Optimal management of hepatitis B virus infection - EASL Special Conference

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 63, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1238-1253

  Lampertico, Pietro ^a   Maini, Mala ^b   Papatheodoridis, George ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Entecavir; HBV; Hepatitis B; Interferon alpha; Tenofovir; Viral hepatitis

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIRCULAR DNA; ENTECAVIR; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN; LAMIVUDINE; PEGINTERFERON; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ACUTE HEPATITIS B; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; CHRONIC HEPATITIS B; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INCIDENCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REINFECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TREATMENT INDICATION; VACCINATION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM EXAMINATION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; ORGANIZATION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CONGRESSES AS TOPIC; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; GLOBAL HEALTH; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH;

EID: 84945458125     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: 16000641     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.026     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. J.J. Ott, G.A. Stevens, J. Groeger, and S.T. Wiersma Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity Vaccine 30 2012 2212 2219
2. C. Rossi, I. Shrier, L. Marshall, S. Cnossen, K. Schwartzman, M.B. Klein, and et al. Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS One 7 2012 e44611
3. J.J. Chu, T. Wormann, J. Popp, G. Patzelt, M.K. Akmatov, A. Kramer, and et al. Changing epidemiology of hepatitis B and migration - a comparison of six Northern and North-Western European countries Eur J Public Health 23 2013 642 647
4. G.V. Papatheodoridis, E. Tsochatzis, S. Hardtke, and H. Wedemeyer Barriers to care and treatment for patients with chronic viral hepatitis in Europe: a systematic review Liver Int 34 2014 1452 1463
5. B. Rechel, P. Mladovsky, D. Ingleby, J.P. Mackenbach, and M. McKee Migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe Lancet 381 2013 1235 1245
6. A. Kentikelenis, M. Karanikolos, A. Reeves, M. McKee, and D. Stuckler Greece's health crisis: from austerity to denialism Lancet 383 2014 748 753
7. A. Hatzakis, P. Van Damme, K. Alcorn, C. Gore, M. Benazzouz, S. Berkane, and et al. The state of hepatitis B and C in the Mediterranean and Balkan countries: report from a summit conference J Viral Hepat 20 2013 1 20
8. S.H. Ahn, L. Yuen, K.H. Han, M. Littlejohn, H.Y. Chang, H. Damerow, and et al. Molecular and clinical characteristics of hepatitis B virus in Korea J Med Virol 82 2010 1126 1134
9. B.K. Kim, P.A. Revill, and S.H. Ahn HBV genotypes: relevance to natural history, pathogenesis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B Antivir Ther 16 2011 1169 1186
10. H.L. Chan, A.Y. Hui, M.L. Wong, A.M. Tse, L.C. Hung, V.W. Wong, and et al. Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma Gut 53 2004 1494 1498
11. Y.H. Ni, M.H. Chang, J.F. Wu, H.Y. Hsu, H.L. Chen, and D.S. Chen Minimization of hepatitis B infection by a 25-year universal vaccination program J Hepatol 57 2012 730 735
12. T.J. Peto, M.E. Mendy, Y. Lowe, E.L. Webb, H.C. Whittle, and A.J. Hall Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the nationwide immunisation program BMC Infect Dis 14 2014 7
13. A. Schulze, P. Gripon, and S. Urban Hepatitis B virus infection initiates with a large surface protein-dependent binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans Hepatology 46 2007 1759 1768
14. H. Yan, G. Zhong, G. Xu, W. He, Z. Jing, Z. Gao, and et al. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus Elife 1 2012 e00049
