Regional, seasonal, and diurnal variations of extreme convection in the South Asian region

Journal of Climate

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 419-439

  Romatschke, Ulrike ^a,b   Medina, Socorro ^a   Houze, Robert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; DIURNAL CYCLE; DIURNAL PATTERN; DIURNAL VARIATION; DOWNSLOPE FLOW; DRY AIR; EAST COAST; HIMALAYAS; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MOIST FLOW; NCEP REANALYSIS; NEAR-SURFACE; PRE-MONSOON; PRECIPITATION RADAR; RADAR ECHOES; SOUTH ASIA; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION; TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSIONS;

FORESTRY; LANDFORMS; OCEANOGRAPHY; RADAR; RADAR MEASUREMENT; RAIN GAGES; STORMS;

RAIN;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; DIURNAL VARIATION; MOISTURE FLUX; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPATIAL VARIATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 77949336052     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI3140.1     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anders, A. M., G. H. Roe, B. Hallet, D. R. Montgomery, N. Finnegan, and J. Putkonen, 2006: Spatial patterns of precipitation and topography in the Himalaya. Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution: Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, S. D. Willett et al., Eds., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 39-53.
2. Ashley, W. S., T. L. Mote, P. G. Dixon, S. L. Trotter, E. J. Powell, J. D. Durkee, and A. J. Grundstein, 2003: Distribution of mesoscale convective complex rainfall in the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 3003-3017.
3. Awaka, J., T. Iguchi, H. Kumagai, and K. Okamoto, 1997: Rain type classification algorithm for TRMM precipitation radar. Proc. 1997 Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Singapore, IEEE, 1633-1635.
4. Barros, A. P., and T. J. Lang, 2003: Monitoring the monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in central Nepal, June 2001. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1408-1427.
5. Barros, A. P., M. Joshi, J. Putkonen, and D. W. Burbank, 2000: A study of the 1999 monsoon rainfall in a mountainous region in central Nepal using TRMM products and rain gauge observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3683-3686.
6. Barros, A. P., G. Kim, E. Williams, and S. W. Nesbitt, 2004: Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 29-51.
7. Bhatt, B. C., and K. Nakamura, 2005: Characteristics of monsoon rainfall around the Himalayas revealed by TRMM Precipitation Radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 149-165.
8. Bhatt, B. C., and K. Nakamura, 2006: A climatological-dynamical analysis associated with precipitation around the southern part of the Himalayas. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02115, doi:10.1029/2005JD006197.
9. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Observations and Theory of Weather Systems. Vol. II, Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes, Oxford University Press, 282 pp.
10. Carlson, T., S. Benjamin, G. Forbes, and Y. F. Li, 1983: Elevated mixed layers in the regional severe storm environment: Conceptual model and case studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1453- 1474.
11. Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., and B. E. Mapes, 1994: Satellite-observed cloud clusters during TOGA COARE. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Monterey, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 22-25.
12. Egger, J., S. Bajrachaya, U. Egger, R. Heinrich, J. Reuder, P. Shayka, H. Wendt, and V. Wirth, 2000: Diurnal winds in the Himalayan Kali Gandaki Valley. Part I: Observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1106-1122.
13. Fritsch, J. M., R. J. Kane, and C. R. Chelius, 1986: The contribution of mesoscale convective weather systems to the warm-season precipitation in the United States. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1333-1345.
14. Gambheer, A. V., and G. S. Bhat, 2001: Diurnal variation of deep cloud systems over the Indian region using INSAT-1B pixel data. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 78, 215-225.
15. Hirose, M., and K. Nakamura, 2002: Spatial and seasonal variation of rain profiles over Asia observed by spaceborne precipitation radar. J. Climate, 15, 3443-3458.
16. Hirose, M., and K. Nakamura, 2005: Spatial and diurnal variation of precipitation systems over Asia observed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D05106, doi:10.1029/2004JD004815.
17. Hirose, M., R. Oki, S. Shimizu, M. Kachi, and T. Higashiuwatoko, 2008: Finescale diurnal rainfall statistics refined from eight years of TRMM PR data. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 544-561.
18. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1982: Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 396-410.
19. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 337 pp.
20. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1997: Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2179-2196.
21. Houze, R. A., Jr., 2004: Mesoscale convective systems. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG4003, doi:10.1029/2004RG000150.
22. Houze, R. A., Jr., and C. P. Cheng, 1977: Radar characteristics of tropical convection observed during GATE: Mean properties and trends over the summer season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 964-980.
23. Houze, R. A., Jr., and D. D. Churchill, 1987: Mesoscale organization and cloud microphysics in a Bay of Bengal depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1845-1868.
24. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. G. Geotis, F. D. Marks Jr., and A. K. West, 1981: Winter monsoon convection in the vicinity of north Borneo. Part I: Structure and time variation of the clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1595-1614.
25. Houze, R. A., Jr., D. C. Wilton, and B. F. Smull, 2007: Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1389-1411.
26. Hoyos, C. D., and P. J. Webster, 2007: The role of intraseasonal variability in the nature of Asian monsoon precipitation. J. Climate, 20, 4402-4424.
27. Iguchi, T., T. Kozu, R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, and K. Okamoto, 2000a: Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2038-2052.
28. Iguchi, T., R. Meneghini, J. Awaka, T. Kozu, and K. Okamoto, 2000b: Rain profiling algorithm for TRMM Precipitation Radar data. Adv. Space Res., 25, 973-976.
29. Johnson, R. H., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1987: Precipitating cloud systems of the Asian monsoon. Monsoon Meteorology, C.-P. Chang and T. N. Krishnamurti, Eds., Oxford University Press, 298-353.
30. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
31. Kikuchi, K., and B. Wang, 2008: Diurnal precipitation regimes in the global tropics. J. Climate, 21, 2680-2696.
32. Kodama, Y.-M., A. Ohta, M. Katsumata, S. Mori, S. Satoh, and H. Ueda, 2005: Seasonal transitions of predominant precipitation type and lightning activity over tropical monsoon areas derived from TRMM observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14710, doi:10.1029/2005GL022986.
33. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809-817.
34. Kummerow, C., and Coauthors, 2000: The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1965-1982.
35. Kurosaki, Y., and F. Kimura, 2002: Relationship between topography and daytime cloud activity around Tibetan Plateau. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 1339-1355.
36. Liu, C., and E. J. Zipser, 2008: Diurnal cycles of precipitation, clouds, and lightning in the tropics from 9 years of TRMM observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04819, doi:10.1029/2007GL032437.
37. Mapes, B. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1993: Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1398-1415.
38. Meneghini, R., J. A. Jones, T. Iguchi, K. Okamoto, and J. Kwiatkowski, 2001: Statistical methods of estimating average rainfall over large space-timescales using data from the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 568-585.
39. Negri, A. J., T. L. Bell, and L. Xu, 2002: Sampling of the diurnal cycle of precipitation using TRMM. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1333-1344.
40. Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16, 1456-1475.
41. Rafiuddin, M., H. Uyeda, and M. N. Islam, 2009: Characteristics of monsoon precipitation systems in and around Bangladesh. Int. J. Climatol., doi:10.1002/joc.1949, in press.
42. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
43. Roy Bhowmik, S. K., S. Sen Roy, and P. K. Kundu, 2008: Analysis of large-scale conditions associated with convection over the Indian monsoon region. Int. J. Climatol., 28, 797-821.
44. Sawyer, J. S., 1947: The structure of the intertropical front over N.W. India during the S.W. monsoon. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 73, 346-369.
45. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2003: Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Climate, 16, 1739-1756.
46. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2006: Stratiform precipitation production over sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical east Atlantic as observed by TRMM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2235-2255.
47. Webster, P. J., 2006: The coupled monsoon system. The Asian Monsoon, B. Wang, Ed., Praxis, 1-66.
48. Webster, P. J., V. O. Magaña, T. N. Palmer, J. Shukla, R. A. Tomas, M. Yanai, and T. Yasunari, 1998: Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C7), 14 451-14 510.
49. Webster, P. J., and Coauthors, 2002: The JASMINE pilot study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1603-1630.
50. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1984: The structure and classification of numerically simulated convective storms in directionally varying wind shears. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2479-2498.
51. Weston, K. J., 1972: The dry-line of northern India and its role in cumulonimbus convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 519-532.
52. Williams, M., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1987: Satellite-observed characteristics of winter monsoon cloud clusters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 505-519.
53. Xie, S. P., H. Xu, N. H. Saji, Y. Wang, and W. T. Liu, 2006: Role of narrow mountains in large-scale organization of Asian monsoon convection. J. Climate, 19, 3420-3429.
54. Yamane, Y., and T. Hayashi, 2006: Evaluation of environmental conditions for the formation of severe local storms across the Indian subcontinent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17806, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL026823.
55. Zipser, E. J., D. J. Cecil, C. Liu, S. W. Nesbitt, and D. P. Yorty, 2006: Where are the most intense thunderstorms on earth? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1057-1071.
56. Zuidema, P., 2003: Convective clouds over the Bay of Bengal. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 780-798.