메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 20, 2002, Pages LBA-44-1-LBA-44-16

Radar observations of the kinematic, microphysical, and precipitation characteristics of two MCSs in TRMM LBA

Author keywords

3314 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Convective processes; 3329 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Mesoscale meteorology; 3354 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Precipitation (1854)

Indexed keywords

DATA REDUCTION; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; METEOROLOGY; POLARIMETERS; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); RAIN;

EID: 36448985346     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000264     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (159)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 0034258241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radar and electrical characteristics of convection observed during
    • Ahijevych, D. A., S. A. Rutledge, and L. D. Carey, Radar and electrical characteristics of convection observed during MCTEX, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 49, 165-180, 2000.
    • (2000) MCTEX, Aust. Meteorol. Mag. , vol.49 , pp. 165-180
    • Ahijevych, D.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2    Carey, L.D.3
  • 2
    • 0032692976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between lightning activity and various thundercloud parameters: Satellite and modelling studies
    • Baker, M. B., A. M. Blyth, H. J. Christian, J. Latham, K. L. Miller, and A. M. Gadian, Relationships between lightning activity and various thundercloud parameters: Satellite and modelling studies, Atmos. Res., 51, 221-236, 1999.
    • (1999) Atmos. Res. , vol.51 , pp. 221-236
    • Baker, M.B.1    Blyth, A.M.2    Christian, H.J.3    Latham, J.4    Miller, K.L.5    Gadian, A.M.6
  • 3
    • 0025620020 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of rain and hail rates in mixed-phase precipitation
    • Balakrishnan, N., and D. S. Zrnic', Estimates of rain and hail rates in mixed-phase precipitation, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 565-583, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 565-583
    • Balakrishnan, N.1    Zrnic, D.S.2
  • 6
    • 0001521316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of a Florida thunderstorm during the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment: The Case of 9 August 1991
    • Bringi, V; N., K. Knupp, A. Detwiler, L. Liu, I. J. Caylor, and R. A. Black, Evolution of a Florida thunderstorm during the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment: The Case of 9 August 1991, Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2131-2160, 1997.
    • (1997) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 2131-2160
    • Bringi, V.N.1    Knupp, K.2    Detwiler, A.3    Liu, L.4    Caylor, I.J.5    Black, R.A.6
  • 7
    • 0033754164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between precipitation and lightning in tropical island convection: A C-band polarimetric radar study
    • Carey, L. D., and S. A. Rutledge, The relationship between precipitation and lightning in tropical island convection: A C-band polarimetric radar study, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2687-2710, 2000.
    • (2000) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 2687-2710
    • Carey, L.D.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 8
    • 0033730226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correcting propagation effects in C-band polarimetric radar observations of tropical convection using differential propagation phase
    • Carey, L. D., S. A. Rutledge, D. A. Ahijevych, and T. D. Keenan, Correcting propagation effects in C-band polarimetric radar observations of tropical convection using differential propagation phase, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1405-1433, 2000a.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.39 , pp. 1405-1433
    • Carey, L.D.1    Rutledge, S.A.2    Ahijevych, D.A.3    Keenan, T.D.4
  • 9
    • 9444220490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report on TRMM-LBA rainfall estimation using the S-POL radar
    • Dep. of Atmos. Sci. Colo. State Univ.
    • Carey, L. D., R. Cifelli, W. A. Petersen, and S. A. Rutledge, Preliminary report on TRMM-LBA rainfall estimation using the S-POL radar, Tech. Rep. 697,19 pp., Dep. of Atmos. Sci. Colo. State Univ., 2000b.
    • (2000) Tech. Rep. , vol.697
    • Carey, L.D.1    Cifelli, R.2    Petersen, W.A.3    Rutledge, S.A.4
  • 10
    • 0027867841 scopus 로고
    • Optimization of multi-parameter radar estimates of rainfall
    • Chandrasekar, V., E. Gorgucci, and G. Scarchilli, Optimization of multi-parameter radar estimates of rainfall, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 1288-1293, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.32 , pp. 1288-1293
    • Chandrasekar, V.1    Gorgucci, E.2    Scarchilli, G.3
  • 11
    • 0018663798 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns
    • Cheng, C.-P., and R. A. Houze Jr., The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 1370-1381, 1979.