15. A. Macovei, C. Radulescu, C. Lazar, S. Petrescu, D. Durantel, R.A. Dwek, and et al. Hepatitis B virus requires intact caveolin-1 function for productive infection in HepaRG cells J Virol 84 2010 243 253
16. A. Macovei, C. Petrareanu, C. Lazar, P. Florian, and N. Branza-Nichita Regulation of hepatitis B virus infection by Rab5, Rab7, and the endolysosomal compartment J Virol 87 2013 6415 6427
17. J. Lucifora, Y. Xia, F. Reisinger, K. Zhang, D. Stadler, X. Cheng, and et al. Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA Science 343 2014 1221 1228
18. L. Belloni, L. Allweiss, F. Guerrieri, N. Pediconi, T. Volz, T. Pollicino, and et al. IFN-alpha inhibits HBV transcription and replication in cell culture and in humanized mice by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the nuclear cccDNA minichromosome J Clin Invest 122 2012 529 537
19. A. Kramvis Genotypes and genetic variability of hepatitis B virus Intervirology 57 2014 141 150
20. A. Bertoletti, M.K. Maini, and C. Ferrari The host-pathogen interaction during HBV infection: immunological controversies Antivir Ther 15 2010 15 24
21. S. Wieland, R. Thimme, R.H. Purcell, and F.V. Chisari Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2004 6669 6674
22. S.F. Wieland, and F.V. Chisari Stealth and cunning: hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses J Virol 79 2005 9369 9380
23. A. Bertoletti, and C. Ferrari Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection Gut 61 2012 1754 1764
24. C. Dunn, D. Peppa, P. Khanna, G. Nebbia, M. Jones, N. Brendish, and et al. Temporal analysis of early immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection Gastroenterology 137 2009 1289 1300
25. C. Boni, D. Laccabue, P. Lampertico, T. Giuberti, M. Vigano, S. Schivazappa, and et al. Restored function of HBV-specific T cells after long-term effective therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues Gastroenterology 143 2012 e969
26. D. Peppa, L. Micco, A. Javaid, P.T. Kennedy, A. Schurich, C. Dunn, and et al. Blockade of immunosuppressive cytokines restores NK cell antiviral function in chronic hepatitis B virus infection PLoS Pathog 6 2010 e1001227
27. D. Peppa, U.S. Gill, G. Reynolds, N.J. Easom, L.J. Pallett, A. Schurich, and et al. Up-regulation of a death receptor renders antiviral T cells susceptible to NK cell-mediated deletion J Exp Med 210 2013 99 114
28. S. Koh, N. Shimasaki, R. Suwanarusk, Z.Z. Ho, A. Chia, N. Banu, and et al. A practical approach to immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using T cells redirected against hepatitis B virus Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2 2013 e114
29. C. Ji, K.S. Sastry, G. Tiefenthaler, J. Cano, T. Tang, Z.Z. Ho, and et al. Targeted delivery of interferon-alpha to hepatitis B virus-infected cells using T-cell receptor-like antibodies Hepatology 56 2012 2027 2038
30. L.R. Huang, D. Wohlleber, F. Reisinger, C.N. Jenne, R.L. Cheng, Z. Abdullah, and et al. Intrahepatic myeloid-cell aggregates enable local proliferation of CD8(+) T cells and successful immunotherapy against chronic viral liver infection Nat Immunol 14 2013 574 583
31. J. Jo, A.T. Tan, J.E. Ussher, E. Sandalova, X.Z. Tang, A. Tan-Garcia, and et al. Toll-like receptor 8 agonist and bacteria trigger potent activation of innate immune cells in human liver PLoS Pathog 10 2014 e1004210
32. R.E. Lanford, B. Guerra, D. Chavez, L. Giavedoni, V.L. Hodara, K.M. Brasky, and et al. GS-9620, an oral agonist of Toll-like receptor-7, induces prolonged suppression of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected chimpanzees Gastroenterology 144 2013 1508 1517 1517 e1501-1510
33. J.P. Bottcher, O. Schanz, D. Wohlleber, Z. Abdullah, S. Debey-Pascher, A. Staratschek-Jox, and et al. Liver-primed memory T cells generated under noninflammatory conditions provide anti-infectious immunity Cell Rep 3 2013 779 795
