The variable nature of convection in the tropics and subtropics: A legacy of 16 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 994-1021

  Houze, Robert A ^a   Rasmussen, Kristen L ^b   Zuluaga, Manuel D ^c   Brodzik, Stella R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA   (Colombia)

Author keywords

convection; global convection; stratiform precipitation; TRMM; tropical convection; variability of convection

Indexed keywords

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS; HEAT CONVECTION; MELTING; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); RADAR; RADAR MEASUREMENT; RAIN; RAIN GAGES; SPACE-BASED RADAR;

INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; PRECIPITATING CLOUDS; PRECIPITATION RADAR; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION; THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; TRMM; TROPICAL CONVECTION; TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION SATELLITES;

TROPICS;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RADAR; SATELLITE DATA; TRMM; TROPICAL REGION;

EID: 84945444866     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015RG000488     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Adler, R. F., G. J. Huffman, D. T. Bolvin, S. Curtis, and, E. J. Nelkin, (2000), Tropical rainfall distribution determined using TRMM combined with other satellite and rain gauge information, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2007-2023.
2. Arakawa, A., and, W. H. Schubert, (1974), Interaction of a cumulus ensemble with the large-scale environment: Part I, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
3. Awaka J., T. Iguchi, H. Kumagai, and, K. Okamoto, (1997), Rain type classification algorithm for TRMM Precipitation Radar, in Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1997: IGARSS '97, Remote Sensing-A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, vol. 4, pp. 1633-1635, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.608993.
4. Barnes, H. C., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2013), The precipitating cloud population of the Madden-Julian Oscillation over the Indian and West Pacific Oceans, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 6996-7023, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50375.
5. Barnes, H. C., M. D. Zuluaga, and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2015), Latent heating characteristics of the MJO computed from TRMM observations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 1322-1334, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022530.
6. Barros, A. P., G. Kim, E. Williams, and, S. W. Nesbitt, (2004), Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 29-51.
7. Biasutti, M., S. E. Yuter, C. D. Burleyson, and, A. H. Sobel, (2012), Very high resolution rainfall patterns measured by TRMM Precipitation Radar: Seasonal and diurnal cycles, Clim. Dyn., 39, 239-258.
8. Boccippio, D. J., W. A. Petersen, and, D. J. Cecil, (2005), The tropical convective spectrum. Part I: Archetypal vertical structures, J. Clim., 18, 2744-2769.
9. Bosart, L. F., and, F. Sanders, (1981), The Johnstown flood of July 1977: A long-lived convective system, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1616-1642.
10. Burpee, R. W., and, L. N. Lahiff, (1984), Area-average rainfall variations on sea-breeze days in south Florida, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 520-534.
11. Chen, G. T.-J., (1994), Large-scale circulations associated with the East Asian summer monsoon and the Mei-Yu over South China and Taiwan, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 72, 959-983.
12. Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., and, B. E. Mapes, (1996), Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380-1409.
13. Cifelli, R., W. A. Petersen, L. D. Carey, S. A. Rutledge, and, M. A. F. da Silva Dias, (2002), Radar observations of the kinematic, microphysical, and precipitation characteristics of two MCSs in TRMM LBA, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D20), 8077, doi: 10.1029/2000JD000264.
14. Corbet, J., C. Mueller, C. Burghart, K. Gould, and, G. Granger, (1994), Zeb: Software for geophysical data integration, display, and management of diverse environmental datasets, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 783-792.
15. DeMott, C. A., and, S. A. Rutledge, (1998), The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection. Part II: Modulating influences and implications for diabatic heating, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2748-2762.
16. Douglas, M. W., (1992a), Structure and dynamics of two monsoon depressions. Part I: Observed structure, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 1524-1547.
17. Douglas, M. W., (1992b), Structure and dynamics of two monsoon depressions. Part II: Vorticity and heat budgets, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 1548-1564.
18. Emanuel, K., A. A. Wing, and, E. M. Vincent, (2014), Radiative-convective instability, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 75-90, doi: 10.1002/2013MS000270.
19. Fritsch, J. M., J. D. Murphy, and, J. S. Kain, (1994), Warm core vortex amplification over land, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1781-1806.
20. Funk, A., C. Schumacher, and, J. Awaka, (2013), Analysis of rain classifications over the tropics by Version 7 of the TRMM PR 2A23 algorithm, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 91, 257-272, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2013-302.
21. Godbole, R. V., (1977), The composite structure of the monsoon depression, Tellus, 29, 25-40.
22. Hager, W. W., R. G. Sonnenfeld, W. Feng, T. Kanmae, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, M. G. McHarg, R. K. Haaland, S. A. Cummer, G. Lu, and, J. L. Lapierre, (2012), Charge rearrangement by sprites over a north Texas mesoscale convective system, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D22101, doi: 10.1029/2012JD018309.
23. Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1984), Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121.
24. Hence, D. A., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2011), Vertical structure of hurricane eyewalls as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1637-1652.
25. Hence, D. A., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2012a), Vertical structure of tropical cyclones with concentric eyewalls as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1021-1036.
26. Hence, D. A., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2012b), Vertical structure of tropical cyclone rainbands as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2644-2661.
27. Higgins, W., et al., (2006), The NAME 2004 field campaign and modeling strategy, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 79-94, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-87-1-79.
28. Hou, A. Y., R. K. Kakar, S. Neeck, A. A. Azarbarzin, C. D. Kummerow, M. Kojima, R. Oki, K. Nakamura, and, T. Iguchi, (2014), The global precipitation measurement mission, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 701-722, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00164.1.
29. Houze, R. A., Jr., (1982), Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 396-410.
30. Houze, R. A., Jr., (1989), Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 425-461.
31. Houze, R. A., Jr., (1997), Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox?, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2179-2196.
32. Houze, R. A., Jr., (2004), Mesoscale convective systems, Rev. Geophys., 42, RG4003, doi: 10.1029/2004RG000150.
33. Houze, R. A., Jr., (2014), Cloud Dynamics, 2nd ed., 432 pp., Elsevier/Academic Press, Oxford.
34. Houze, R. A., Jr., and, D. D. Churchill, (1987), Mesoscale organization and cloud microphysics in a Bay of Bengal depression, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1845-1868.
35. Houze, R. A., Jr., B. F. Smull, and, P. Dodge, (1990), Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 613-654.
36. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. S. Chen, D. E. Kingsmill, Y. Serra, and, S. E. Yuter, (2000), Convection over the Pacific warm pool in relation to the atmospheric Kelvin-Rossby wave, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3058-3089.
37. Houze, R. A., Jr., D. C. Wilton, and, B. F. Smull, (2007), Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1389-1411.
38. Houze, R. A., Jr., W.-C. Lee, and, M. M. Bell, (2009), Convective contribution to the genesis of Hurricane Ophelia, 2005, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 2778-2800.
39. Hoxit, L. R., C. F. Chappell, and, J. M. Fritsch, (1976), Formation of mesolows or pressure troughs in advance of cumulonimbus clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 104, 1419-1428.
40. Huffman, G. J., R. F. Adler, D. T. Bolvin, G. Gu, E. J. Nelkin, K. P. Bowman, E. F. Stocker, and, D. B. Wolff, (2007), The TRMM Multi-satellite precipitation analysis: Quasi-global, multi-year, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scale, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 33-55.
41. James, C. N., S. R. Brodzik, H. Edmon, R. A. Houze Jr., and, S. E. Yuter, (2000), Radar data processing and visualization over complex terrain, Weather Forecasting, 15, 327-338.
42. Johnson, R. H., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1987), Precipitating cloud systems of the Asian monsoon, in Monsoon Meteorology, edited by, C.-P. Chang, and, T. N. Krishnamurti, pp. 298-353, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
43. Kingsmill, D. E., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1999), Kinematic characteristics of air flowing into and out of precipitating convection over the west Pacific warm pool: An airborne Doppler radar survey, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1165-1207.
44. Krishnamurti, T. N., (1985), Summer monsoon experiment-A review, Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 1590-1626.
45. Krishnamurti, T. N., M. Kanamitsu, R. Godbole, C.-B. Chang, F. Carr, and, J. H. Chow, (1975), Study of a monsoon depression (I): Synoptic structure, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 53, 227-239.
46. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and, J. Simpson, (1998), The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809-817.
47. Kummerow, C., et al., (2000), The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1965-1982.
48. LeMone, M. A., and, E. J. Zipser, (1980), Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity, and mass flux, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2444-2457.
49. Liu, C., (2011), Rainfall contribution from precipitation systems with different sizes, intensities and durations, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 394-412.
50. Liu, C., and, E. J. Zipser, (2005), Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23104, doi: 10.1029/2005JD00006063.
51. Liu, C., and, E. J. Zipser, (2008), Diurnal cycles of precipitation, clouds, and lightning in the tropics from 9 years of TRMM observations, Geophys. Res. Letters, 35, L04819, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032437.
52. Liu, C., and, E. J. Zipser, (2009), «Warm rain» in the tropics: Seasonal and regional distribution based on 9 years of TRMM data, J. Clim., 22, 767-779, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2641.1.
53. Liu, C., E. J. Zipser, D. J. Cecil, S. W. Nesbitt, and, S. Sherwood, (2008), A cloud and precipitation feature database from 9 years of TRMM observations, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 2712-2728, doi: 10.1175/2008JAMC1890.1.