    • (1979) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 1370-1381
    • Cheng, C.-P.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 12
    • 0000236427 scopus 로고
    • Vertical motion structure in Maritime Continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50-MHz profiler
    • Cifelli, R., and S. A. Rutledge, Vertical motion structure in Maritime Continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50-MHz profiler, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2631-2652, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 2631-2652
    • Cifelli, R.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 13
    • 0031707797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in N. Australia convective systems
    • Cifelli, R., and S. A. Rutledge, Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in N. Australia convective systems, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1133-1162, 1998.
    • (1998) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 1133-1162
    • Cifelli, R.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 14
    • 0022264251 scopus 로고
    • Linear response of a stratified tropical atmosphere to convective forcing
    • DeMaria, M.; Linear response of a stratified tropical atmosphere to convective forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 113-121, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 113-121
    • DeMaria, M.1
  • 15
    • 0032454225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection, part I, Radar echo distributions
    • DeMott, C. A., and S. A. Rutledge, The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection, part I, Radar echo distributions, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2730-2747, 1998a.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2730-2747
    • DeMott, C.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 16
    • 0032469267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection, part II, Modulating influences and implications for diabatic heating
    • Demott, C. A., and S. A. Rutledge, The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection, part II, Modulating influences and implications for diabatic heating, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2748-2762,1998b.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2748-2762
    • Demott, C.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 18
    • 0029542806 scopus 로고
    • A double-moment multiplephase four-class bulk ice scheme, part II, Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations
    • Ferrier, B. S., W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson, A double-moment multiplephase four-class bulk ice scheme, part II, Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations, J Atmos. Sci., 52, 11301-1033, 1995.
    • (1995) J Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 11301-21033
    • Ferrier, B.S.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3
  • 19
    • 0026286289 scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and radiative characteristics of convective clouds during COHMEX
    • Fulton, R., and G. M. Heymsfield, Microphysical and radiative characteristics of convective clouds during COHMEX, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 98-116, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.30 , pp. 98-116
    • Fulton, R.1    Heymsfield, G.M.2
  • 20
    • 0032571189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of tropical heat sources on the South American tropospheric upper circulation and subsidence
    • Gandu, A. W., and P. L. Silva Dias, Impact of tropical heat sources on the South American tropospheric upper circulation and subsidence, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6001-6015, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 6001-6015
    • Gandu, A.W.1    Silva Dias, P.L.2
  • 21
    • 0025626266 scopus 로고
    • The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2B): A meteorological perspective
    • Garstang, M., et al., The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2B): A meteorological perspective, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 19-32, 1990.
    • (1990) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.71 , pp. 19-32
    • Garstang, M.1
  • 24
    • 0024233879 scopus 로고
    • Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm
    • Goodman, S. J., D. E. Buechler, P. D. Wright, and W. D. Rust, Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm, Geophys. Res.'Lett., 15, 1185-1188, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res.'Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 1185-1188
    • Goodman, S.J.1    Buechler, D.E.2    Wright, P.D.3    Rust, W.D.4
  • 28
    • 0021174331 scopus 로고
    • Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate
    • Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and R. A. Houze Jr., Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 113-121
    • Hartmann, D.L.1    Hendon, H.H.2    Houze Jr., R.A.3
  • 29
    • 0025621679 scopus 로고
    • The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment: Wet season 1987
    • Harriss, R. C., et al., The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment: Wet season 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16,721-16,736, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95
    • Harriss, R.C.1
  • 30
    • 0027087512 scopus 로고
    • Observing precipitation through dual-polarization radar measurements
    • Herzegh, P. H., and A. R. Jameson, Observing precipitation through dual-polarization radar measurements, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1365-1374,1992.