34. P.T. Kennedy, E. Sandalova, J. Jo, U. Gill, I. Ushiro-Lumb, A.T. Tan, and et al. Preserved T-cell function in children and young adults with immune-tolerant chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 143 2012 637 645
35. G. Fattovich, F. Bortolotti, and F. Donato Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: special emphasis on disease progression and prognostic factors J Hepatol 48 2008 335 352
36. S.J. Hadziyannis Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in Euro-Mediterranean and African countries J Hepatol 55 2011 183 191
37. Y.F. Liaw Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B: opportunities and challenges in Asia J Hepatol 51 2009 403 410
38. Y.F. Liaw, and C.M. Chu Hepatitis B virus infection Lancet 373 2009 582 592
39. Y.F. Liaw, D.I. Tai, C.M. Chu, and T.J. Chen The development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study Hepatology 8 1988 493 496
40. S.M. Lin, M.L. Yu, C.M. Lee, R.N. Chien, I.S. Sheen, C.M. Chu, and et al. Interferon therapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis reduces progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma J Hepatol 46 2007 45 52
41. Y.C. Chen, C.M. Chu, and Y.F. Liaw Age-specific prognosis following spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 51 2010 435 444
42. U.H. Iloeje, H.I. Yang, J. Su, C.L. Jen, S.L. You, C.J. Chen, and et al. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load Gastroenterology 130 2006 678 686
43. J.H. Kao, P.J. Chen, M.Y. Lai, and D.S. Chen Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 118 2000 554 559
44. Y.F. Liaw, Y.C. Chen, I.S. Sheen, R.N. Chien, C.T. Yeh, and C.M. Chu Impact of acute hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection Gastroenterology 126 2004 1024 1029
45. T.C. Tseng, C.J. Liu, H.C. Yang, C.L. Chen, W.T. Yang, C.S. Tsai, and et al. Higher proportion of viral basal core promoter mutant increases the risk of liver cirrhosis in hepatitis B carriers Gut 64 2015 292 302
46. T.C. Tseng, C.J. Liu, H.C. Yang, T.H. Su, C.C. Wang, C.L. Chen, and et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels help predict disease progression in patients with low hepatitis B virus loads Hepatology 57 2013 441 450
47. M. Thursz, L. Yee, and S. Khakoo Understanding the host genetics of chronic hepatitis B and C Semin Liver Dis 31 2011 115 127
48. D.K. Jiang, J. Sun, G. Cao, Y. Liu, D. Lin, Y.Z. Gao, and et al. Genetic variants in STAT4 and HLA-DQ genes confer risk of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma Nat Genet 45 2013 72 75
49. H. Zhang, Y. Zhai, Z. Hu, C. Wu, J. Qian, W. Jia, and et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 1p36.22 as a new susceptibility locus for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers Nat Genet 42 2010 755 758
50. H. Sawai, N. Nishida, H. Mbarek, K. Matsuda, Y. Mawatari, M. Yamaoka, and et al. No association for Chinese HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility SNP in other East Asian populations BMC Med Genet 13 2012 47
51. A. Tamori, and N. Kawada HLA class II associated with outcomes of hepatitis B and C infections World J Gastroenterol 19 2013 5395 5401
52. Q. Zhang, J. Yin, Y. Zhang, Y. Deng, X. Ji, Y. Du, and et al. HLA-DP polymorphisms affect the outcomes of chronic hepatitis B virus infections, possibly through interacting with viral mutations J Virol 87 2013 12176 12186
53. F. Degos, P. Perez, B. Roche, A. Mahmoudi, J. Asselineau, H. Voitot, and et al. Diagnostic accuracy of FibroScan and comparison to liver fibrosis biomarkers in chronic viral hepatitis: a multicenter prospective study (the FIBROSTIC study) J Hepatol 53 2010 1013 1021
54. L. Castera, P.H. Bernard, B. Le Bail, J. Foucher, P. Trimoulet, W. Merrouche, and et al. Transient elastography and biomarkers for liver fibrosis assessment and follow-up of inactive hepatitis B carriers Aliment Pharmacol Ther 33 2011 455 465