54. Liu, C., E. Williams, E. J. Zipser, and, G. Burns, (2010), Diurnal variations of global thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds and their contribution to the global electrical circuit, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 309-323.
55. Liu, C., D. Cecil, and, E. J. Zipser, (2012), Relationships between lightning flash rates and radar reflectivity vertical structures in thunderstorms over the tropics and subtropics, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06212, doi: 10.1029/2011JD017123.
56. Liu, C., S. Shige, Y. N. Takayabu, and, E. Zipser, (2015), Latent heating contribution from precipitation systems with different sizes, depths, and intensities in the tropics, J. Clim., 28, 186-203.
57. Mapes, B. E., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1993), Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 1398-1415.
58. Medina, S., R. A. Houze Jr., A. Kumar, and, D. Niyogi, (2010), Summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region: Terrain and land cover effects, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 593-616.
59. Moncrieff, M. W., (1992), Organized convective systems: Archetypical dynamical models, mass and momentum flux theory, and parameterization, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 819-850.
60. Nakazawa, T., (1988), Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 66, 823-839.
61. Nesbitt, S., and, A. Anders, (2009), Very high resolution climatologies from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15815, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038026.
62. Nesbitt, S. W., E. J. Zipser, and, D. J. Cecil, (2000), A census of precipitation features in the tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering, and ice observations, J. Clim., 13, 4087-4106.
63. Ninomiya, K., and, T. Akiyama, (1992), Multi-scale features of Baiu, the summer monsoon over Japan and the East Asia, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 70, 467-495.
64. Ninomiya, K., and, H. Mizuno, (1987), Variations of Baiu precipitation over Japan in 1951-1980 and large-scale characteristics of wet and dry Baiu, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 65, 115-127.
65. Pandya, R., and, D. Durran, (1996), The influence of convectively generated thermal forcing on the mesoscale circulation around squall lines, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2924-2951.
66. Ramage, C. S., (1968), Role of a tropical "maritime continent" in the atmospheric circulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 96, 365-370.
67. Ramage, C. S., (1971), Monsoon Meteorology, 271 pp., Academic Press, New York.
68. Rao, Y. P., (1976), Southwest Monsoon, Meteorol. Monograph. Synoptic Meteorol. No. 1/1976, 367 pp., Indian Department of Meteorology, New Delhi.
69. Rasmussen, K. L., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2011), Orogenic convection in South America as seen by the TRMM satellite, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 2399-2420.
70. Rasmussen, K. L., M. D. Zuluaga, and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2014), Severe convection and lightning in subtropical South America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7359-7366, doi: 10.1002/2014GL061767.
71. Rickenbach, T. M., and, S. A. Rutledge, (1998), Convection in TOGA COARE: Horizontal scale, morphology, and rainfall production, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2715-2729.
72. Romatschke, U., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2010), Extreme summer convection in South America, J. Clim., 23, 3761-3791.
73. Romatschke, U., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2013), Characteristics of precipitating convective systems accounting for the summer rainfall of tropical and subtropical South America, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 25-46.
74. Romatschke, U., S. Medina, and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2010), Regional, seasonal, and diurnal variations of extreme convection in the South Asian region, J. Clim., 23, 419-439.
75. Rowe, A. K., S. A. Rutledge, T. J. Lang, P. E. Ciesielski, and, S. M. Saleeby, (2008), Elevation-dependent trends in precipitation observed during NAME, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 4962-4979.
76. Rowe, A. K., S. A. Rutledge, and, T. J. Lang, (2011), Investigation of microphysical processes occurring in isolated convection during NAME, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 2168-2187.
77. Rowe, A. K., S. A. Rutledge, and, T. J. Lang, (2012), Investigation of microphysical processes occurring in organized convection during NAME, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 424-443.
78. Sanders, F., (1984), Quasi-geostrophic diagnosis of the monsoon depression of 5-8 July, 1979, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 538-552.
79. Sawyer, J. S., (1947), The structure of the intertropical front over N.W. India during the S.W. monsoon, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 346-369.
80. Schumacher, C., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2003a), Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Clim., 16, 1739-1756.
81. Schumacher, C., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2003b), The TRMM Precipitation Radar's view of shallow, isolated rain, J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 1519-1524.
82. Schumacher, C., R. A. Houze Jr., and, I. Kraucunas, (2004), The tropical dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM Precipitation Radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1341-1358.
83. Shige, S., Y. N. Takayabu, W.-K. Tao, and, D. E. Johnson, (2004), Spectral retrieval of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part I: Development of a model-based algorithm, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 1095-1113.