    • (1992) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.73 , pp. 1365-1374
    • Herzegh, P.H.1    Jameson, A.R.2
  • 31
    • 33845371931 scopus 로고
    • Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics
    • Houze, R. A., Jr., Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 396-409, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.60 , pp. 396-409
    • Houze Jr., R.A.1
  • 32
    • 0024849936 scopus 로고
    • Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating
    • Houze, R. A., Jr., Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 425-461, 1989.
    • (1989) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 425-461
    • Houze Jr., R.A.1
  • 33
    • 0000567902 scopus 로고
    • An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequericy radar measurements
    • Hubbert, J.; and V. N. Bringi, An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequericy radar measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 643-648, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.12 , pp. 643-648
    • Hubbert, J.1    Bringi, V.N.2
  • 34
    • 0029749623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-parameter radar observations of isolated Florida thunderstorms during the onset of electrification
    • Jameson, A. R., M. J. Murphy, and E. P. Krider, Multiple-parameter radar observations of isolated Florida thunderstorms during the onset of electrification, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 343-354, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.35 , pp. 343-354
    • Jameson, A.R.1    Murphy, M.J.2    Krider, E.P.3
  • 35
    • 0020969823 scopus 로고
    • Heat and moisture budgets of tropical mesoscale anvil clouds
    • Johnson, R. H., and G. S. Young, Heat and moisture budgets of tropical mesoscale anvil clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2138-2147, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 2138-2147
    • Johnson, R.H.1    Young, G.S.2
  • 36
    • 0024812761 scopus 로고
    • Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection
    • Jorgensen, D. P., and M. A. LeMone, Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 621-640, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 621-640
    • Jorgensen, D.P.1    LeMone, M.A.2
  • 37
    • 0026613199 scopus 로고
    • A prelirninary morphology of precipitation systems in tropical northern Australia
    • Keenan, T. D., and R. E. Carbone. A prelirninary morphology of precipitation systems in tropical northern Australia, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 283-326, 1992.
    • (1992) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.118 , pp. 283-326
    • Keenan, T.D.1    Carbone, R.E.2
  • 38
    • 0019206604 scopus 로고
    • Diurnal rainfall variation in northeast Brazil
    • Kousky, V. E., Diurnal rainfall variation in northeast Brazil, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 488-498, 1980.
    • (1980) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.108 , pp. 488-498
    • Kousky, V.E.1
  • 39
    • 0028254927 scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space, part I, Algorithm description
    • Kummerow, C., and L. Giglio, A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space, part I, Algorithm description, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 3-18, 1994a.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 3-18
    • Kummerow, C.1    Giglio, L.2
  • 40
    • 0028313821 scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space, part II, Applications to SSM/I data
    • Kummerow, C., and L. Giglio, A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space, part II, Applications to SSM/I data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 19-34, 1994b.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 19-34
    • Kummerow, C.1    Giglio, L.2
  • 41
    • 0030242045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simplified scheme for obtaining preciptiation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors
    • Kummerow, C., W. S. Olson, and L. Giglio, A simplified scheme for obtaining preciptiation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34,1213-1232, 1996.
    • (1996) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.34 , pp. 1213-1232
    • Kummerow, C.1    Olson, W.S.2    Giglio, L.3
  • 42
    • 0018704635 scopus 로고
    • The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster
    • Leary, C. A., and R. A. Houze Jr., The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 437-457, 1979.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 437-457
    • Leary, C.A.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 43
    • 0001349798 scopus 로고
    • Heat and moisture budgets and circulation characteristics of a frontal squall line
    • Lin, X., and R. H. Johnson, Heat and moisture budgets and circulation characteristics of a frontal squall line, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1661-1681, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 1661-1681
    • Lin, X.1    Johnson, R.H.2
  • 44
    • 0029412928 scopus 로고
    • Diabatic divergence profiles in western Pacific mesoscale convective systems
    • Mapes, B., and R. A. Houze Jr., Diabatic divergence profiles in western Pacific mesoscale convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1807-1828, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1807-1828
    • Mapes, B.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 45
    • 0020870492 scopus 로고
    • CEDRIC -A software package for cartesian space editing, synthesis, and display of radar fields under interactive control
    • Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
    • Mohr, C. G., and L. J. Miller, CEDRIC -A software package for cartesian space editing, synthesis, and display of radar fields under interactive control in Preprints of 21st Conference on Radar Meteorology, pp. 559-574, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1983.