55. J. Bruix, M. Sherman American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update Hepatology 53 2011 1020 1022
56. European Association for the Study of the Liver, and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma Eur J Cancer 48 2012 599 641
57. M. Omata, L.A. Lesmana, R. Tateishi, P.J. Chen, S.M. Lin, H. Yoshida, and et al. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatol Int 4 2010 439 474
58. G. Raimondo, J.P. Allain, M.R. Brunetto, M.A. Buendia, D.S. Chen, M. Colombo, and et al. Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection J Hepatol 49 2008 652 657
59. G. Raimondo, G. Caccamo, R. Filomia, and T. Pollicino Occult HBV infection Semin Immunopathol 35 2013 39 52
60. J.P. Allain, and L. Cox Challenges in hepatitis B detection among blood donors Curr Opin Hematol 18 2011 461 466
61. F.B. Hollinger, and G. Sood Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a covert operation J Viral Hepat 17 2010 1 15
62. S.L. Stramer, U. Wend, D. Candotti, G.A. Foster, F.B. Hollinger, R.Y. Dodd, and et al. Nucleic acid testing to detect HBV infection in blood donors N Engl J Med 364 2011 236 247
63. L. Covolo, T. Pollicino, G. Raimondo, and F. Donato Occult hepatitis B virus and the risk for chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis Dig Liver Dis 45 2013 238 244
64. G. Squadrito, I. Cacciola, A. Alibrandi, T. Pollicino, and G. Raimondo Impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection on the outcome of chronic hepatitis C J Hepatol 59 2013 696 700
65. J. Blackberg, and K. Kidd-Ljunggren Occult hepatitis B virus after acute self-limited infection persisting for 30 years without sequence variation J Hepatol 33 2000 992 997
66. N. Yuki, T. Nagaoka, M. Yamashiro, K. Mochizuki, A. Kaneko, K. Yamamoto, and et al. Long-term histologic and virologic outcomes of acute self-limited hepatitis B Hepatology 37 2003 1172 1179
67. European Association for the Study of the Liver EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection J Hepatol 57 2012 167 185
68. A.S.F. Lok, and B.J. McMahon Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009 Hepatology 50 2009 661 662
69. Y.-F. Liaw, J.-H. Kao, T. Piratvisuth, H. Chan, R.-N. Chien, C.-J. Liu, and et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update Hepatol Int 6 2012 531 561
70. C.M. Chu, P. Karayiannis, M.J. Fowler, J. Monjardino, Y.F. Liaw, and H.C. Thomas Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan: studies of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum Hepatology 5 1985 431 434
71. C.K. Hui, N. Leung, S.T. Yuen, H.Y. Zhang, K.W. Leung, L. Lu, and et al. Natural history and disease progression in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients in immune-tolerant phase Hepatology 46 2007 395 401
72. A.S. Lok, and B.J. McMahon Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009 Hepatology 50 2009 661 662
73. Y. Xu, H. Liu, Y. Wang, R. Hao, Z. Li, and H. Song The next step in controlling HBV in China BMJ 347 2013 f4503
74. G. Papatheodoridis, J. Goulis, S. Manolakopoulos, A. Margariti, X. Exarchos, G. Kokkonis, and et al. Changes of HBsAg and interferon-inducible protein 10 serum levels in naive HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients under 4-year entecavir therapy J Hepatol 60 2014 62 68
75. R. Thimme, and M. Dandri Dissecting the divergent effects of interferon-alpha on immune cells: time to rethink combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B? J Hepatol 58 2013 205 209
76. B. Werle-Lapostolle, S. Bowden, S. Locarnini, K. Wursthorn, J. Petersen, G. Lau, and et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy Gastroenterology 126 2004 1750 1758
77. M. Levrero, T. Pollicino, J. Petersen, L. Belloni, G. Raimondo, and M. Dandri Control of cccDNA function in hepatitis B virus infection J Hepatol 51 2009 581 592
78. J. Petersen, M. Lutgehetmann, T. Volz, and M. Dandri What is the role of cccDNA in chronic HBV infection? Impact on HBV therapy Hepatol Rev 4 2007 9 13
