
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(2002)
Parliamentary Affairs
, vol.55
, pp. 189
-
-
Ross, K.1
-
70
-
-
33645151909
-
Women MPs bullied and abused in commons
-
7 December
-
'Women MPs Bullied and Abused in Commons' Guardian, 7 December 2004.
-
(2004)
Guardian
-
-
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71
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-
33645135750
-
-
Norris, Guardian op. cit., n. 6, p. 182.
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Guardian
, vol.6
, pp. 182
-
-
Norris1
-
76
-
-
33645158213
-
-
See Lovenduski, op. cit., n. 12, pp. 153-8.
-
Guardian
, vol.12
, pp. 153-158
-
-
Lovenduski1
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77
-
-
33645165779
-
-
col, 347 (24 October)
-
V. Bottomley, 373 H.C. Debs., col, 347 (24 October 2001).
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(2001)
H.C. Debs.
, vol.373
-
-
Bottomley, V.1
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78
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33645160165
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Quotas for women: Fair representation?
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Lovenduski and Norris (eds.)
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J. Squires, 'Quotas for Women: Fair Representation?' in Lovenduski and Norris (eds.), H.C. Debs. op. cit., n. 10, p. 78.
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H.C. Debs.
, vol.10
, pp. 78
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Squires, J.1
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84
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0002531586
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Democracy and representation, or, why should it matter who our representatives are?
-
ed. A. Phillips
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A. Phillips, 'Democracy and Representation, Or, Why Should it Matter Who Our Representatives Are?' in Feminism and Politics, ed. A. Phillips (1998) 230-1.
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Feminism and Politics
, pp. 230-231
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Phillips, A.1
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86
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33645153459
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HL 42
-
See House of Lords Constitution Committee, Third Report, 2001-02, HL 42.
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(2001)
Third Report
-
-
-
88
-
-
33645153085
-
-
id.
-
id.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
78651334791
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In their own words: New labour women and the substantive representation of women
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S. Childs 'In Their Own Words: New Labour Women and the Substantive Representation of Women' (2001) 3 Brit. J. of Politics and International Relations 173;
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(2001)
Brit. J. of Politics and International Relations
, vol.3
, pp. 173
-
-
Childs, S.1
-
95
-
-
33645168061
-
-
Parliamentary Affairs 143. There is also a women's party - the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition - which has held seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and in local government.
-
Parliamentary Affairs
, vol.143
-
-
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98
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-
0033245990
-
Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent "yes"
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J. Mansbridge, 'Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes"' (1999) 61 J. of Politics 628, at 628.
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(1999)
J. of Politics
, vol.61
, pp. 628
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Mansbridge, J.1
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102
-
-
33645132048
-
-
id., pp. 97-9.
-
id., pp. 97-9.
-
-
-
-
104
-
-
33645162468
-
The women's movement in Scotland in the 1990s
-
eds. E. Breitenbach and F. MacKay
-
E. Breitenbach, 'The Women's Movement in Scotland in the 1990s' in Women and Contemporary Scottish Politics: An Anthology, eds. E. Breitenbach and F. MacKay (2001) 83-4.
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(2001)
Women and Contemporary Scottish Politics: An Anthology
, pp. 83-84
-
-
Breitenbach, E.1
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107
-
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85044808401
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Gender, ideology and issue preference: Is there such as thing as a political women's interest in Britain?
-
R. Campbell, 'Gender, Ideology and Issue Preference: Is There Such as Thing as a Political Women's Interest in Britain?' (2004) 6 Brit. J. of Politics and International Relations 20.
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(2004)
Brit. J. of Politics and International Relations
, vol.6
, pp. 20
-
-
Campbell, R.1
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108
-
-
33645147082
-
-
See, for example, Squires and Wickham-Jones, id., pp. 92-7
-
See, for example, Squires and Wickham-Jones, id., pp. 92-7;
-
-
-
-
110
-
-
7244234067
-
Women representatives acting for women: Sex and the signing of early day motions in the 1997 british parliament
-
S. Childs and J. Withey, 'Women Representatives Acting for Women: Sex and the Signing of Early Day Motions in the 1997 British Parliament' (2004) 52 Political Studies 552;
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(2004)
Political Studies
, vol.52
, pp. 552
-
-
Childs, S.1
Withey, J.2
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111
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0036926395
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Is there a demand for descriptive representation? Evidence from the UK's devolution programme
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P. Chaney and R. Fevre, 'Is there a Demand for Descriptive Representation? Evidence from the UK's Devolution Programme' (2002) 50 Political Studies 897.
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(2002)
Political Studies
, vol.50
, pp. 897
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Chaney, P.1
Fevre, R.2
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118
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33645143257
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Ali and O'Cinneide, id., pp. 61-73.
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Ali and O'Cinneide, id., pp. 61-73.
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-
-
-
119
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33645165140
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Where race meets gender
-
10 December
-
See, for example, H. Muir, 'Where Race Meets Gender' Guardian, 10 December 2004.
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(2004)
Guardian
-
-
Muir, H.1
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120
-
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33645139197
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Compare Mansbridge, Guardian op. cit., n. 85, p. 654.
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Guardian
, vol.85
, pp. 654
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121
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33645135563
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Standing Committee A (8 November)
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A. Whitehead, H.C. Debs., Standing Committee A (8 November 2001).
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H.C. Debs.
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Whitehead, A.1
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122
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Revealed: How labour sees women
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4 February
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J. Ashley, 'Revealed: How Labour Sees Women' New Statesman, 4 February 2002.
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(2002)
New Statesman
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Ashley, J.1
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123
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33645168055
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press release 6 May
-
Fawcett Society, 'Record Numbers of Women MPs', press release 6 May 2005.
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(2005)
Record Numbers of Women MPs
-
-
-
124
-
-
0036004767
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Does a critical mass exist? A comparative analysis of women's legislative representation since 1950
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See, for example, D.T. Studlar and I. McAllister, 'Does a Critical Mass Exist? A Comparative Analysis of Women's Legislative Representation Since 1950' (2002) 41 European J. of Political Research 233.
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(2002)
European J. of Political Research
, vol.41
, pp. 233
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Studlar, D.T.1
McAllister, I.2
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125
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84983429509
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The challenge of transition - Women in parliament in Russia
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ed. A. Karam
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N. Shvedova, 'The Challenge of Transition - Women in Parliament in Russia' in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, ed. A. Karam (1998) 58.
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Women in Parliament: beyond Numbers
, pp. 58
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Shvedova, N.1
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126
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85045012368
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Women in German politics: Still jobs for the boys?
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Compare J. McKay, 'Women in German Politics: Still Jobs for the Boys?' (2004) 13 German Politics 56.
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(2004)
German Politics
, vol.13
, pp. 56
-
-
McKay, C.J.1
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127
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19744372065
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Sex equality in political candidature: Supply and demand factors and the role of the law
-
See, also, N. Busby, 'Sex Equality in Political Candidature: Supply and Demand Factors and the Role of the Law' (2003) 66 Modern Law Rev. 245, who argues that the uncertain application of the SDA to discrimination against women in the political context is a particular problem in this regard.
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Modern Law Rev.
, vol.66
, pp. 245
-
-
Busby, N.1
-
128
-
-
33645136922
-
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Fawcett Society, Modern Law Rev. op. cit., n. 102.
-
Modern Law Rev.
, vol.102
-
-
-
129
-
-
33645155149
-
-
ch. 8
-
See, generally, Norris, Modern Law Rev. op. cit., n. 6, ch. 8.
-
Modern Law Rev.
, vol.6
-
-
Norris1
|