    • (1983) Preprints of 21st Conference on Radar Meteorology , pp. 559-574
    • Mohr, C.G.1    Miller, L.J.2
  • 46
    • 0001560852 scopus 로고
    • The merger of mesoscale data sets into a common cartesian format for efficient and systematic analyses
    • Mohr, C. G., L. J. Miller, R. L. Vaughan, and H. W. Frank, The merger of mesoscale data sets into a common cartesian format for efficient and systematic analyses, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 143-161, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.3 , pp. 143-161
    • Mohr, C.G.1    Miller, L.J.2    Vaughan, R.L.3    Frank, H.W.4
  • 47
    • 0011775907 scopus 로고
    • On the dynamic climatology of the Amazon Basin and associated rain producing mechanisms
    • edited by R. E. Dickenson, John Wiley, New York
    • Molion, L. C. B., On the dynamic climatology of the Amazon Basin and associated rain producing mechanisms, in Geophysiology of Amazonia Vegetation and Climate Interactions, edited by R. E. Dickenson, pp. 391-407, John Wiley, New York, 1987.
    • (1987) Geophysiology of Amazonia Vegetation and Climate Interactions , pp. 391-407
    • Molion, L.C.B.1
  • 48
    • 0034351744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A census of precipitation features in the tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering and lightning observations
    • Nesbitt, S. W., E. J. Zipser, and D. J. Cecil, A census of precipitation features in the tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering and lightning observations, J. Clim., 13, 4087-4106, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 4087-4106
    • Nesbitt, S.W.1    Zipser, E.J.2    Cecil, D.J.3
  • 49
    • 0014767728 scopus 로고
    • Alternative solutions to the classical vertical velocity problem
    • O'Brien, J. J., Alternative solutions to the classical vertical velocity problem, J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 197-203, 1970.
    • (1970) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.9 , pp. 197-203
    • O'Brien, J.J.1
  • 50
    • 0032740477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric latent heating distributions in the Tropics derived from satellite passive microwave radiometer measurements
    • Olson, W. S., C. D. Kummerow, Y. Hong, and W. K. Tao, Atmospheric latent heating distributions in the Tropics derived from satellite passive microwave radiometer measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 633-664, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.38 , pp. 633-664
    • Olson, W.S.1    Kummerow, C.D.2    Hong, Y.3    Tao, W.K.4
  • 52
    • 0032572243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and convective rainfall
    • Petersen, W. A., and S. A. Rutledge, On the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and convective rainfall, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,025-14,040, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103
    • Petersen, W.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 53
    • 0035441116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variability in tropical convection: Observations from TRMM
    • Petersen, W. A., and S. A. Rutledge, Regional variability in tropical convection: Observations from TRMM, J. Clim., 14, 3566-3586, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 3566-3586
    • Petersen, W.A.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 56
    • 0032461131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convection in TOGA COARE: Horizontal scale, morphology, and rainfall production
    • Rickenbach, T. M., and S. A. Rutledge, Convection in TOGA COARE: Horizontal scale, morphology, and rainfall production, J Atmos. Sci., 55, 2715-2729, 1998.