79. H.L. Janssen, M. van Zonneveld, H. Senturk, S. Zeuzem, U.S. Akarca, Y. Cakaloglu, and et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial Lancet 365 2005 123 129
80. G.K. Lau, T. Piratvisuth, K.X. Luo, P. Marcellin, S. Thongsawat, G. Cooksley, and et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 352 2005 2682 2695
81. Y.F. Liaw, J.D. Jia, H.L. Chan, K.H. Han, T. Tanwandee, W.L. Chuang, and et al. Shorter durations and lower doses of peginterferon alfa-2a are associated with inferior hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates in hepatitis B virus genotypes B or C Hepatology 54 2011 1591 1599
82. P. Marcellin, F. Bonino, C. Yurdaydin, S. Hadziyannis, R. Moucari, H.P. Kapprell, and et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen levels: association with 5-year response to peginterferon alfa-2a in hepatitis B e-antigen-negative patients Hepatol Int 7 2013 88 97
83. V. Ambros The functions of animal microRNAs Nature 431 2004 350 355
84. L. Novellino, R.L. Rossi, F. Bonino, D. Cavallone, S. Abrignani, M. Pagani, and et al. Circulating hepatitis B surface antigen particles carry hepatocellular microRNAs PLoS One 7 2012 e31952
85. P. Marcellin, G.K. Lau, F. Bonino, P. Farci, S. Hadziyannis, R. Jin, and et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 351 2004 1206 1217
86. F. Zoulim, and S. Locarnini Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues Gastroenterology 137 2009 e1591 1592
87. C.M. Lange, J. Bojunga, W.P. Hofmann, K. Wunder, U. Mihm, S. Zeuzem, and et al. Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function Hepatology 50 2009 2001 2006
88. K.F. Murray, L. Szenborn, J. Wysocki, S. Rossi, A.C. Corsa, P. Dinh, and et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 56 2012 2018 2026
89. S. Yapali, and A.S. Lok Potential benefit of telbivudine on renal function does not outweigh its high rate of antiviral drug resistance and other adverse effects Gastroenterology 146 2014 15 19
90. G.V. Papatheodoridis, S. Manolakopoulos, and A.J. Archimandritis Current treatment indications and strategies in chronic hepatitis B virus infection World J Gastroenterol 14 2008 6902 6910
91. R. D'Ambrosio, A. Aghemo, M.G. Rumi, G. Ronchi, M.F. Donato, V. Paradis, and et al. A morphometric and immunohistochemical study to assess the benefit of a sustained virological response in hepatitis C virus patients with cirrhosis Hepatology 56 2012 532 543
92. S.U. Kim, H.J. Oh, I.R. Wanless, S. Lee, K.H. Han, and Y.N. Park The Laennec staging system for histological sub-classification of cirrhosis is useful for stratification of prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis J Hepatol 57 2012 556 563
93. C.H. Chen, C.L. Lin, T.H. Hu, C.H. Hung, P.L. Tseng, J.H. Wang, and et al. Entecavir vs. lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients with severe acute exacerbation and hepatic decompensation J Hepatol 60 2014 1127 1134
94. E.J. Gane, G. Deray, Y.F. Liaw, S.G. Lim, C.L. Lai, J. Rasenack, and et al. Telbivudine improves renal function in patients with chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 146 2014 e135
95. T. Hosaka, F. Suzuki, M. Kobayashi, Y. Seko, Y. Kawamura, H. Sezaki, and et al. Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection Hepatology 58 2013 98 107
96. G.L. Wong, H.L. Chan, C.W. Mak, S.K. Lee, Z.M. Ip, A.T. Lam, and et al. Entecavir treatment reduces hepatic events and deaths in chronic hepatitis B patients with liver cirrhosis Hepatology 58 2013 1537 1547
97. C.Y. Wu, J.T. Lin, H.J. Ho, C.W. Su, T.Y. Lee, S.Y. Wang, and et al. Association of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy with reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a nationwide cohort study Gastroenterology 147 2014 e145
98. G.A. Kim, Y.S. Lim, J. An, D. Lee, J.H. Shim, K.M. Kim, and et al. HBsAg seroclearance after nucleoside analogue therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B: clinical outcomes and durability Gut 63 2014 1325 1332