84. Shige, S., Y. N. Takayabu, W.-K. Tao, and, C. L. Shie, (2007), Spectral retrieval of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part II: Algorithm improvement and heating estimates over tropical ocean regions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 46, 1098-1124.
85. Shige, S., Y. N. Takayabu, and, W.-K. Tao, (2008), Spectral retrieved of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part III: Moistening estimates over the tropical ocean regions, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 620-640.
86. Shige, S., Y. N. Takayabu, S. Kida, W.-K. Tao, X. Zeng, and, T. L'Ecuyer, (2009), Spectral retrieved of latent heating profiles from TRMM PR data. Part IV: Comparisons of lookup tables from two- and three-dimensional simulations, J. Clim., 22, 5577-5594.
87. Short, D. A., and, K. Nakamura, (2010), Effect of TRMM orbital boost on radar reflectivity distributions, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 27, 1247-1254.
88. Shukla, J., (1978), CISK-barotropic-baroclinic instability and the growth of monsoon depressions, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 495-508.
89. Sikka, D. R., (1977), Some aspects of the life history, structure and movement of monsoon depressions, Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 1501-1529.
90. Simpson, J., R. F. Adler, and, G. R. North, (1988), A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 278-295.
91. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, and, R. Adler, (1993), Retrieval algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of latent heat release: Their applications for TRMM, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 71, 685-700.
92. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, W. S. Olson, D. Johnson, B. Ferrier, C. Kummerow, and, R. Adler, (2000), Retrieving vertical profiles of latent heat release in TOGA COARE convective systems using a cloud resolving model, SSM/I and radar data, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 78, 333-355.
93. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, W. S. Olson, R. Meneghini, S. Yang, J. Simpson, C. Kummerow, E. Smith, and, J. Halverson, (2001), Retrieved vertical profiles of latent heat release using TRMM rainfall products for February 1998, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 957-982.
94. Tao, W.-K., et al., (2006), Retrieval of latent heating from TRMM measurements, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 1555-1572.
95. Tao, W.-K., R. A. Houze Jr., and, E. A. Smith, (2007), The fourth TRMM latent heating workshop, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 1255-1259.
96. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, X. Zeng, S. Shige, and, Y. Takayabu, (2010), Relating convective and stratiform rain to latent heating, J. Clim., 23, 1874-1893.
97. Tao, W.-K., et al., (2015), TRMM latent heating retrieval: Applications and comparisons with field campaigns and large-scale analyses, Meteorol. Monogr., in press.
98. Toracinta, E. R., D. J. Cecil, E. J. Zipser, and, S. W. Nesbitt, (2002), Radar, passive microwave, and lightning characteristics of precipitating systems in the tropics, Mon. Weather Rev., 130 (4), 802-824.
99. Viale, M., R. A. Houze Jr., and, K. L. Rasmussen, (2013), Upstream orographic enhancement of a narrow cold-frontal rainband approaching the Andes, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 1708-1730.
100. Wing, A. A., and, K. A. Emanuel, (2013), Physical mechanisms controlling self-aggregation of convection in idealized numerical modeling simulations, J. Adv. Model. Earth. Syst., 5, doi: 10.1002/2013MS000269.
101. Xu, K.-M., and, K. A. Emanuel, (1989), Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable?, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1471-1479.
102. Yuter, S. E., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1995a), Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part I: Spatial distribution of updrafts, downdrafts, and precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1921-1940.
103. Yuter, S. E., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1995b), Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency distribution of vertical velocity, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1941-1963.
104. Yuter, S. E., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (1995c), Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part III: Vertical mass transport, mass divergence, and synthesis, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1964-1983.
105. Zhang, C., M. McGauley, and, N. A. Bond, (2004), Shallow meridional circulation in the tropical eastern Pacific, J. Clim., 17, 133-139.
106. Zipser, E. J., and, C. Gautier, (1978), Mesoscale events within a GATE tropical depression, Mon. Weather Rev., 106, 789-805.
107. Zipser, E. J., and, M. A. LeMone, (1980), Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part II: Synthesis and model core structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2458-2469.
108. Zipser, E. J., D. J. Cecil, C. Liu, S. W. Nesbitt, and, D. P. Yorty, (2006), Where are the most intense thunderstorms on Earth?, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 1057-1071.
109. Zuluaga, M. D., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2013), Evolution of the population of precipitating convective systems over the Equatorial Indian Ocean in active phases of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2713-2725.
110. Zuluaga, M. D., and, R. A. Houze Jr., (2015), Extreme convection of the near-equatorial Americas, Africa, and adjoining oceans as seen by TRMM, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 298-316.
111. Zuluaga, M. D., C. D. Hoyos, and, P. J. Webster, (2010), Spatial and temporal distribution of latent heating in the South Asian monsoon region, J. Clim., 23, 2010-2029.