    • (1998) J Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2715-2729
    • Rickenbach, T.M.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 57
    • 36448941891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of convection in the southwestern Amazon basin by extratropical stationary fronts
    • doi:10.1029/2000JD000263, in press
    • Rickenbach, T. M., R. N. Ferreira, J. Halverson, and M.A.F. Silva Dias, Modulation of convection in the southwestern Amazon basin by extratropical stationary fronts,J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2000JD000263, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Rickenbach, T.M.1    Ferreira, R.N.2    Halverson, J.3    Silva Dias, M.A.F.4
  • 58
    • 0019895180 scopus 로고
    • A review of multiparameter radar observations of precipitation
    • Rogers, R. R., A review of multiparameter radar observations of precipitation, Radio Sci., 19, 23-36, 1984.
    • (1984) Radio Sci. , vol.19 , pp. 23-36
    • Rogers, R.R.1
  • 59
    • 0026454849 scopus 로고
    • The Down under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results
    • Rutledge, S. A., E. R. Williams, and T. D. Keenan, The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 3-16, 1992.
    • (1992) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.73 , pp. 3-16
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Williams, E.R.2    Keenan, T.D.3
  • 60
    • 0002042469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early results from TRMM-LBA: Kinematic and microphysical characteristics of convection in distinct meteorological regimes
    • Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
    • Rutledge, S. A., W. A. Petersen, R. Cifelli, and L. D. Carey, Early results from TRMM-LBA: Kinematic and microphysical characteristics of convection in distinct meteorological regimes in Proceedings of 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, pp. 137-138, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 2000.
    • (2000) Proceedings of 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology , pp. 137-138
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Petersen, W.A.2    Cifelli, R.3    Carey, L.D.4
  • 61
    • 0001401121 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of dual-polarization radar estimators of rain
    • Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnic', Comparison of dual-polarization radar estimators of rain, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 249-256, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.12 , pp. 249-256
    • Ryzhkov, A.V.1    Zrnic, D.S.2
  • 62
    • 0033037377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric rainfall estimation in the presence of anomalous propagation
    • Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnic', Polarimetric rainfall estimation in the presence of anomalous propagation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1320-1330, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Ryzhkov, A.V.1    Zrnic, D.S.2
  • 64
    • 33646520104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clouds and rain processes in a biosphere atmo sphere interaction context in the Amazon region
    • 10.1029/2001JD000335, in press
    • Silva Dias, M., et al., Clouds and rain processes in a biosphere atmo sphere interaction context in the Amazon region, J. Geophys Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000335, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys Res. , vol.107
    • Silva Dias, M.1
  • 65
    • 0000050289 scopus 로고
    • A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite
    • Simpson, J., R. F. Adler, and G. R. North, A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, Bull. Am Meteorol Soc., 69, 278-295, 1988.
    • (1988) Bull. Am Meteorol Soc. , vol.69 , pp. 278-295
    • Simpson, J.1    Adler, R.F.2    North, G.R.3
  • 66
    • 0032599827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of mixed-phase precipitation within a CaPE thunderstorm
    • Smith, P. L., D. J. Musil, A. G. Detwiler, and R. Ramachandran Observations of mixed-phase precipitation within a CaPE thunderstorm, J. Appl. Meteorol, 38, 145-155, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Meteorol , vol.38 , pp. 145-155
    • Smith, P.L.1    Musil, D.J.2    Detwiler, A.G.3    Ramachandran, R.4
  • 67
    • 0029475789 scopus 로고
    • Climatological charac teristics of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data
    • Steiner, M., R. A. Houze Jr., and S. E. Yuter, Climatological charac teristics of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 1978-2007, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.34 , pp. 1978-2007
    • Steiner, M.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2    Yuter, S.E.3
  • 68
    • 0033794621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bulk hydrometeor classification and quantification using polarimetric radar data: Synthesis of relations
    • Straka, J. M., D. S. Zrnic', and A. V. Ryzhkov, Bulk hydrometeor classification and quantification using polarimetric radar data: Synthesis of relations, J. Appl. Meteorol, 39, 1341-1372, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Meteorol , vol.39 , pp. 1341-1372
    • Straka, J.M.1    Zrnic, D.S.2    Ryzhkov, A.V.3
  • 69
    • 0022440861 scopus 로고