99. S.J. Bang, B.G. Kim, J.W. Shin, H.U. Ju, B.R. Park, M.H. Kim, and et al. Clinical course of patients with insufficient viral suppression during entecavir therapy in genotype C chronic hepatitis B Dig Liver Dis 45 2013 600 605
100. S.Y. Ko, W.H. Choe, S.Y. Kwon, J.H. Kim, J.W. Seo, K.H. Kim, and et al. Long-term impact of entecavir monotherapy in chronic hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to entecavir therapy Scand J Gastroenterol 47 2012 1362 1367
101. D.H. Kwon, I.H. Kim, B.S. Choung, D.S. Ahn, S.H. Yoo, S.B. Park, and et al. Continuous long-term entecavir therapy in naive chronic hepatitis B patients showing partial virologic response Gut Liver 7 2013 712 718
102. G.L. Wong, V.W. Wong, H.Y. Chan, P.C. Tse, J. Wong, A.M. Chim, and et al. Undetectable HBV DNA at month 12 of entecavir treatment predicts maintained viral suppression and HBeAg-seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B patients at 3 years Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35 2012 1326 1335
103. A.M. Evens, B.D. Jovanovic, Y.C. Su, D.W. Raisch, D. Ganger, S.M. Belknap, and et al. Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports Ann Oncol 22 2011 1170 1180
104. P. Burra, G. Germani, R. Adam, V. Karam, A. Marzano, P. Lampertico, and et al. Liver transplantation for HBV-related cirrhosis in Europe: an ELTR study on evolution and outcomes J Hepatol 58 2013 287 296
105. E.J. Gane, S. Patterson, S.I. Strasser, G.W. McCaughan, and P.W. Angus Combination of lamivudine and adefovir without hepatitis B immune globulin is safe and effective prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus recurrence in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive liver transplant candidates Liver transpl 19 2013 268 274
106. R. Perrillo, M. Buti, F. Durand, M. Charlton, A. Gadano, G. Cantisani, and et al. Entecavir and hepatitis B immune globulin in patients undergoing liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B Liver transpl 19 2013 887 895
107. L.C. Faria, M. Gigou, A.M. Roque-Afonso, M. Sebagh, B. Roche, G. Fallot, and et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with an increased risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation Gastroenterology 134 2008 1890 1899 quiz 2155
108. G. Borgia, M.A. Carleo, G.B. Gaeta, and I. Gentile Hepatitis B in pregnancy World J Gastroenterol 18 2012 4677 4683
109. R.D. Burk, L.Y. Hwang, G.Y. Ho, D.A. Shafritz, and R.P. Beasley Outcome of perinatal hepatitis B virus exposure is dependent on maternal virus load J Infect Dis 170 1994 1418 1423
110. A.J. Greenup, P.K. Tan, V. Nguyen, A. Glass, S. Davison, U. Chatterjee, and et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus J Hepatol 61 2014 502 507
111. B. He, Y. Zhang, M.H. Lu, Y.L. Cao, Y.H. Fan, J.Q. Deng, and et al. Glucocorticoids can increase the survival rate of patients with severe viral hepatitis B: a meta-analysis Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25 2013 926 934
112. J.V. Fernandez-Montero, E. Vispo, P. Barreiro, R. Sierra-Enguita, C. de Mendoza, P. Labarga, and et al. Hepatitis delta is a major determinant of liver decompensation events and death in HIV-infected patients Clin Infect Dis 58 2014 1549 1553
113. E.K. Manesis, G. Vourli, G. Dalekos, T. Vasiliadis, N. Manolaki, A. Hounta, and et al. Prevalence and clinical course of hepatitis delta infection in Greece: a 13-year prospective study J Hepatol 59 2013 949 956
114. B. Calle Serrano, A. Grosshennig, M. Homs, B. Heidrich, A. Erhardt, K. Deterding, and et al. Development and evaluation of a baseline-event-anticipation score for hepatitis delta J Viral Hepat 21 2014 e154 e163
115. B.B. Bordier, J. Ohkanda, P. Liu, S.Y. Lee, F.H. Salazar, P.L. Marion, and et al. In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus J Clin Invest 112 2003 407 414
116. S.A. Hughes, H. Wedemeyer, and P.M. Harrison Hepatitis delta virus Lancet 378 2011 73 85
117. S. Urban, R. Bartenschlager, R. Kubitz, and F. Zoulim Strategies to inhibit entry of HBV and HDV into hepatocytes Gastroenterology 147 2014 48 64
118. C.J. Chu, and S.D. Lee Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: epidemiology, clinical features, viral interactions and treatment J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23 2008 512 520
119. F. Donato, P. Boffetta, and M. Puoti A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma Int J Cancer 75 1998 347 354
120. S. Jamma, G. Hussain, and D.T. Lau Current Concepts of HBV/HCV Coinfection: Coexistence, but Not Necessarily in Harmony Curr Hepat Rep 9 2010 260 269
121. P. Bellecave, J. Gouttenoire, M. Gajer, V. Brass, G. Koutsoudakis, H.E. Blum, and et al. Hepatitis B and C virus coinfection: a novel model system reveals the absence of direct viral interference Hepatology 50 2009 46 55
122. R.B. Takkenberg, L. Jansen, A. de Niet, H.L. Zaaijer, C.J. Weegink, V. Terpstra, and et al. Baseline hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as predictor of sustained HBsAg loss in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha2a and adefovir Antivir Ther 18 2013 895 904
123. K. Wursthorn, M. Lutgehetmann, M. Dandri, T. Volz, P. Buggisch, B. Zollner, and et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 44 2006 675 684
124. P. Marcellin, K. Wursthorn, H. Wedemeyer, W.L. Chuang, G. Lau, C. Avila, and et al. Telbivudine plus pegylated interferon alfa-2a in a randomized study in chronic hepatitis B was associated with unexpected high rate of peripheral neuropathy J Hepatol 62 2015 41 47
125. M. Cornberg, U. Protzer, J. Petersen, H. Wedemeyer, T. Berg, W. Jilg, and et al. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis B virus infection - the German guidelines Z Gastroenterol 49 2011 871 930
126. J. Petersen, V. Ratziu, M. Buti, H.L. Janssen, A. Brown, P. Lampertico, and et al. Entecavir plus tenofovir combination as rescue therapy in pre-treated chronic hepatitis B patients: an international multicenter cohort study J Hepatol 56 2012 520 526
127. A.S. Lok, H. Trinh, G. Carosi, U.S. Akarca, A. Gadano, F. Habersetzer, and et al. Efficacy of entecavir with or without tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for nucleos(t)ide-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 143 2012 e611
128. H.L. Chan, C.K. Chan, A.J. Hui, S. Chan, F. Poordad, T.T. Chang, and et al. Effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with normal levels of alanine aminotransferase and high levels of hepatitis B virus DNA Gastroenterology 146 2014 1240 1248
129. A.D. Kosinska, E. Zhang, L. Johrden, J. Liu, P.L. Seiz, X. Zhang, and et al. Combination of DNA prime-adenovirus boost immunization with entecavir elicits sustained control of chronic hepatitis B in the woodchuck model PLoS Pathog 9 2013 e1003391
130. P. Fisicaro, C. Valdatta, M. Massari, E. Loggi, E. Biasini, L. Sacchelli, and et al. Antiviral intrahepatic T-cell responses can be restored by blocking programmed death-1 pathway in chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 138 2010 682 693 693 e681-684
131. J. Liu, E. Zhang, Z. Ma, W. Wu, A. Kosinska, X. Zhang, and et al. Enhancing virus-specific immunity in vivo by combining therapeutic vaccination and PD-L1 blockade in chronic hepadnaviral infection PLoS Pathog 10 2014 e1003856
132. L. Castera Noninvasive methods to assess liver disease in patients with hepatitis B or C Gastroenterology 142 2012 e1294
133. P.A. Knolle, and R. Thimme Hepatic immune regulation and its involvement in viral hepatitis infection Gastroenterology 146 2014 1193 1207
134. M. Nassal Hepatitis B viruses: reverse transcription a different way Virus Res 134 2008 235 249
135. H.L. Chan Peginterferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B: one size fits all? Gut 62 2013 185 187