    • A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE, part I, Vertical profile statistics and comparison with hurricanes
    • Szoke, E. J., E. J. Zipser, and D. P. Jorgensen, A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE, part I, Vertical profile statistics and comparison with hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci 43 182-197, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.43 , pp. 182-197
    • Szoke, E.J.1    Zipser, E.J.2    Jorgensen, D.P.3
  • 70
    • 0002637685 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation mechanisms of cumulonimbus. clouds at Pohnpei, Micronesia
    • Takahashi, T., and K. Kuhara, Precipitation mechanisms of cumulonimbus. clouds at Pohnpei, Micronesia, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 71 21-31, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.71 , pp. 21-31
    • Takahashi, T.1    Kuhara, K.2
  • 71
    • 0025526905 scopus 로고
    • An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometeor profiles
    • Tao, W. K., J. Simpson, S. Lang, M. McCumber, R. Adler, and R. Penc, An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometeor profiles, J. Appl. Meteorol., 29, 1232-1244, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.29 , pp. 1232-1244
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Lang, S.3    McCumber, M.4    Adler, R.5    Penc, R.6
  • 72
    • 0027460974 scopus 로고
    • Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and middle latitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation
    • Tao, W. K., J. Simpson, C. H. Sui, B. Ferrier, S. Lang, J. Scala, M. D. Chou, and K. Pickering, Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and middle latitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation, J Atmos. Sci., 50, 673-690, 1993.
    • (1993) J Atmos. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 673-690
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Sui, C.H.3    Ferrier, B.4    Lang, S.5    Scala, J.6    Chou, M.D.7    Pickering, K.8
  • 74
    • 84925662475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The green ocean over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification
    • 10.1029/2001JD000380, in press
    • Williams, E., et al., The green ocean over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000380, in press, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Williams, E.1
  • 75
    • 0001108779 scopus 로고
    • Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets
    • Yanai, M., S. Esbensen and J. H. Chu, Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627, 1973.
    • (1973) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 611-627
    • Yanai, M.1    Esbensen, S.2    Chu, J.H.3
  • 76
    • 0033117276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four-dimensional structure of monthly latent heating from SSM/I satellite measurements
    • Yang, S., and E. A. Smith, Four-dimensional structure of monthly latent heating from SSM/I satellite measurements, J. Chim., 12, 1016-1037, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Chim. , vol.12 , pp. 1016-1037
    • Yang, S.1    Smith, E.A.2
  • 77
    • 0000371649 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus, part III, Vertical mass transport, mass divergence, and synthesis
    • Yuter, S. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus, part III, Vertical mass transport, mass divergence, and synthesis, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1964-1983, 1995.
    • (1995) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 1964-1983
    • Yuter, S.E.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 78
    • 0028590781 scopus 로고
    • Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning
    • Zipser, E. J., Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with and without lightning, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1837-1851, 1994.
    • (1994) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 1837-1851
    • Zipser, E.J.1
  • 79
    • 0028600928 scopus 로고
    • The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells: A strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability?
    • Zipser, E. J., and K. Lutz, The vertical profile of radar reflectivity of convective cells: A strong indicator of storm intensity and lightning probability? Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1751-1759, 1994.
    • (1994) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 1751-1759
    • Zipser, E.J.1    Lutz, K.2
  • 80
    • 0019727552 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale motion fields in association with a GATE convection band
    • Zipser, E. J., R. J. Meitin, and M. A. LeMone, Mesoscale motion fields in association with a GATE convection band, J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1725-1750, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 1725-1750
    • Zipser, E.J.1    Meitin, R.J.2    LeMone, M.A.3
  • 81
    • 0002286893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advantages of rain measurements using specific differential phase
    • Zrnic', D. S., and A. Ryzhkov, Advantages of rain measurements using specific differential phase, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 13, 454-464, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.13 , pp. 454-464
    • Zrnic, D.S.1    Ryzhkov, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.